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Semmes' appointment as a brigadier general was at most an informal arrangement made four days before General [[Robert E. Lee|Lee]]'s surrender of the [[Army of Northern Virginia]] after the [[Battle of Appomattox Courthouse]], by the [[Appomattox River]] near [[Appomattox, Virginia]] on April 9, 1865. That appointment was not and could not have been submitted to or confirmed by the [[Confederate Senate|Confederate States Senate]], since the [[Second Confederate Congress]] and its upper chamber had adjourned for the last time less than a month earlier on March 18, 1865.<ref name=Allardice /> Historian Bruce Allardice notes that Captain / Admiral Semmes was vague about this appointment in his later published memoirs and considered his naval rank of rear admiral to be the equivalent of a brigadier general in the Army.<ref name=Allardice />
Semmes' appointment as a brigadier general was at most an informal arrangement made four days before General [[Robert E. Lee|Lee]]'s surrender of the [[Army of Northern Virginia]] after the [[Battle of Appomattox Courthouse]], by the [[Appomattox River]] near [[Appomattox, Virginia]] on April 9, 1865. That appointment was not and could not have been submitted to or confirmed by the [[Confederate Senate|Confederate States Senate]], since the [[Second Confederate Congress]] and its upper chamber had adjourned for the last time less than a month earlier on March 18, 1865.<ref name=Allardice /> Historian Bruce Allardice notes that Captain / Admiral Semmes was vague about this appointment in his later published memoirs and considered his naval rank of rear admiral to be the equivalent of a brigadier general in the Army.<ref name=Allardice />


After the destruction of the James River naval squadron, Semmes' Southern sailors were turned into an infantry unit and dubbed the "Naval Brigade"; Semmes was then placed in command. His intention for the brigade was to join Lee's retreating army southwestward after burning their vessels. Lee's army, however, was already cut off from Richmond to the northeast, so most of Semmes' men boarded a remaining train and escaped southward to join General [[Joseph E. Johnston]]'s second remaining Confederate army in [[North Carolina in the American Civil War|North Carolina]] still fighting a last-ditch resistance to Infamous General [[William T. Sherman]] Federals and retreating northward in the [[Carolina MIs Campaign]] of 1865.<ref>Spencer, W. "Raphael Semmes: The Philosophical Mariner, [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]]: [[University of Alabama Press]], 1997, {{ISBN|978-0-8173-0844-5}}, p. 185</ref> A few men of the Semmes' Naval Brigade were able to join with Lee's rear guard and fought at the one of the last engagements of the Eastern war in the [[Battle of Sailor's Creek]], just before the surrender to pursuing Union Army General-in-Chief [[Ulysses S. Grant]].
After the destruction of the James River naval squadron, Semmes' Southern sailors were turned into an infantry unit and dubbed the "Naval Brigade"; Semmes was then placed in command. His intention for the brigade was to join Lee's retreating army southwestward after burning their vessels. Lee's army, however, was already cut off from Richmond to the northeast, so most of Semmes' men boarded a remaining train and escaped southward to join General [[Joseph E. Johnston]]'s second remaining Confederate army in [[North Carolina in the American Civil War|North Carolina]] still fighting a last-ditch resistance to Infamous General [[William T. Sherman]] Federals and retreating northward in the [[Carolinas Campaign]] of 1865.<ref>Spencer, W. "Raphael Semmes: The Philosophical Mariner, [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]]: [[University of Alabama Press]], 1997, {{ISBN|978-0-8173-0844-5}}, p. 185</ref> A few men of the Semmes' Naval Brigade were able to join with Lee's rear guard and fought at the one of the last engagements of the Eastern war in the [[Battle of Sailor's Creek]], just before the surrender to pursuing Union Army General-in-Chief [[Ulysses S. Grant]].


Semmes and the Naval Brigade were surrendered to Union Major General [[William T. Sherman]] along with the rest of General Johnston's army at [[Bennett Place]], near [[Durham, North Carolina|Durham Station]], [[North Carolina]]; he was subsequently paroled by Federal officers on May 1, 1865.<ref name=Eicher /> Semmes' parole papers notes that he held commissions as both a Army brigadier general and Naval rear admiral in the Confederate military service when he surrendered with General Johnston's army.<ref name=Allardice /><ref name="semmes186" /> He insisted on his parole being written to include the brigadier general commission in anticipation of being possibly charged with piracy by the [[United States]] federal government.<ref name=Allardice /><ref name="semmes186">Spencer, W. "Raphael Semmes: The Philosophical Mariner, [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]]: [[University of Alabama Press]], 1997, {{ISBN|978-0-8173-0844-5}}, p. 186.</ref><ref>Spencer, W. "Raphael Semmes: The Philosophical Mariner, [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]]: [[University of Alabama Press]], 1997, {{ISBN|978-0-8173-0844-5}}, p. 189, 194</ref>
Semmes and the Naval Brigade were surrendered to Union Major General [[William T. Sherman]] along with the rest of General Johnston's army at [[Bennett Place]], near [[Durham, North Carolina|Durham Station]], [[North Carolina]]; he was subsequently paroled by Federal officers on May 1, 1865.<ref name=Eicher /> Semmes' parole papers notes that he held commissions as both a Army brigadier general and Naval rear admiral in the Confederate military service when he surrendered with General Johnston's army.<ref name=Allardice /><ref name="semmes186" /> He insisted on his parole being written to include the brigadier general commission in anticipation of being possibly charged with piracy by the [[United States]] federal government.<ref name=Allardice /><ref name="semmes186">Spencer, W. "Raphael Semmes: The Philosophical Mariner, [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]]: [[University of Alabama Press]], 1997, {{ISBN|978-0-8173-0844-5}}, p. 186.</ref><ref>Spencer, W. "Raphael Semmes: The Philosophical Mariner, [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]]: [[University of Alabama Press]], 1997, {{ISBN|978-0-8173-0844-5}}, p. 189, 194</ref>

Revision as of 23:01, 29 October 2024

Raphael Semmes
Born(1809-09-27)September 27, 1809
Nanjemoy, Maryland, US
DiedAugust 30, 1877(1877-08-30) (aged 67)
Mobile, Alabama, US
Allegiance
  •  United States
  •  Confederate States
Branch
Service years1826–1861 (USN)
1861–1865 (CSN)
Rank
  • Commander (USN)
  • Rear admiral (CSN)
Commands
Wars

Raphael Semmes (/sɪmz/ SIMZ; September 27, 1809 – August 30, 1877) was an officer in the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War (1861-1865). He was previously a longtime serving officer in the United States Navy from 1826 to 1860.

During most of the American Civil War, Semmes was captain of first the Southern warship cruiser CSS Sumter, then subsequently the later command of the more famous cruiser CSS Alabama, the most successful commerce raider in maritime history, taking 65 prizes. Late in the war, he was promoted to rear admiral in the C.S.N. and also acted briefly as a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army. His appointment or arrangement to act as a temporary / brevet brigadier general from April 5 to April 26, 1865, was unfortunately never submitted to or officially confirmed by the Confederate States Senate (upper chamber of the Congress of the Confederate States of America), before the evacuation and fall of the Southern capital city of Richmond, Virginia in early April 1865, by General Robert E. Lee, and subsequent ending of the war in the East

Early life and education

Semmes was born in Charles County, Maryland, in the southern portion of the state, on Tayloe's Neck. He was a cousin of future Confederate States Army general Paul Jones Semmes and of future Union Navy / United States Navy Captain Alexander Alderman Semmes (1825-1885).[citation needed]

He graduated from the Charlotte Hall Military Academy[1] and entered the United States Navy as a midshipman in 1826. Young Semmes first served on the Lexington, cruising the Caribbean Sea and across the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea until September 1826, when he was placed [[on leave for reasons of ill health. After a short convalescence he served on the USS Erie for part of 1829 and on the USS Brandywine (formerly the USS Susquehanna)[2] for the rest of 1829 and the first nine months of the following year. On September 29, 1830, he was posted to the USS Porpoise of the Navy's West Indies squadron, which was attempting to suppress piracy in the southern seas around Central and South America regions bordering the Caribbean.[3] Semmes then studied law and was admitted to the bar. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in February 1837.[4]

Career

During the Mexican–American War of 1846-1848, he commanded the USS Somers in the Gulf of Mexico. In December 1846 a squall hit the ship while under full sail in pursuit of a vessel off Veracruz on the eastern coast of Mexico. Somers capsized and was lost along with 37 American sailors. Semmes then served as first lieutenant on the USS Raritan, which accompanied the amphibious landing force of the U.S. Army at Veracruz, and was dispatched inland to catch up with the army proceeding westward to the capital city of Mexico City.[5]

Following the war, Semmes went on extended leave at Mobile, Alabama, where he later practiced law and wrote war memoirs Service Afloat and Ashore During the Mexican War.[6] He became extremely popular, and the nearby new town of Semmes, Alabama was named after him. He also maintained a home in nearby Josephine, Alabama on the Gulf Coast at Perdido Bay.[7] During his civilian activities on land, he was promoted to the rank of commander in the Navy in 1855 and was assigned to the United States Lighthouse Service of lighthouse duties for the next five years until 1860. Following Alabama's secession as one of the first seven slave states leaving the Union, Semmes was subsequently offered a naval appointment and commission by the provisional Confederate States government in the newly established Confederate States Navy; he resigned from the U.S. Navy the next day, February 15, 1861.[8]

Confederate States Navy service

See also: Blockade runners of the American Civil War and Battle of Cherbourg (1864)
File:Captain Raphael Semmes and First Lieutenant John Kell aboard the Alabama 1863.jpg
Captain Raphael Semmes and first lieutenant John McIntosh Kell, on board the CSS Alabama, during the American Civil War, 1863

After appointment to the Confederate States Navy as a commander (same as his previous rank in the Federal Navy) and a futile assignment to secretly purchase arms in the North, Semmes was sent to New Orleans to convert the civilian steamer Habana into the cruiser/commerce raider CSS Sumter.[9] In June 1861, Semmes, in Sumter, outran the heavy cruiser USS Brooklyn, breaching the beginnings of the Union Navy blockade of New Orleans, and then launched a brilliant career as one of the greatest commerce raider captains in naval history.[10]

Semmes' command of CSS Sumter lasted only six months, but during that time he ranged wide, raiding US commercial shipping in both the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean; his actions accounted for the loss of 18 Northern merchant vessels, while always eluding pursuit by Union Navy warships. By January 1862, Sumter required and was overdue for a major overhaul. Semmes' crew surveyed the vessel while anchored in the British neutral port at Gibraltar (off Southern Spain), and determined that the repairs to her boilers were too extensive to be completed there. Semmes paid off and disbanded the crew and laid up the vessel.[11] Meanwhile, U.S. Navy vessels maintained a vigil outside the harbor until she was disarmed and sold at auction in December 1862, undergoing minor repairs and eventually being converted to a less hazardous and aggressive blockade runner and renamed.[12]

Semmes and several of his C.S.N. officers traveled to England, where he was promoted by the Confederate States Department of the Navy to the rank of captain. He then was ordered to the Azores islands off the west coast of Africa to take up command and oversee the coaling and outfitting with cannon of the newly-built British steamship Enrica as a sloop-of-war, which thereafter became the Confederate States Navy warship / commerce raider CSS Alabama. Semmes sailed on CSS Alabama for almost two years from August 1862 to June 1864. His operations carried him from the Atlantic to the Gulf of Mexico, around southern Africa's Cape of Good Hope, and into the Indian Ocean, and then onto the Pacific Ocean and to the East Indies.islands between the continent of Asia and Australia. During this cruise, the Alabama captured 65 U.S. merchantmen civilian vessels and quickly destroyed the two Northern American warships USS Hatteras, off Galveston.[13]

1864 engraving artwork illustration of the sinking of CSS Alabama

The Alabama finally sailed east back around the Cape Horn at the southern tip of South America and northward into the Atlantic, crossing over to return to Europe, and made port in Cherbourg, on the Normandy peninsula of sympathetic, but neutral France, for a much-needed overhaul. However she was soon discovered by the Federals and was soon blockaded by the pursuing Union Navy steam-powered sloop-of-war USS Kearsarge. Captain Semmes took the Alabama out to sea on June 19, 1864, and met the similar USS Kearsarge in the English Channel in one of the most famous naval engagements of the American Civil War, but four thousand miles to the east

The commander of Kearsarge had, while in port at the Azores the year before, turned his warship into a makeshift partial ironclad; 30 feet (9.1 m) of the ship's port and starboard midsection were stepped-up-and-down to the waterline with overlapping rows of heavy chain armor, hidden behind black-painted wooden deal board covers.[14] Alabama's much-too-rapid gunnery and misplaced aim, combined with the deteriorated state of her gunpowder stores and shell fuses, enabled a victory for both of Kearsarge's 11-inch (28 cm) Dahlgren old-fashioned smoothbore cannon. While Alabama opened fire at long range, Kearsarge steamed straight at her, exposing the Union sloop-of-war to potentially devastating raking fire. In their haste, however, Alabama's gunners fired many of their artillery shells too high.

At 1,000 yards (910 m), Kearsarge turned broadside to engage and opened fire. Soon the heavy 11-inch (28 cm) Dahlgren cannon began to find their mark.[14] After receiving a fatal shell to the starboard waterline, which tore open a portion of Alabama's wooden hull, causing her steam engine to explode from the shell's impact, Captain Semmes was forced to order the striking of his ship's Stainless Banner Confederate battle ensign and later to display and wave a hand-held white flag of surrender to finally halt the attacking barrage in the engagement.

As the commerce raider was going down by the stern, Kearsarge stood off at a distance and observed at the orders of her captain (John Ancrum Winslow); Winslow eventually sent rescue boats over for survivors after initially taking aboard Alabama survivors from one of the Southern raider's two surviving smaller longboats. As his command sank, the wounded Semmes threw his sword into the sea, depriving Kearsarge's Captain Winslow of the traditional surrender ceremony of having it handed over to him as victor. Semmes was eventually rescued, along with forty-one of his crewmen,[15] by the nearby British yacht Deerhound and three other French pilot boats. He and his forty-one men were taken north to neutral England where all but one recovered from injuries; while there they were hailed by the British and French press and Southerners / Confederates back home as naval heroes, despite the loss of Alabama[16]

Raphael Semmes

From England, Semmes made his way back to North America via Cuba and from there a safe shore landing on the Texas gulf coast, in the Trans-Mississippi Department of the western Confederacy. It took his small party many weeks of journeying eastward to cross the now Federal-controlled Mississippi River, through the war-devastated and split remaining territories of the South before he was finally able to make his way to the besieged Confederate capital at Richmond. He was promoted to the high rank of rear admiral in February 1865, and during the last months of the war he commanded the boxed-in James River Squadron on the James River, upstream from the Chesapeake Bay from his flagship, the heavily armored ironclad CSS Virginia II.

With the fall of Richmond, in early April 1865, Semmes supervised the destruction of all the squadron's nearby warships and thereafter acted as a brigadier general in the General-in-Chief Robert E. Lee's remnant Army of Northern Virginia of the Confederate States Army, the implication being that he was appointed to that grade.[17] Historians John and David Eicher show Semmes as appointed to the grade of temporary brigadier general (unconfirmed) on April 5, 1865.[18]

Semmes' appointment as a brigadier general was at most an informal arrangement made four days before General Lee's surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia after the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse, by the Appomattox River near Appomattox, Virginia on April 9, 1865. That appointment was not and could not have been submitted to or confirmed by the Confederate States Senate, since the Second Confederate Congress and its upper chamber had adjourned for the last time less than a month earlier on March 18, 1865.[17] Historian Bruce Allardice notes that Captain / Admiral Semmes was vague about this appointment in his later published memoirs and considered his naval rank of rear admiral to be the equivalent of a brigadier general in the Army.[17]

After the destruction of the James River naval squadron, Semmes' Southern sailors were turned into an infantry unit and dubbed the "Naval Brigade"; Semmes was then placed in command. His intention for the brigade was to join Lee's retreating army southwestward after burning their vessels. Lee's army, however, was already cut off from Richmond to the northeast, so most of Semmes' men boarded a remaining train and escaped southward to join General Joseph E. Johnston's second remaining Confederate army in North Carolina still fighting a last-ditch resistance to Infamous General William T. Sherman Federals and retreating northward in the Carolinas Campaign of 1865.[19] A few men of the Semmes' Naval Brigade were able to join with Lee's rear guard and fought at the one of the last engagements of the Eastern war in the Battle of Sailor's Creek, just before the surrender to pursuing Union Army General-in-Chief Ulysses S. Grant.

Semmes and the Naval Brigade were surrendered to Union Major General William T. Sherman along with the rest of General Johnston's army at Bennett Place, near Durham Station, North Carolina; he was subsequently paroled by Federal officers on May 1, 1865.[18] Semmes' parole papers notes that he held commissions as both a Army brigadier general and Naval rear admiral in the Confederate military service when he surrendered with General Johnston's army.[17][20] He insisted on his parole being written to include the brigadier general commission in anticipation of being possibly charged with piracy by the United States federal government.[17][20][21]

After the war

Raphael Semmes House on Government Street in Mobile, Alabama, listed on the National Register of Historic Places

The US briefly held Semmes as a prisoner after the war, but released him on parole, then later arrested him for treason on December 15, 1865. After a good deal of behind-the-scenes political machinations, all charges were eventually dropped, and he was finally released on April 7, 1866. After his release, Semmes worked as a professor of philosophy and literature at Louisiana State Seminary (now Louisiana State University), as a county judge, and then as a newspaper editor. Semmes later returned to Mobile and resumed his legal career.

In October 1866 the Louisiana State Seminary offered Semmes a position as Professor of Moral Philosophy and English Literature. The position paid $3,000 per year. Semmes assumed this role on January 1, 1867. His fellow faculty-members described him as "dignified and easy to talk with". His teaching method in classes incorporated mainly formal lectures, with very little discussion. In May 1867 Semmes resigned from academia to take over as editor of a newspaper, the Memphis Bulletin.

He defended both his actions at sea and the political actions of the southern states in his 1869 Memoirs of Service Afloat During The War Between the States.[22] The book was viewed by some, including Putnam's Magazine, as one of the most cogent but bitter defenses written about the South's "Lost Cause".[23] Semmes is credited with helping to popularize the phrase “War Between the States" to refer to the American Civil War.[24]

In 1871 the citizens of Mobile presented Semmes with what became known as the Raphael Semmes House, and it remained his residence until his untimely death in 1877 from complications that followed food poisoning from eating contaminated shrimp. Semmes was then interred in Mobile's Old Catholic Cemetery.[18]


Legacy

Semmes' Confederate ensign

Semmes is a member of the Alabama Hall of Fame. One of the streets on the current Louisiana State University campus once carried his full name in his honor,[25] as does Semmes Avenue in Richmond, Virginia.[26] A life-sized statue of Admiral Semmes was removed by the city of Mobile early on the morning of June 5, 2020.[27] A suburban area of western Mobile County is named for him, as well as a hotel in downtown Mobile named The Admiral Hotel.[citation needed]

When Semmes returned to the South from England, he brought a ceremonial Stainless Banner (the second national flag of the Confederacy) with him. It was inherited by his grandchildren, Raphael Semmes III and Mrs. Eunice Semmes Thorington. After his sister's death, Raphael Semmes III donated the ensign to the state of Alabama on September 19, 1929.[28] Today, the battle ensign resides in the collection of the Alabama Department of Archives and History among its Confederate Naval collection, listed as "Admiral Semmes' Flag, Catalogue No. 86.1893.1 (PN10149-10150)". Their provenance reconstruction shows that it was presented to Semmes in England sometime after the sinking of the Alabama by "Lady Dehogton and other English ladies".[29]

Claimed references to Semmes in literature

In 1998 the Jules Verne scholar William Butcher was the first to identify a possible link between the Birkenhead, England built CSS Alabama and Captain Nemo's Nautilus from the Jules Verne 1869 novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas. Butcher stated that "The Alabama, which claimed to have sunk 75 merchantmen, was destroyed by the Unionist Kearsarge off Cherbourg on 11th June 1864…. This battle has clear connections with Nemo’s final attack, also in the English Channel."[30] Jules Verne had himself made a previous comparison between the Birkenhead-built CSS Alabama and the Nautilus in a letter to his publisher Pierre-Jules Hetzel in March 1869.[31] Other authors have made further arguments, including connections to Robert Louis Stevenson book Treasure Island.[32]

Dates of rank

  • Midshipman, USN – April 1, 1826
  • Passed midshipman, USN – April 26, 1832
  • Lieutenant, USN – February 9, 1837
  • Commander, USN – September 14, 1855
  • Resigned from USN – February 15, 1861
  • Commander, CSN – March 26, 1861
  • Captain, CSN – July 15, 1862
  • Rear admiral, CSN – February 10, 1865

References

Citations

  1. ^ Maryland. State Board of Education. Twenty-sixth Annual Report of the State Board of Education, Showing the Condition of the Public Schools or Maryland, for the Year Ending July 31, 1892. Baltimore, MD: Press of Thomas & Evans, 1893, p. xlix.
  2. ^ "The Susquehanna becomes the Brandywine for Lafayette".
  3. ^ Confederate Raider – Raphael Semmes of the Alabama by John M Taylor p16 ISBN 0-02-881086-4
  4. ^ Fox, p. 23
  5. ^ Fox, pp. 26–27
  6. ^ Fox, p. 28.
  7. ^ O. Lawrence Burnette (1 January 2007). Historic Baldwin County: A Bicentennial History. HPN Books. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-893619-80-7.
  8. ^ Fox, p. 38.
  9. ^ Luraghi, pp. 8, 78
  10. ^ John D. Winters, The Civil War in Louisiana, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963, ISBN 0-8071-0834-0, p. 48
  11. ^ Fox, p. 47
  12. ^ Silverstone, p. 162
  13. ^ Luraghi, p. 228.
  14. ^ a b Holloway, Don, "High Seas Duel", Civil War Quarterly, 2014
  15. ^ Canon, Jill. Civil War Heroes. Bellerophon Books, Santa Barbara, Calif., 2002, p. 39.
  16. ^ Fox, pp. 230-1
  17. ^ a b c d e Allardice, Bruce S. More Generals in Gray. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-8071-3148-0. pp. 206–207.
  18. ^ a b c Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1. p. 478.
  19. ^ Spencer, W. "Raphael Semmes: The Philosophical Mariner, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0-8173-0844-5, p. 185
  20. ^ a b Spencer, W. "Raphael Semmes: The Philosophical Mariner, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0-8173-0844-5, p. 186.
  21. ^ Spencer, W. "Raphael Semmes: The Philosophical Mariner, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0-8173-0844-5, p. 189, 194
  22. ^ Semmes, Raphael (1869). Memoirs of Service Afloat, During the War Between the States. Civil War unit histories: Confederate States of America and border states. Baltimore: Kelly, Piet & Company. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  23. ^ Fox, pp. 247–249.
  24. ^ Coski, John (5 December 2017). "Myths & Misunderstandings: The Name of the War". American Civil War Museum. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  25. ^ "LSU has too many Confederates |. LSU changed the street name, however, to Veterans Drive in November 2017. Opinion". NOLA.com. Archived from the original on 2017-11-02. Retrieved 2017-11-03.
  26. ^ Correspondent, Doug Childers/Homes. "Semmes Avenue: The residential market heats up along a former streetcar line". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved 2017-11-03. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  27. ^ Associated Press. "Alabama City Removes Confederate Statue Without Warning". AOL. Retrieved 2020-06-05.
  28. ^ "Auctions: Confederate Flag from the CSS Alabama". Sotheby's. 2011. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
  29. ^ "Flag: Admiral Semmes' Flag Catalogue No. 86.1893.1". archives.alabama.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-02-18. Retrieved 2020-06-11.
  30. ^ William Butcher Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas – Jules Verne – Google Books Explanatory Notes Page 422 ISBN 0-19-282839-8
  31. ^ Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas – Jules Verne – Google Books Explanatory Notes Page 422 ISBN 0-19-282839-8
  32. ^ "Jules Verne and the Heroes of Birkenhead. Part 31. Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea – Part One" (PDF). julesverneandtheheroesofbirkenhead.co.uk. Retrieved 7 October 2022.

Sources

  • Allardice, Bruce S. More Generals in Gray. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-8071-3148-0.
  • Delaney, Norman C. "'Old Beeswax': Raphael Semmes of the Alabama". Harrisburg, PA, Vol. 12, #8, December 1973 issue, Civil War Times Illustrated. No ISSN.
  • Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.
  • Fox, Stephen. Wolf of the Deep: Raphael Semmes and the Notorious Confederate Raider CSS Alabama . Vintage Books, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4000-9542-1.
  • Gindlesperger, James. Fire on the Water: The USS Kearsarge and the CSS Alabama . Burd Street Press, 2005. ISBN 978-1-57249-378-0.
  • Luraghi, Raimondo. A History of the Confederate Navy. Naval Institute Press, 1996. ISBN 1-55750-527-6.
  • Madaus, H. Michael. Rebel Flags Afloat: A Survey of the Surviving Flags of the Confederate States Navy, Revenue Service, and Merchant Marine. Winchester, MA, Flag Research Center, 1986. ISSN 0015-3370. (An 80-page special edition of The Flag Bulletin magazine, #115, devoted entirely to Confederate naval flags.)
  • Semmes, R., CSS, Commander. The Cruise of the Alabama and the Sumter (two volumes in one), Carlton, Publisher, New York, 1864.
  • Semmes, Raphael (1987) [1869]. Memoirs of Service Afloat During the War Between the States (reprint ed.). Kelly, Piet & Co., Baltimore; reprinted by Blue & Grey Press. p. 833. ISBN 1-55521-177-1.
  • Secretary of the Navy. Sinking of the Alabama: Destruction of the Alabama by the Kearsarge . Washington, D.C., Navy Yard, 1864. (Annual report in the library of the Naval Historical Center.)
  • Silverstone, Paul H. Civil War Navies, 1855–1883. Naval Institute Press, 2001. ISBN 1-55750-894-1.

Further reading

  • Semmes, Raphael. The Cruise of the Alabama and the Sumter, 2001. ISBN 1-58218-353-8.
  • Taylor, John M. Confederate Raider, Raphel Semmes of the Alabama, 1994. ISBN 0-02-881086-4.

Media related to Raphael Semmes at Wikimedia Commons

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