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| motto_trans = God's right-hand made wonders, God's right-hand exalted me
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The '''House of Hauteville''' ({{langx|it|Altavilla}}, {{langx|scn|Autaviḍḍa}}) was a [[Normans|Norman]] family originally of [[Seigneur|seigneurial rank]] from the [[Cotentin]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Kauffmann |first=Martin |chapter-url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3b723fd1-0257-4a28-90ae-d0e7e7078b63 |chapter=Hauteville, house of family |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-884446-05-4 |language=en |title=Grove Art Online |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t036942}}</ref> The Hautevilles rose to prominence through their part in the [[Norman conquest of southern Italy]]. By 1130, one of their members, [[Roger II of Sicily|Roger II]], was made the first [[King of Sicily]]. His male-line descendants ruled Sicily until 1194. Some Italian Hautevilles took part in the [[First Crusade]] and the founding of the independent [[Principality of Antioch]] (1098).
The '''House of Hauteville''' ({{langx|it|Altavilla}}, {{langx|scn|Autaviḍḍa}}) was a [[Normans|Norman]] family, originally of petty lords, from the [[Cotentin|Cotentin Peninsula]] in [[Normandy]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Kauffmann |first=Martin |chapter-url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3b723fd1-0257-4a28-90ae-d0e7e7078b63 |chapter=Hauteville, house of family |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-884446-05-4 |language=en |title=Grove Art Online |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t036942}}</ref>
The Hautevilles rose to prominence through their part in the [[Norman conquest of southern Italy]]. In 1130, [[Roger II of Sicily|Roger II of Hauteville]], was made the first [[King of Sicily]]. His male-line descendants ruled the kingdom until 1194. The Hauteville also took part in the [[First Crusade]] and ruled of the independent [[Principality of Antioch]] (1098).<ref name=":0" />


==Origins==
==Origins==
[[File:Manche-Position.svg|150 px|thumb|right|Department of Manche, location of [[Hauteville-la-Guichard]]]]
[[File:Manche-Position.svg|150 px|thumb|right|Department of Manche, location of [[Hauteville-la-Guichard]]]]
The traditional account of the family's origin traces them back to [[Hiallt]], a 10th-century [[Norsemen|Norseman]] who settled in the [[Cotentin Peninsula]] and founded the estate of ''Hialtus villa'', giving rise in corrupted form to the family toponymic ''Hauteville''.<ref name="Hill 1914">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=James S. |title=The place-names of Somerset |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t9w09nb22 |publisher=St. Stephen's printing works |publication-place=Bristol |year=1914 |oclc=685182654 |page=[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t9w09nb22?urlappend=%3Bseq=284 256]|hdl=2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t9w09nb22 }}</ref><ref name="Revue de l'Avranchin et du pays de Granville">{{cite journal |journal=Revue de l'Avranchin et du pays de Granville |volume=31 |issue=174, pts. 3-4 |publisher=Société d'archéologie, de littérature, sciences et arts |publication-place=Avranches |year=1941 |issn=0035-1342 |oclc=473239154 |language=fr |pages=}}{{title missing|date=October 2024}}{{page needed|date=October 2024}}</ref> The name represents the Scandinavian ''Hjalti'' or ''Hialti''<ref name="Nordic Names">{{cite web |title=Hjalti |website=Nordic Names |url=https://www.nordicnames.de/wiki/Hjalti |access-date=2024-10-23}}</ref>), but may instead have resulted from confusion with the ''Helt[us]'' found in ''Heltvilla'', modern [[Héauville]].<ref name="Beaurepaire">{{cite book |last=Beaurepaire |first=François de |title=Les noms des communes et anciennes paroisses de la Manche |trans-title=The names of the communes and former parishes of La Manche |publisher=A. et J. Picard |publication-place=Paris |year=1986 |isbn=978-2-7084-0299-7 |oclc=15314425 |language=fr |pages=133–135}}</ref> Alternatively, the eponymous Hiallt may be legendary: Hauteville (''Altavilla'') means simply "high estate".<ref name=Beaurepaire /> Of several villages with the name "Hauteville", the one from which the family derived its name is hard to identify with certainty, though modern scholarship favours [[Hauteville-la-Guichard]], but there is no proof that allows to connect the related knight [[Robert Guiscard]] with this village. ''Guiscard'' refers more probably to a Guichard de Montfort.<ref name=Beaurepaire />
Tradition traces the family’s origins to [[Hiallt]], a 10th-century [[Vikings|Viking]] who supposedly founded the village of ''Hialtus villa'', from which the family’s name originates.<ref name="Hill 1914">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=James S. |title=The place-names of Somerset |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t9w09nb22 |publisher=St. Stephen's printing works |publication-place=Bristol |year=1914 |oclc=685182654 |page=[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t9w09nb22?urlappend=%3Bseq=284 256]|hdl=2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t9w09nb22 }}</ref><ref name="Revue de l'Avranchin et du pays de Granville">{{cite journal |journal=Revue de l'Avranchin et du pays de Granville |volume=31 |issue=174, pts. 3-4 |publisher=Société d'archéologie, de littérature, sciences et arts |publication-place=Avranches |year=1941 |issn=0035-1342 |oclc=473239154 |language=fr |pages=}}{{title missing|date=October 2024}}{{page needed|date=October 2024}}</ref><ref name="Beaurepaire">{{cite book |last=Beaurepaire |first=François de |title=Les noms des communes et anciennes paroisses de la Manche |trans-title=The names of the communes and former parishes of La Manche |publisher=A. et J. Picard |publication-place=Paris |year=1986 |isbn=978-2-7084-0299-7 |oclc=15314425 |language=fr |pages=133–135}}</ref> Hiallt, however, is probably just a legendary [[Eponym|eponymous]] ancestor: the Latin form of Hauteville, ''Altavilla'', simply means "high estate".<ref name=Beaurepaire />


The first well-known member of the family is [[Tancred of Hauteville]], a minor baron of Normandy who died about 1041. He had twelve sons and at least two daughters by two wives, Muriel and [[Fressenda]]. His small patrimony was hardly enough to satisfy his sons' desire for land and glory, and so eight of the twelve went south to the [[Mezzogiorno]] to seek their fortunes there.
The first well-documented member of the family is [[Tancred of Hauteville]], petty lord of [[Hauteville-la-Guichard]]. Tancred had many sons by his two wives, Muriella and [[Fressenda]], and his small patrimony was hardly enough to accommodate all of his children. They were thus forced to seek fortune elsewhere, namely in [[Southern Italy]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Norwich |first=John Julius |url=https://books.google.it/books/about/I_normanni_nel_Sud.html?id=k4hNEAAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |title=I normanni nel Sud: 1016-1130 |last2=Rospigliosi |first2=Elena Lante |date=2021-11-11 |publisher=Sellerio Editore |isbn=978-88-389-4288-4 |language=it}}</ref>


According to Goffredo Malaterra's chronicle, Aubrey or Alverardus, the fourth son by Tancred's second wife, Fressenda, remained behind in Normandy. About the time of the [[Domesday Book]] in 1086 a certain Alverardus or Aluericus Hautville (Halsvilla, Altavilla or Hauteville) is mentioned as having previously held lands in Compton Martin, Somerset, England. His kinsman Ralf de Hauville (also Halsvilla) is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as a tenant-in-chief in Burbage and [[Wolfhall]] in Wiltshire. Alverardus most probably founded the Somerset Hautevilles, and Ralf the Wiltshire/Berkshire Hauvilles.
According to Goffredo Malaterra's chronicle, Aubrey or Alverardus, the fourth son by Tancred's second wife, Fressenda, remained behind in Normandy. About the time of the [[Domesday Book]] in 1086 a certain Alverardus or Aluericus Hautville (Halsvilla, Altavilla or Hauteville) is mentioned as having previously held lands in Compton Martin, Somerset, England. His kinsman Ralf de Hauville (also Halsvilla) is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as a tenant-in-chief in Burbage and [[Wolfhall]] in Wiltshire. Alverardus most probably founded the Somerset Hautevilles, and Ralf the Wiltshire/Berkshire Hauvilles.


==Mezzogiorno==
==Southern Italy==
{{see also|Norman conquest of southern Italy}}
{{see also|Norman conquest of southern Italy}}
The eldest of [[Tancred of Hauteville]]'s twelve sons, [[William Iron Arm|William]] and [[Drogo of Hauteville|Drogo]], were the first to arrive in the south sometime around 1035. They so distinguished themselves against the [[Byzantine Empire|Greeks]] that William was inaugurated as [[Count of Apulia|count of Apulia and Calabria]] and lord of [[Ascoli Piceno|Ascoli]], Drogo as lord of [[Venosa]]. In 1047, Drogo was confirmed by the [[Emperor Henry III]] as William's heir and a direct vassal of the imperial crown. Their next brother, [[Humphrey of Hauteville|Humphrey]], succeeded Drogo and defeated [[Pope Leo IX]] at the [[Battle of Civitate]] in 1053, making the Hauteville power the highest in the region. He was in turn succeeded by a fourth brother, the first by Tancred's second wife, [[Robert Guiscard]].
[[William Iron Arm]] and [[Drogo of Hauteville|Drogo]] were the first of Tancred’s sons to arrive in Southern Italy, sometime around 1035. They distinguished themselves in a rebellion against the [[Byzantine Greeks|Byzantines]], and in 1042 William Iron Arm was named the first [[Count of Apulia]]. In 1046 he was succeded by Drogo, whose titles were confirmed by [[Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Henry III]]. Drogo was succeded by another brother, [[Humphrey of Hauteville|Humphrey]], who in 1053 defeated [[Pope Leo IX]] in the [[Battle of Civitate]], strengthening the Hautevilles’ power.<ref name=":0" />

It was Robert who began the conquest of Sicily which was to yield a kingdom seventy years later, as he renewed the war against Byzantium with vigour. Along with the valiant warriorship displayed by his youngest brother, [[Roger I of Sicily|Roger Bosso]], the two began to amass notoriety around the Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite book|last=Malaterra|first=Goffredo|title=The Deeds of Count Roger of Calabria and Sicily and of His Brother Duke Robert Guiscard|url=https://archive.org/details/deedscountrogerc00mala|url-access=limited|year=2005|publisher=The University of Michigan Press|location=USA|isbn=0-472-11459-X|pages=[https://archive.org/details/deedscountrogerc00mala/page/n164 151]|author2=Kenneth Baxter Wolf|author2-link=Kenneth Baxter Wolf}}</ref> According to [[William of Apulia|William of Apulia's]] ''The Deeds of Robert Guiscard'', although his Norse roots would seem to suggest otherwise, until the invasion of Sicily, Guiscard had not participated in naval warfare.<ref name="William of Apulia & Loud 2008">{{cite book |last=William of Apulia |author-link=William of Apulia |translator-last=Loud |translator-first=Graham A. |translator-link=Graham Loud |title=The Deeds of Robert Guiscard |via=White Rose Research Online |year=2008 |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/211662/ |access-date=2024-07-26 |oclc=1184547282}} Translated from {{cite book |last=Guilelmus Apuliensis |editor-last=Mathieu |editor-first=Marguerite |title=La geste de Robert Guiscard|publisher=Istituto siciliano di studi bizantini e neoellenic |publication-place=Palermo |year=1961 |oclc=583382918 |language=fr |url=https://archive.org/details/lagestederobertg0000gui |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> It was during this conquest that Guiscard and his amphibious command pioneered the ability to transport over 200 troops in a mere 13 vessels, an advantage that would have an influence in the [[Norman invasion of England]] of 1066.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Theotokis|first=Georgios|title=The Norman Invasion of Sicily, 1061-1072: Numbers and Military Tactics|journal=War in History|date=November 2010|volume=17|issue=4|pages=381–402|doi=10.1177/0968344510376463|s2cid=159817615 }}</ref> In 1059 he was created duke by the pope and invested with as yet unconquered Sicily, which he gave, in 1071, to his brother Roger with the title of count. The Guiscard's heirs, [[Bohemond I of Antioch|Bohemond]] and [[Roger Borsa]], fought over the inheritance and Roger of Sicily began to outshine the Apulian branch of the family. Roger united the Greek, Lombard, Norman, and Saracen elements of Sicily under one rule and refused to allow religious differences to spoil his conquests.


Humphrey was succeded by a fourth brother, [[Robert Guiscard]]. In 1059, Robert was made the first [[County of Apulia and Calabria|Duke of Apulia and Calabria]], and also Lord of [[Sicily]], by [[Pope Nicholas II]]. Together with his younger brother, [[Roger I of Sicily|Roger I]], he started the to conquer Sicily, at the time occupied by the [[Saracen|Saracens]]. Guiscard was succeded by his son [[Roger Borsa]], which in turn was succeded by his son [[William II, Duke of Apulia|William II]]. When William died childless, all of the Hauteville family’s domains were inherited by [[Roger II of Sicily|Roger II]], son of Roger I.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Malaterra|first=Goffredo|title=The Deeds of Count Roger of Calabria and Sicily and of His Brother Duke Robert Guiscard|url=https://archive.org/details/deedscountrogerc00mala|url-access=limited|year=2005|publisher=The University of Michigan Press|location=USA|isbn=0-472-11459-X|pages=[https://archive.org/details/deedscountrogerc00mala/page/n164 151]|author2=Kenneth Baxter Wolf|author2-link=Kenneth Baxter Wolf}}</ref>
Roger bequeathed a powerful state to his young sons, [[Simon of Sicily|Simon]] and [[Roger II of Sicily|Roger]]. It was this Roger who, upon inheriting all from Simon in 1105, began the quest to unite into one all the Hauteville domains: Apulia and Calabria (then under Borsa's son [[William II of Apulia|William II]]) and [[Principality of Taranto|Taranto]] (which had been given to Bohemond as a consolation for being deprived of Apulia) with his own Sicily.


==Kingdom of Sicily==
==Kingdom of Sicily==

Revision as of 13:20, 26 October 2024

Hauteville
Altavilla, Autavilla
Noble house
Coat of arms of the Hauteville family
Country
Founded11th century
FounderTancred of Hauteville
Current headNone; extinct
Final rulerConstance of Sicily
Titles
List
Motto
Dextera Domini fecit virtutem, Dextera Domini exaltavit me

(God's right-hand made wonders, God's right-hand exalted me)
Dissolution1198 (1198)
Cadet branches

The House of Hauteville (Italian: Altavilla, Sicilian: Autaviḍḍa) was a Norman family, originally of petty lords, from the Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy.[4]

The Hautevilles rose to prominence through their part in the Norman conquest of southern Italy. In 1130, Roger II of Hauteville, was made the first King of Sicily. His male-line descendants ruled the kingdom until 1194. The Hauteville also took part in the First Crusade and ruled of the independent Principality of Antioch (1098).[2]

Origins

Department of Manche, location of Hauteville-la-Guichard

Tradition traces the family’s origins to Hiallt, a 10th-century Viking who supposedly founded the village of Hialtus villa, from which the family’s name originates.[5][6][7] Hiallt, however, is probably just a legendary eponymous ancestor: the Latin form of Hauteville, Altavilla, simply means "high estate".[7]

The first well-documented member of the family is Tancred of Hauteville, petty lord of Hauteville-la-Guichard. Tancred had many sons by his two wives, Muriella and Fressenda, and his small patrimony was hardly enough to accommodate all of his children. They were thus forced to seek fortune elsewhere, namely in Southern Italy.[2]

According to Goffredo Malaterra's chronicle, Aubrey or Alverardus, the fourth son by Tancred's second wife, Fressenda, remained behind in Normandy. About the time of the Domesday Book in 1086 a certain Alverardus or Aluericus Hautville (Halsvilla, Altavilla or Hauteville) is mentioned as having previously held lands in Compton Martin, Somerset, England. His kinsman Ralf de Hauville (also Halsvilla) is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as a tenant-in-chief in Burbage and Wolfhall in Wiltshire. Alverardus most probably founded the Somerset Hautevilles, and Ralf the Wiltshire/Berkshire Hauvilles.

Southern Italy

See also: Norman conquest of southern Italy

William Iron Arm and Drogo were the first of Tancred’s sons to arrive in Southern Italy, sometime around 1035. They distinguished themselves in a rebellion against the Byzantines, and in 1042 William Iron Arm was named the first Count of Apulia. In 1046 he was succeded by Drogo, whose titles were confirmed by Emperor Henry III. Drogo was succeded by another brother, Humphrey, who in 1053 defeated Pope Leo IX in the Battle of Civitate, strengthening the Hautevilles’ power.[2]

Humphrey was succeded by a fourth brother, Robert Guiscard. In 1059, Robert was made the first Duke of Apulia and Calabria, and also Lord of Sicily, by Pope Nicholas II. Together with his younger brother, Roger I, he started the to conquer Sicily, at the time occupied by the Saracens. Guiscard was succeded by his son Roger Borsa, which in turn was succeded by his son William II. When William died childless, all of the Hauteville family’s domains were inherited by Roger II, son of Roger I.[2][8]

Kingdom of Sicily

On William's death in 1127, the union of the duchy and the county was affected and Roger's quest for a crown began. Believing kings to have ruled Palermo in antiquity, Roger threw his support behind the Antipope Anacletus II and was duly enthroned as king of Sicily on Christmas Day 1130.

Roger spent most of the decade beginning with his coronation and ending with his great Assizes of Ariano fending off one invader or other and quelling rebellions by his premier vassals: Grimoald of Bari, Robert of Capua, Ranulf of Alife, Sergius of Naples, et al. In 1139, by the Treaty of Mignano, Roger received the recognition of his kingship from the legitimate pope. It was through his admiral George of Antioch that Roger then proceeded to conquer the Mahdia in Africa, taking the unofficial title "king of Africa".

Roger's son and successor was William the Bad, though his nickname derives primarily from his lack of popularity with the chroniclers, who supported the baronial revolts William crushed. His reign ended in peace (1166), but his son, William the Good, was a minor. During the boy regency until 1172, the kingdom saw turmoil which almost brought the ruling family down, but eventually the realm settled down and the reign of the second William is remembered as two decades of almost continual peace and prosperity. For this more than anything, he is nicknamed "the Good". His death without heirs in 1189 threw the realm into chaos, as his designated and only legitimate heir, his aunt Constance, daughter of Roger II, had married Henry, son of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Sicilian officials did not want a German ruler.

Tancred of Lecce, illegitimate cousin of William, seized the throne but had to contend with the revolt of his distant cousin Roger of Andria, a former contender, and the invasion of Henry, now Henry VI of Germany, on behalf of his wife. Tancred was able to kill Roger in 1190; in 1191 he repelled an invasion of Henry in 1191 and captured Constance, but was forced to release her under pressure of Pope Celestine III. After his death in 1194, Constance and Henry eventually prevailed and the kingdom fell to the Hohenstaufen. Through Constance, however, the Hauteville blood was passed to the great Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.

Crusades

The aforementioned Bohemond received in 1088, as a consolation, the principality of Taranto district from the duchy of Apulia which fell as per their father's will to his brother Roger Borsa. Bohemond did not long remain to enjoy his new principality, for while besieging Amalfi with his uncle and brother, he joined a passing band of Crusaders on their way to Palestine. Among his army was a nephew of his, a young man named Tancred.

Bohemond was the natural leader of the crusading host but, through a trick, he took Antioch and did not continue on to Jerusalem with the rest of the army, instead remaining in the newly conquered city to carve out a principality for himself there. Tancred also left the main Crusade at Heraclea Cybistra to fight for territory in Cilicia. A great state like the one his cousins were forging in Europe, however, was impossible for Bohemond. He was defeated badly at the Battle of Harran in 1104 and forced later to sign the Treaty of Devol in 1108 with Byzantium. Nevertheless, his son Bohemond II inherited the Crusader state. He in turn gave it to his only daughter, Constance, who ruled it until 1163.

Tancred had great luck in carving out a principality around Galilee with the grants of Godfrey of Bouillon, but he relinquished this in 1101.

Genealogy

Here follows the family tree of the Hauteville family:[9][10][11][12][13]

Tancred of Hauteville - Seigneur of Hauteville-la-Guichard 1.⚭ Muriella, 2.⚭ Fressenda
(1) Serlo - Seigneur of Hauteville-la-Guichard
Serlo
(1) Geoffrey - Count of the Capitanate
Robert I - Count of Loritello
offspring?[k]
Drogo "Tassio"
Robert
William
Ralph - Count of Catanzaro
Geoffrey - Count of Catanzaro
Raymond - Count of Catanzaro
Clementia ⚭ a certain Hugh → (issue)
William
Ugone Rosso (“Hugh the Red”)[2]
Rosso (family) [it][2]
Tancred
(1) William Iron Arm - Count of Apulia ⚭ Guida of Sorrento
(1) Drogo - Count of Apulia
Richard ⚭ Alberada (former wife of Robert Guiscard)
Rocca ⚭ a certain Hubert → (issue)
Eremburga
(1) Humphrey - Count of Apulia
Geoffrey[c]
Joscelin[d]
Abelard
Herman
a daugther ⚭ a certain Gradilon[p]
(2) Robert Guiscard - Duke of Apulia 1.⚭ Alberada, 2.⚭ Sikelgaita
(1) Bohemond I - Prince of Antioch ⚭ Constance of France
Bohemond II - Prince of Antioch ⚭ Alice of Jerusalem
Constance - Princess of Antioch ⚭ Raymond of Poitiers → (issue)
John[m]
(1) Emma[e] ⚭ Odo the Good Marquis → (issue)
(2) Matilda ⚭ Ramon Berenguer II → (issue)
(2) Roger Borsa - Duke of Apulia ⚭ Adela of Flanders
Louis[n]
Guiscard[o]
William II - Duke of Apulia ⚭ Gaitelgrima of Alife
(ill.) William - Count of Gesualdo and Lucera ⚭ Alberada
Gesualdo family[19]
(2) Mabel (or Mabilia) ⚭ William de Grandmesnil
(2) a daugther[f] ⚭ Hugh V of Maine
(2) Robert Scalio
(2) Guy
(2) Sybilla ⚭ Ebles II of Roucy
(2) Olympias (Helena) ⚭(betrothed) Constantine Doukas
(2) Cecile
(2) Gaitelgrima ⚭ Humphrey, Count of Sarno
(2) Mauger - Count of the Capitanate
(2) Fressenda ⚭ Richard I of Capua → (issue)
(2) William I - Count of the Principate ⚭ Maria of Sorrento
Robert - Count of the Principate ⚭ Gilia
William II - Count of the Principate
Nicholas - Count of the Principate
William III - Count of the Principate
Richard - participant of the First Crusade ⚭ Altrude (daughter of Emma and Odo)
Roger - Regent of Antioch
Maria[l] ⚭ Joscelin I of Edessa
Ranulf (also Rainald)
Tancred - Count of Syracuse
a daughter ⚭(betrothed) to Domenico, son of Domenico Selvo (doge)
William
(2) Aubrey (also Alvered)
(2) Hubert (also Humbert)
(2) Tancred
(2) Frumentin[a]
(2) Roger I - Count of Sicily 1.⚭ Judith, 2.⚭ Eremburga, 3.⚭Adelaide
(1) a daughter ⚭ Hugh of Gercé, Count of Catania
(1) Matilda ⚭ Raymond IV of Toulouse
(1) Emma[g] 1.⚭ William VI of Auvergne → (issue), 2.⚭ Rudolf of Montescaglioso
(1) Adela ⚭ Henry of Monte Sant’Angelo
(ill.) Jordan
(2) Felicia[h] ⚭ Coloman, King of Hungary → (issue)
(2) Geoffrey the Leper
(2) Mauger - Count of Troina
(2) Constance ⚭ Conrad II of Italy
(2) Matilda ⚭ Rainulf II of Alife → (issue)
(2) Flandina ⚭ Henry del Vasto
(2) a daughter[i] ⚭ Robert (son of Robert I of Burgundy)
(2) Judith ⚭ Robert I of Conversano → (issue)
(3) Simon - Count of Sicily
(3) ROGER II - King of Sicily 1.⚭ Elvira, 2.⚭ Sibylla, 3.⚭ Beatrice
(1) Roger III - Duke of Apulia ⚭ Elizabeth of Blois
(ill.) TANCRED - King of Sicily ⚭ Sibylla
ROGER III - Co-king of Sicily ⚭ Irene Angelina
WILLIAM III - King of Sicily
a daugther ⚭(betrothed) Arthur I of Brittany
Madania (or Sybilla) ⚭ Robert, Count of Montescaglioso
Elvira 1.⚭ Walter III of Brienne, 2.⚭ James Sanseverino, Count of Tricarico
Constance ⚭ Pietro Ziani, Doge of Venice
Valdrada[v] ⚭ Jacopo Tiepolo, Doge of Venice
(ill.) William
(1) Tancred - Prince of Bari
(1) Alfonso - Prince of Capua
(1) a daugther
(1) WILLIAM I THE BAD - King of Sicily ⚭ Margaret of Navarre
Roger IV - Duke of Apulia
Robert III - Prince of Capua
WILLIAM II THE GOOD - King of Sicily ⚭ Joan of England
Bohemond[u] - Duke of Apulia
Henry - Prince of Capua
(ill.) two illegitimate daugthers?[t]
(1) Henry
(2) Henry[s]
(2) stillborn child
(3) CONSTANCE - Queen of Sicily ⚭ Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor → (issue)
(ill.) Simon - Prince of Taranto
(ill.) a daugther ⚭ a certain Adam
(ill.) a daugther ⚭ Henry (Rodrigo) of Montescaglioso
(ill.) a daugther ⚭ Hugh II, Count of Molise
(ill.) Adela 1.⚭ Joscelin, Count of Loreto, 2.⚭ Robert III of Loritello
(3) Maximilla[j]
(ill.) Geoffrey - Count of Ragusa ⚭ Rogalia
Bartholomew
Silvester I - Count of Marsico
William - Count of Marsico ⚭ Stephanie
Matilda[q]
Geoffrey
Silvester II - Count of Marsico
Desiderata [r] ⚭ Bartholomew of Lucy, Count of Paternò → (issue)
Geoffrey
Roger
Airolda[w]
Guarna / Avarna family [it] [23][24][25]
two other daugthers[b]

Notes

  1. ^ The name Frumentinus bears resemblance to the name Hubertus. Frumentin and Hubert may thus be the same person[12]
  2. ^ The Annales of Romuald Guarna state that Tancred had three daughters, but without naming them or stating by which marriage they were born. One of these daughters is the Fressenda named above. One of the two remaining daughters is sometimes given the name Beatrice, and has been erroneously identified as the mother of Geoffrey, Count of Conversano. All of the informations regarding her are dubious[14][15]
  3. ^ The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi names, in order. "Gosfridus, Gocelinus, Abagelardus" as sons of "Unfredi"[16]
  4. ^ The Gesta Roberti Wiscardi names, in order. "Gosfridus, Gocelinus, Abagelardus" as sons of "Unfredi"[17]
  5. ^ In some instances, Emma is given as Robert's sister rather than his daughter. Guibert of Nogent, however, calls her son, Tancred of Galilee, the nephew of Bohemond I of Antioch, thus making her a daughter of Robert Guiscard. From a chronological perspective, it is also more probable that Emma was Guiscard's daughter.[12]
  6. ^ Sometimes given the name Héria[12]
  7. ^ John Julius Norwich identifies the Emma who married William of Auvergne and the Emma who married Rudolf of Montescaglioso as two different daughters of Roger I who bore the same name.
  8. ^ (this daughter of Roger I is called Felicia in the Europäische Stammtafeln, but other sources do not give her name. She is also sometimes mistakenly called Busilla, but this is thought to be a misinterpretation of the French word pucelle, meaning young lady or virgin.[12])
  9. ^ Patrick van Kerrebrouck says that her name could be Sibylla and that she was born from Roger’s third marriage. However, chronologically, it is more probable that she was born from Roger’s second marriage[12]
  10. ^ this daughter is only named in one source[18]
  11. ^ Robert possibly had offsprings who were also counts of Loritello, but the sources for their parentage remain obscure[12]
  12. ^ the primary source for her name is not known[12]
  13. ^ died young[12]
  14. ^ died young[12]
  15. ^ died young[12]
  16. ^ Amatus of Montecassino records that Robert Guiscard pursued "Abelard and Gradilon, the husband of his sister" after the former's rebellion in 1078[20]
  17. ^ lived three months[12]
  18. ^ Rocco Pirri records her as this Geoffrey's daugther. Carlo Alberto Garufi, on the other hand, records her as daugther of a certain Geoffrey of Lecce, Count of Montescaglioso.[12]
  19. ^ died an infant[11]
  20. ^ The claim for these two daugthers exsisting is made in Snorri Sturluson's Heimskringla, which records: "William king of Sicily…had three daughters…his second daughter married the Duke of Kipr [ Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus ]...his third daughter, Margaret, was married to the chief of the corsairs [a certain Margaritone, admiral of Sicily]". However, the Heimskringla also records that William had no sons, and that a daugther of his married an "emperor Henry who killed his brothers in law". Therefore, it can't be trusted.[12]
  21. ^ predeceased his father[12]
  22. ^ Valdrada is only named in one source, “The dogaressas of Venice” by Edgcumbe Staley[21]
  23. ^ this daughter is only named in one source[22]

References

  1. ^ I conti Viscido di Nocera: una famiglia longobarda consanguinea dei principi di Salerno della prima dinastia pagina 58 (in Italian). Rubbettino Editore srl, 2003. 2003. ISBN 978-88-498-0491-1. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Teatro genologico delle famiglie nobili titolate feudatarie ed antiche nobili del fidelissimo Regno di Sicilia viuenti ed estinte. Del s. don Filadelfo Mugnos. Parte prima [-terza]. . (in Italian). nella stamparia di Giacomo Mattei. 1670. Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ^ Archivio storico per le province napoletane, Volume 108, Parte 1 - Volume 109, parte 1, pag. 149 (in Italian). Deputazione napoletana di storia patria, Napoli. 1959. ISBN 978-88-498-0491-1. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  4. ^ Kauffmann, Martin (2003). "Hauteville, house of family". Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t036942. ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4.
  5. ^ Hill, James S. (1914). The place-names of Somerset. Bristol: St. Stephen's printing works. p. 256. hdl:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t9w09nb22. OCLC 685182654.
  6. ^ Revue de l'Avranchin et du pays de Granville (in French). 31 (174, pts. 3-4). Avranches: Société d'archéologie, de littérature, sciences et arts. 1941. ISSN 0035-1342. OCLC 473239154. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)[title missing][page needed]
  7. ^ a b Beaurepaire, François de (1986). Les noms des communes et anciennes paroisses de la Manche [The names of the communes and former parishes of La Manche] (in French). Paris: A. et J. Picard. pp. 133–135. ISBN 978-2-7084-0299-7. OCLC 15314425.
  8. ^ Malaterra, Goffredo; Kenneth Baxter Wolf (2005). The Deeds of Count Roger of Calabria and Sicily and of His Brother Duke Robert Guiscard. USA: The University of Michigan Press. pp. 151. ISBN 0-472-11459-X.
  9. ^ Loud, G. A. (2000). The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-04529-3.
  10. ^ Norwich, John Julius; Rospigliosi, Elena Lante (2021-11-11). I normanni nel Sud: 1016-1130 (in Italian). Sellerio Editore. ISBN 978-88-389-4288-4.
  11. ^ a b Norwich, John Julius (2022-10-31). Il regno nel sole: 1130-1194 (in Italian). Sellerio Editore srl. ISBN 978-88-389-4483-3.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "SICILY". fmg.ac. Retrieved 2024-10-15.
  13. ^ "CENTRAL ITALY". fmg.ac. Retrieved 2024-10-15.
  14. ^ Romoaldi Annales 1057, MGH SS XIX, p. 405
  15. ^ Guerrieri, G. ´I conti normanni di Bardò e di Brindisi (1092-1130)´, Archivio storico per le province Napoletane, Anno XXVI, Fascicolo II (Naples, 1901), p. 285.
  16. ^ Gesta Roberti Wiscardi II, MGH SS IX, p. 263.
  17. ^ Gesta Roberti Wiscardi II, MGH SS IX, p. 263.
  18. ^ 2002: Roger II of Sicily: A Ruler Between East and West, ISBN 978-0-521-65573-6. ISBN 0-521-65573-0
  19. ^ Crollalanza, Giovanni Battista di (1886). Dizionario storico-blasonico delle famiglie nobili e notabili italiane estinte e fiorenti (in Italian). Presso la direzione del Giornale araldico.
  20. ^ Amatus VII.25, p. 177, footnote 49 stating that the name Gradilon suggests that he was of Slav ancestry.
  21. ^ Staley, Edgcumbe. The dogaressas of Venice (PDF). Charles Scribner's Sons.
  22. ^ "Wayback Machine". 2011-07-24. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2024-10-19.
  23. ^ Annuario della nobiltà italiana (in Italian). Presso la direzione del Giornale araldico. 1878.
  24. ^ Summonte, Giovanni Antonio (1748). Historia della cittá e regno di Napoli ... (in Italian). R. Gessari.
  25. ^ Ebner, Pietro (1979). Economia e società nel Cilento medievale (in Italian). Ed. di Storia e Letteratura.

Sources

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