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'''Mirra Alfassa''' (21 February 1878 – 17 November 1973), known to her followers as '''The Mother''' or ''La Mère'', was a French-Indian spiritual [[guru]], [[occultist]] and yoga teacher, and a collaborator of [[Sri Aurobindo]], who considered her to be of equal yogic stature to him and called her by the name "The Mother". She founded the [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]] and established the town of [[Auroville]]; she was influential on the subject of [[Integral yoga|Integral Yoga]].
'''Mirra Alfassa''' (21 February 1878 – 17 November 1973), known to her followers as '''The Mother''' or ''La Mère'', was a French-Indian spiritual [[guru]], [[occultist]] and yoga teacher, and a collaborator of [[Sri Aurobindo]], who considered her to be of equal yogic stature to him and called her by the name "The Mother". She founded the [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]] and established the town of [[Auroville]]; she was influential on the subject of [[Integral yoga|Integral Yoga]].


Mirra Alfassa (Mother) was born in Paris in 1878 to a [[Sephardi Jewish]] bourgeois family from [[Turkey]]. In her youth, she traveled to Algeria to practice occultism along with [[Max Théon]]. After returning, while living in Paris, she guided a group of spiritual seekers. In 1914, she traveled to Pondicherry, India and met Sri Aurobindo and found in him "the dark Asiatic figure" of whom she had visions and called him Krishna. During this first visit, she helped publish a French version of the periodical ''Arya'', which serialized most of Sri Aurobindo's post-political prose writings.
Mirra Alfassa (Mother) was born in Paris in 1878 to a bourgeois [[Sephardi Jewish]] family from [[Turkey]]. In her youth, she traveled to Algeria to practice occultism along with the occultist [[Max Théon]]. After returning to Paris, Alfassa guided a group of [[Mysticism|spiritual seekers]]. In 1914, she traveled to Pondicherry, India, and met Sri Aurobindo. She identified him as "the dark Asiatic figure" of her visions, and called him Krishna. During this first visit, she helped publish a French version of the periodical ''Arya'', which serialised most of Sri Aurobindo's post-political prose writings.


During the First World war she was obliged to leave Pondicherry. After a 4-year stay in Japan, in 1920 she returned to Pondicherry. Gradually, as more and more people joined her and Sri Aurobindo, she organised and developed Sri Aurobindo Ashram. In 1943, she started a school in the ashram and in 1968 established Auroville, an experimental township dedicated to human unity and evolution. She died on 17 November 1973 in Pondicherry.
In 1920, after living in Japan for four years, Alfassa returned to Pondicherry where she organised and developed the Sri Aurobindo Ashram. In 1943, she started a school in the ashram, and in 1968 she established Auroville, an experimental township dedicated to human unity and evolution. She died in Pondicherry in 1973.


[[Satprem]], who was one of her followers, captured the last thirty years of Alfassa's life in the 13-volume work, ''[[The Agenda (Mother)|Mother's Agenda]]''.
A 13-volume biography, ''[[The Agenda (Mother)|Mother's Agenda]]'', was written by [[Satprem]], one Alfassa's followers.


== Early life ==
== Early life ==
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[[File:Mirra Alfassa as a child.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Mirra Alfassa as a child c. 1885]]
[[File:Mirra Alfassa as a child.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Mirra Alfassa as a child c. 1885]]
[[File:Mirra Alfassa.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Mirra Alfassa]]
[[File:Mirra Alfassa.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Mirra Alfassa]]
Mirra Alfassa was born in 1878 in Paris to Moïse Maurice Alfassa, a [[Jews in Turkey|Turkish Jewish]] father who migrated from Edirne via Egypt, and Mathilde Ismalun, an [[History of the Jews in Egypt|Egyptian Jewish]] mother. They were a [[bourgeois]] family, and Mirra's full name at birth was Blanche Rachel Mirra Alfassa. She had an elder brother, Mattéo Mathieu Maurice Alfassa, who later held numerous French governmental posts in Africa. The family had just migrated to France a year before Mirra was born. Mirra was close to her grandmother Mira Ismalum (née Pinto), who was a neighbour and who was one of the first women to travel alone outside Egypt.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=4–7}}<ref>''Mother's Chronicles'' Bk I; ''Mother on Herself'' – Chronology p.83.</ref>
Mirra Alfassa was born in Paris in 1878 to Mathilde Ismalun, an [[History of the Jews in Egypt|Egyptian Jew]], and Moïse Maurice Alfassa, a [[Jews in Turkey|Turkish Jew]] who migrated from Edirne via Egypt. The family emigrated to France a year before Mirra was born. Mirra Alfassa was close to her grandmother Mira Ismalum (née Pinto), who was one of the first women to travel alone outside Egypt.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=4–7}}<ref>''Mother's Chronicles'' Bk I; ''Mother on Herself'' – Chronology p.83.</ref> They were a [[bourgeois]] family, and Alfassa's full name at birth was Blanche Rachel Mirra Alfassa. Her older brother, Mattéo Mathieu Maurice Alfassa, later held numerous French governmental posts in Africa.


Mirra learnt to read at the age of seven and joined school very late at the age of nine. She was interested in various fields of art, tennis, music and singing, but was a concern to her mother owing to an apparent lack of permanent interest in any particular field.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=8}}{{sfn|Iyengar|1978|pp=6–7}} By the age of 14 she had read most of the books in her father's collection, which is believed to have helped her achieve mastery of [[French language|French]].{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=10}} Her biographer [[Georges van Vrekhem|Vrekhem]] notes that Mirra had various [[occult]] experiences in her childhood but knew nothing of their significance or relevance. She kept these experiences to herself, as her mother would have regarded occult experiences as a mental problem to be treated.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=11–13}} Mirra especially recalls at the age of thirteen or fourteen having a dream or a vision of a luminous figure whom she used to call Krishna but had never seen before in real life.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=14}}<ref>''Bulletin of the Sri Aurobindo Centre of Education'', 1976 p.14, ''Mother on Herself'' pp.17–18.</ref><ref>''Bulletin'' 1974 p.63.</ref>
Alfassa learned to read at the age of seven and began school at the age of nine. By the age of 14 she had read most of the books in her father's collection.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=10}} Her biographer [[Georges van Vrekhem|Vrekhem]] notes that Alfassa had various [[occult]] experiences in her childhood that she kept to herself, believing that her mother would have regarded occult experiences as a mental illness to be treated.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=11–13}} Alfassa recalled having had, at the age of 13 or 14, a dream or a vision of a luminous figure whom she call Krishna.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=14}}<ref>''Bulletin of the Sri Aurobindo Centre of Education'', 1976 p.14, ''Mother on Herself'' pp.17–18.</ref><ref>''Bulletin'' 1974 p.63.</ref>


=== As an artist and traveller ===
=== As an artist and traveller ===
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==== In Paris ====
==== In Paris ====
In 1893 after graduating from school, Mirra joined [[Académie Julian]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/ashram/mother/index.php |title=The Mother |work=sriaurobindoashram.org |year=2013 |access-date=11 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109141542/http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/ashram/mother/index.php |archive-date=9 November 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yebqAAAAMAAJ&q=Julian ''Mirra Alfassa, paintings and drawings'', P. 157-158]</ref> to study art. Her grandmother Mira introduced her to [[:fr:Henri Morisset]], an ex-student of the Académie; they were married on 13 October 1897.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=15–20}} Both were well off and worked as artists for the next ten years, during an era known for having many [[Impressionism|impressionist artists]]. Her son André was born on 23 August 1898. Some of Alfassa's paintings were accepted by the jury of [[Salon d'Automne]] and were exhibited in 1903, 1904 and 1905.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=24}} She recalls herself being a complete [[atheist]] at this time, yet was experiencing various memories which she found were not mental formations but spontaneous experiences. She kept those experiences to herself and developed an urge to understand their significance. She came across the book [[Raja Yoga (book)|Raja yoga]] by [[Swami Vivekananda]], which provided some of the explanations she was looking for. Mirra also received a copy of the [[Bhagavad Gita]] in French, which helped her considerably in learning more about these experiences.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=29}}
In 1893 after graduating from school, Alfassa joined [[Académie Julian]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/ashram/mother/index.php |title=The Mother |work=sriaurobindoashram.org |year=2013 |access-date=11 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109141542/http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/ashram/mother/index.php |archive-date=9 November 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yebqAAAAMAAJ&q=Julian ''Mirra Alfassa, paintings and drawings'', P. 157-158]</ref> to study art. Her grandmother Mira Ismalum introduced her to [[:fr:Henri Morisset]], an ex-student of the Académie, and they were married in 1897.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=15–20}} Both were well-off and worked as artists for the next ten years, during an era known for having many [[Impressionism|impressionist artists]]. Alfassa's son André was born in 1898. Some of Alfassa's paintings were accepted by the jury of [[Salon d'Automne]] and were exhibited in 1903, 1904 and 1905.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=24}} She recalled herself being a complete [[atheist]] at this time, yet was experiencing various memories which she found were not mental formations but spontaneous experiences. She kept those experiences to herself and developed an urge to understand their significance. She came across the book [[Raja Yoga (book)|Raja yoga]] by [[Swami Vivekananda]], which offered explanations for her experiences. Alfassa also received a copy of the [[Bhagavad Gita]] in French which she also found helpful.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=29}}


==== Max Théon and Mrs. Théon (Mary Ware) ====
==== Max Théon and Mrs. Théon (Mary Ware) ====
[[File:Mother and Theon.jpg|thumb|Mirra Alfassa in Theon's house at Tlemcen, Algeria (1906–1907)]]
[[File:Mother and Theon.jpg|thumb|Mirra Alfassa in Theon's house at Tlemcen, Algeria (1906–1907)]]


During this time Mirra made the acquaintance of Louis Thémanlys who was the head of the [[Cosmic Movement]], a group started by Max Théon. Through reading a copy of ''[[Cosmic Review]]'', she attended Thémanlys's speeches and became active in the group. For the first time, on 14 July 1906, she journeyed alone to the Algerian city of [[Tlemcen]] to meet with Max Théon and his wife Mary Ware. She consequently travelled twice more, in 1906 and 1907, to their estate at Tlemcen and there practised and experimented with the teachings of Max Théon and Mary Ware.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=37–67}}
During this time Alfassa made the acquaintance of Louis Thémanlys who was the head of the [[Cosmic Movement]], a group started by Max Théon. After reading a copy of ''[[Cosmic Review]]'', Alfassa began attending Thémanlys's public lectures and became active in the group. In 1906 she travelled to the Algerian city of [[Tlemcen]] to meet with Max Théon and his wife Mary Ware. She consequently travelled twice more, in 1906 and 1907, to their estate at Tlemcen, and there practised and experimented with the teachings of Théon and Ware.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=37–67}}


In 1908, Mirra moved to 49 rue de Lévis, Paris, living alone in a small apartment and involving herself in discussions with Buddhists and Cosmic movement circles. During this time she also made the acquaintance of [[Alexandra David-Néel|Madame David Néel]].{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=73–75}} Mirra married Paul Richard in 1911 who after serving four years in the army had involved himself in philosophy and theology. He had come to know Mirra when he was in discussions with Max Théon. Vrekhem, a biographer of Mirra, mentions that Richard was undergoing a legal problem in receiving children from his first marriage to a Dutch woman, and had asked Mirra for help which she had accepted by marrying him.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=84}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Huss |first=Boaz |author-link=Boaz Huss |title=Cosmic Movement |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/55793131/Huss__Cosmic_Movement_entry_for__WRSP.pdf |publisher=World Religions & Spirituality Project (WRSP) |access-date=13 February 2018}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
In 1908, Mirra moved to 49 rue de Lévis, Paris, living alone in a small apartment and involving herself in discussions with Buddhists and Cosmic movement circles. During this time she also made the acquaintance of [[Alexandra David-Néel|Madame David Néel]].{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=73–75}} Alfassa married Paul Richard in 1911, who, after serving four years in the arm,y had involved himself in philosophy and theology. He had come to know Alfassa through Max Théon.<ref>{{cite web |last=Huss |first=Boaz |author-link=Boaz Huss |title=Cosmic Movement |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/55793131/Huss__Cosmic_Movement_entry_for__WRSP.pdf |publisher=World Religions & Spirituality Project (WRSP) |access-date=13 February 2018}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>


==== First meetings with Sri Aurobindo and Japan ====
==== First meetings with Sri Aurobindo and Japan ====
[[File:Mirra alfassa in japan.jpg|thumb|Dorothy Hodgson (Dutta), Mirra Alfassa, Paul Richard & Japanese friends in Tokyo c.a 1918]]
[[File:Mirra alfassa in japan.jpg|thumb|Dorothy Hodgson (Dutta), Mirra Alfassa, Paul Richard & Japanese friends in Tokyo c.a 1918]]


Richard was also an aspiring politician and had attempted to win election to the French senate from [[Pondicherry]], which was then under French control. Despite his initial failure he wanted to make a second attempt, and on 7 March 1914 Mirra along with Richard set sail to India and reached Pondicherry by 29 March. It was in 1914 that Mirra Alfassa who later came to be known as The Mother, first set foot in Puducherry stayed in Grand Hotel D'Europe and met Sri Aurobindo.<ref>Interview with [[Prithwindra Mukherjee]], ''The Sunday Standard'', 15 June 1969; ''The Mother'' by Prema Nandakumar, National Book Trust, 1977, p9.</ref><ref>Karmayogi no date, Van Vrekhem 2001.</ref> After reaching Pondicherry, they fixed an appointment with Sri Aurobindo who was then settled in Pondicherry and had suspended all his activity for Indian independence from British rule. When she first met Sri Aurobindo, Mirra recognized in him the person whom she used to see in her dreams. During a later meeting, she experienced a complete silence of the mind, free from any thought.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=140–155}}
Alfassa's husband, Paul Richard, was an aspiring politician and had attempted to win election to the French senate from [[Pondicherry]], which was then under French control. After losing on his first attempt, he wanted to run again, and in 1914 Alfassa and Richard set sail for India, reaching Pondicherry at the end of March. Alfassa and Richard stayed at the Grand Hotel D'Europe, and during this time they met Sri Aurobindo.<ref>Interview with [[Prithwindra Mukherjee]], ''The Sunday Standard'', 15 June 1969; ''The Mother'' by Prema Nandakumar, National Book Trust, 1977, p9.</ref><ref>Karmayogi no date, Van Vrekhem 2001.</ref> Alfassa recognised Sri Aurobindo as a figure from her visions. During a later meeting, Alfassa experienced what she described as a complete silence of the mind, free from any thought.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=140–155}}


[[File:Mirra Alfassa 1978 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright|The Mother on a 1978 stamp of India]]
[[File:Mirra Alfassa 1978 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright|The Mother on a 1978 stamp of India]]


Richard lost the elections to [[Paul Bluysen]] whom he had supported in previous elections. Richard decided to publish a review of the yoga of Sri Aurobindo, and to be called Arya and be bilingual in both English and French. The '''''Journal''''' was first published on 15 August 1914 and ran for the next six and half years. Consequent journals published were later made into complete books.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=160–172}} By this time [[World War I]] had erupted, and Indian revolutionaries were being prosecuted by the British for being spies of the [[German Army (German Empire)|German army]]. Although Sri Aurobindo had totally dispensed his activities against British rule, he was considered unsafe and all the revolutionaries were asked to move to [[Algeria]]. Sri Aurobindo had refused this offer, so the British had written to the French government in Paris asking to hand over revolutionaries staying at French Pondicherry. This request came to Mirra's brother, Mattéo Alfassa, who by then was foreign minister and who filed the request under other working files never to be looked upon again.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=175–177}}<ref>{{harvnb|Purani|1982|pp=9–12}}{{full citation needed|date=June 2020}}</ref>
Richard lost the election and decided to publish a journal about the yoga of Sri Aurobindo. The journal, called Arya, was written in both English and French, was first published in August 1914 and ran for the next six and half years. By this time [[World War I]] had erupted, and Indian revolutionaries were being prosecuted by the British for being spies of the [[German Army (German Empire)|German army]]. Although Sri Aurobindo had ceased his activities against British rule, he was considered to be a threat, and all the revolutionaries were asked to move to [[Algeria]]. Sri Aurobindo refused and the British asked the French government to hand over revolutionaries living in French Pondicherry. The British request came to Alfassa's brother, Mattéo Alfassa, who by then was foreign minister, and who slipped the letter amongst other files where it would not be seen by anyone else.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=175–177}}<ref>{{harvnb|Purani|1982|pp=9–12}}{{full citation needed|date=June 2020}}</ref>


On the insistence of the British in 1915, Richard was ordered to move out of Pondicherry. After an unsuccessful attempt to stay, both Mirra and Richard left for Paris on 22 February 1915. After a few years, Richard was ordered to promote French trade in Japan (which was then an ally of France and Britain) and China. Mirra left for Japan along with Richard, never to return to Paris again.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=178–180}}
In 1915, at the insistence of the British, Richard was withdrawn from Pondicherry by the French government. After an unsuccessful attempt to remain there, Alfassa and Richard returned to Paris in February 1915. After a number of years in Paris, Richard was posted to Japan and China as a trade commissioner. Alfassa and Richard left for Japan, never to return to Paris again.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=178–180}} Their time in Japan was relatively peaceful, and they spent the following four years there. In April 1920, however, Alfassa and Richard returned to Pondicherry{{sfn|Iyengar|1978|p=182}}{{sfn|''Collected Works''|1978|loc=volume 8, pp. 106–107}}. Alfassa moved to live near Sri Aurobindo in the guest house at Rue François Martin. Richard spent a year travelling around north India before returning to France. The couple later divorced.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=215–216}} In November 1920, Alfassa to moved into Sri Aurobindo's house where she lived communally with other residents. {{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|p=225}}{{sfn|''Mother's Agenda''|1979|loc=volume 2, pp. 371–372}}

Mirra and Richard stayed in Japan and made acquaintances among the Indian community. Their time in Japan was relatively peaceful, and they spent the following four years there. On 24 April 1920 Mirra returned with Richard to Pondicherry{{sfn|Iyengar|1978|p=182}}{{sfn|''Collected Works''|1978|loc=volume 8, pp. 106–107}} accompanied by Dorothy Hodgson. Mirra moved to live near Sri Aurobindo in the guest house at Rue François Martin. Richard did not stay long in India; he spent a year travelling around North India returning to France and remarried in England after officially divorcing Mirra. After working a few years as a professor in the United States he died in 1968.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=215–216}} On 24 November 1920 due to a storm and heavy rain, Sri Aurobindo asked Mirra and Dorothy Hodgson (later known as Dutta) to move into Sri Aurobindo's house, and she started living in the house along with other residents. {{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|p=225}}{{sfn|''Mother's Agenda''|1979|loc=volume 2, pp. 371–372}}


== Foundation of the ashram ==
== Foundation of the ashram ==
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With time many influenced by ''Arya Magazine'' and others who had heard about Sri Aurobindo started to come to his residence either permanently to reside or to practise Sri Aurobindo's yoga. Mirra was initially not totally accepted by the other household members and was considered an outsider. Sri Aurobindo considered her to be of equal yogic stature and started calling her "The Mother", and she was known to the whole community as such from then on. Around 1924 onwards Mother was starting to organise the day-to-day functioning of the household and slowly the house was turning into an [[ashram]] with many followers flowing in every day.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=228–248}} After 1926 Sri Aurobindo started to retire from regular activities and put his complete focus towards yogic practises. The community had grown to 85 members by then and the group had slowly turned into a spiritual ashram.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}
Initially, Alfassa was not fully accepted by the other commune members, and was considered an outsider. Sri Aurobindo considered her to be of equal yogic stature to him and started calling her "The Mother". From 1924, Alfassa took over managing the household, which was gradually turned into an [[ashram]].{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=228–248}} In 1926, Sri Aurobindo began to retire from regular activities and to focus on his yogic practises. The commune had grown to 85 members.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}


== Integral yoga and the Siddhi Day ==
== Integral yoga and the Siddhi Day ==
The Mother was a revered [[modern yoga gurus|yoga teacher]] in a modern context.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|p=292}} On 24 November 1926, later declared as Siddhi Day (Victory Day) and still celebrated by [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]],{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=250–251}} Mother and Sri Aurobindo declared that [[Integral yoga|overmind]] consciousness had manifested directly in physical consciousness, allowing the possibility for human consciousness to be directly aware and be in the overmind consciousness.{{refn|group=note| A detailed description of the Overmind is provided in Book I ch.28, and Book II ch.26, of Aurobindo's philosophical opus ''[[The Life Divine]]''}}
Alfassa, now referred to as "The Mother", became a revered [[modern yoga gurus|yoga teacher]].{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|p=292}} On 24 November 1926, later declared Siddhi Day (Victory Day) and still celebrated by [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]],{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=250–251}} Mother and Sri Aurobindo declared that [[Integral yoga|overmind]] consciousness had manifested directly in physical consciousness, allowing the possibility for human consciousness to be directly aware and be in the overmind consciousness.{{refn|group=note| A detailed description of the Overmind is provided in Book I ch.28, and Book II ch.26, of Aurobindo's philosophical opus ''[[The Life Divine]]''}}


Sri Aurobindo had received a few complaints against Mother on the daily running of the ashram. To settle this matter in finality, Sri Aurobindo declared 'The Mother' to be in sole charge of further activities of the ashram through a letter in April 1930.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=258–259}} By August 1930, the ashram members had grown to a number of 80 to 100 residents, a self-sustaining community with all basic amenities fulfilled. {{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=286–287}}
Some commune members lodged complaints against Alfassa over her management the ashram. In response, Sri Aurobindo declared her to be in sole charge of further activities of the ashram in 1930.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=258–259}}


Sri Aurobindo and Mother's work and principles of yoga was named by them: [[integral yoga]], an all-embracing yoga. This yoga was in variance with older ways of yoga because the follower would not give up the outer life to live in a monastery, but would be present in regular life and practise spirituality in all parts of life. {{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=270–271}}
Sri Aurobindo and Mother's work and principles of yoga was named by them: [[integral yoga]], an all-embracing yoga. This yoga was in variance with older ways of yoga because the follower would not give up the outer life to live in a monastery, but would be present in regular life and practise spirituality in all parts of life. {{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=270–271}}
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== School in ashram and the death of Sri Aurobindo ==
== School in ashram and the death of Sri Aurobindo ==


On 2 December 1943 Mother started a school for about twenty children inside the ashram. She considered this was a considerable movement away from usual life in the ashram, which was until then about practising total renunciation of the outside world. However, she found that the school would gradually align to the principles of Sri Aurobindo's integral yoga.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=334–335}} The school later became known as the Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education. From 21 February 1949 she started a quarterly magazine called ''The Bulleti'' in which Sri Aurobindo published a series of eight articles under the title "The supramental manifestation upon earth" wherein for the first time he wrote about transitional being between man and superman.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=353–354}}
On 2 December 1943 Mother started a school for about twenty children inside the ashram. She considered this was a considerable movement away from usual life in the ashram, which was until then about practising total renunciation of the outside world. However, she found that the school would gradually align to the principles of Sri Aurobindo's integral yoga.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=334–335}} The school later became known as the Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education. From 21 February 1949 she started a quarterly journal called ''The Bulletin'' in which Sri Aurobindo published a series of eight articles under the title "The supramental manifestation upon earth" wherein for the first time he wrote about transitional being between man and superman.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=353–354}}


[[File:Themotherspainting.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Mirra Alfassa's painting: 'Divine Consciousness Emerging from the Inconscient', 1920–1925]]
[[File:Themotherspainting.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Mirra Alfassa's painting: 'Divine Consciousness Emerging from the Inconscient', 1920–1925]]


Sri Aurobindo died on 5 December 1950. This was a very difficult experience for Mother.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=353–354}} All the activities in the ashram were suspended for twelve days, after which Mother had to decide the future course of the ashram. Mother decided to take up the entire work of the ashram and also to continue the integral yoga internally. The years from 1950 to 1958 were the years where she was mostly seen by her disciples.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=385}}
Sri Aurobindo died on 5 December 1950. All the activities in the ashram were suspended for twelve days, after which Mother had to decide the future course of the ashram. Mother decided to take up the entire work of the ashram and also to continue the integral yoga internally. The years from 1950 to 1958 were the years where she was mostly seen by her disciples.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=385}}


== Pondicherry, India ==
== Pondicherry, India ==

Revision as of 00:52, 8 October 2024

Mirra Alfassa
Mirra Alfassa
Personal life
Born
Blanche Rachel Mirra Alfassa

21 February 1878
Paris, France
Died17 November 1973(1973-11-17) (aged 95)
Pondicherry, India
Resting placePondicherry, India
Nationality
  • French (1878–1954)
  • Indian (1954–1973)
SpouseHenri Morriset (1870–1956)
Notable work(s)Prayers And Meditations, Words of Long Ago, On Thoughts and Aphorisms, Words of the Mother
Pen nameThe Mother
Signature
Religious life
ReligionHinduism
InstituteSri Aurobindo Ashram
Auroville
Religious career
Students

Mirra Alfassa (21 February 1878 – 17 November 1973), known to her followers as The Mother or La Mère, was a French-Indian spiritual guru, occultist and yoga teacher, and a collaborator of Sri Aurobindo, who considered her to be of equal yogic stature to him and called her by the name "The Mother". She founded the Sri Aurobindo Ashram and established the town of Auroville; she was influential on the subject of Integral Yoga.

Mirra Alfassa (Mother) was born in Paris in 1878 to a bourgeois Sephardi Jewish family from Turkey. In her youth, she traveled to Algeria to practice occultism along with the occultist Max Théon. After returning to Paris, Alfassa guided a group of spiritual seekers. In 1914, she traveled to Pondicherry, India, and met Sri Aurobindo. She identified him as "the dark Asiatic figure" of her visions, and called him Krishna. During this first visit, she helped publish a French version of the periodical Arya, which serialised most of Sri Aurobindo's post-political prose writings.

In 1920, after living in Japan for four years, Alfassa returned to Pondicherry where she organised and developed the Sri Aurobindo Ashram. In 1943, she started a school in the ashram, and in 1968 she established Auroville, an experimental township dedicated to human unity and evolution. She died in Pondicherry in 1973.

A 13-volume biography, Mother's Agenda, was written by Satprem, one Alfassa's followers.

Early life

Childhood

Mirra Alfassa as a child c. 1885
Mirra Alfassa

Mirra Alfassa was born in Paris in 1878 to Mathilde Ismalun, an Egyptian Jew, and Moïse Maurice Alfassa, a Turkish Jew who migrated from Edirne via Egypt. The family emigrated to France a year before Mirra was born. Mirra Alfassa was close to her grandmother Mira Ismalum (née Pinto), who was one of the first women to travel alone outside Egypt.[1][2] They were a bourgeois family, and Alfassa's full name at birth was Blanche Rachel Mirra Alfassa. Her older brother, Mattéo Mathieu Maurice Alfassa, later held numerous French governmental posts in Africa.

Alfassa learned to read at the age of seven and began school at the age of nine. By the age of 14 she had read most of the books in her father's collection.[3] Her biographer Vrekhem notes that Alfassa had various occult experiences in her childhood that she kept to herself, believing that her mother would have regarded occult experiences as a mental illness to be treated.[4] Alfassa recalled having had, at the age of 13 or 14, a dream or a vision of a luminous figure whom she call Krishna.[5][6][7]

As an artist and traveller

Mirra Alfassa at the age of 24 with son Andre, circa 1902

In Paris

In 1893 after graduating from school, Alfassa joined Académie Julian[8][9] to study art. Her grandmother Mira Ismalum introduced her to fr:Henri Morisset, an ex-student of the Académie, and they were married in 1897.[10] Both were well-off and worked as artists for the next ten years, during an era known for having many impressionist artists. Alfassa's son André was born in 1898. Some of Alfassa's paintings were accepted by the jury of Salon d'Automne and were exhibited in 1903, 1904 and 1905.[11] She recalled herself being a complete atheist at this time, yet was experiencing various memories which she found were not mental formations but spontaneous experiences. She kept those experiences to herself and developed an urge to understand their significance. She came across the book Raja yoga by Swami Vivekananda, which offered explanations for her experiences. Alfassa also received a copy of the Bhagavad Gita in French which she also found helpful.[12]

Max Théon and Mrs. Théon (Mary Ware)

Mirra Alfassa in Theon's house at Tlemcen, Algeria (1906–1907)

During this time Alfassa made the acquaintance of Louis Thémanlys who was the head of the Cosmic Movement, a group started by Max Théon. After reading a copy of Cosmic Review, Alfassa began attending Thémanlys's public lectures and became active in the group. In 1906 she travelled to the Algerian city of Tlemcen to meet with Max Théon and his wife Mary Ware. She consequently travelled twice more, in 1906 and 1907, to their estate at Tlemcen, and there practised and experimented with the teachings of Théon and Ware.[13]

In 1908, Mirra moved to 49 rue de Lévis, Paris, living alone in a small apartment and involving herself in discussions with Buddhists and Cosmic movement circles. During this time she also made the acquaintance of Madame David Néel.[14] Alfassa married Paul Richard in 1911, who, after serving four years in the arm,y had involved himself in philosophy and theology. He had come to know Alfassa through Max Théon.[15]

First meetings with Sri Aurobindo and Japan

Dorothy Hodgson (Dutta), Mirra Alfassa, Paul Richard & Japanese friends in Tokyo c.a 1918

Alfassa's husband, Paul Richard, was an aspiring politician and had attempted to win election to the French senate from Pondicherry, which was then under French control. After losing on his first attempt, he wanted to run again, and in 1914 Alfassa and Richard set sail for India, reaching Pondicherry at the end of March. Alfassa and Richard stayed at the Grand Hotel D'Europe, and during this time they met Sri Aurobindo.[16][17] Alfassa recognised Sri Aurobindo as a figure from her visions. During a later meeting, Alfassa experienced what she described as a complete silence of the mind, free from any thought.[18]

The Mother on a 1978 stamp of India

Richard lost the election and decided to publish a journal about the yoga of Sri Aurobindo. The journal, called Arya, was written in both English and French, was first published in August 1914 and ran for the next six and half years. By this time World War I had erupted, and Indian revolutionaries were being prosecuted by the British for being spies of the German army. Although Sri Aurobindo had ceased his activities against British rule, he was considered to be a threat, and all the revolutionaries were asked to move to Algeria. Sri Aurobindo refused and the British asked the French government to hand over revolutionaries living in French Pondicherry. The British request came to Alfassa's brother, Mattéo Alfassa, who by then was foreign minister, and who slipped the letter amongst other files where it would not be seen by anyone else.[19][20]

In 1915, at the insistence of the British, Richard was withdrawn from Pondicherry by the French government. After an unsuccessful attempt to remain there, Alfassa and Richard returned to Paris in February 1915. After a number of years in Paris, Richard was posted to Japan and China as a trade commissioner. Alfassa and Richard left for Japan, never to return to Paris again.[21] Their time in Japan was relatively peaceful, and they spent the following four years there. In April 1920, however, Alfassa and Richard returned to Pondicherry[22][23]. Alfassa moved to live near Sri Aurobindo in the guest house at Rue François Martin. Richard spent a year travelling around north India before returning to France. The couple later divorced.[24] In November 1920, Alfassa to moved into Sri Aurobindo's house where she lived communally with other residents. [25][26]

Foundation of the ashram

Integral yoga

Initially, Alfassa was not fully accepted by the other commune members, and was considered an outsider. Sri Aurobindo considered her to be of equal yogic stature to him and started calling her "The Mother". From 1924, Alfassa took over managing the household, which was gradually turned into an ashram.[27] In 1926, Sri Aurobindo began to retire from regular activities and to focus on his yogic practises. The commune had grown to 85 members.[citation needed]

Integral yoga and the Siddhi Day

Alfassa, now referred to as "The Mother", became a revered yoga teacher.[28] On 24 November 1926, later declared Siddhi Day (Victory Day) and still celebrated by Sri Aurobindo Ashram,[29] Mother and Sri Aurobindo declared that overmind consciousness had manifested directly in physical consciousness, allowing the possibility for human consciousness to be directly aware and be in the overmind consciousness.[note 1]

Some commune members lodged complaints against Alfassa over her management the ashram. In response, Sri Aurobindo declared her to be in sole charge of further activities of the ashram in 1930.[30]

Sri Aurobindo and Mother's work and principles of yoga was named by them: integral yoga, an all-embracing yoga. This yoga was in variance with older ways of yoga because the follower would not give up the outer life to live in a monastery, but would be present in regular life and practise spirituality in all parts of life. [31]

By 1937 the ashram residents had grown to more than 150, so there was a need for an expansion of buildings and facilities, helped by Diwan Hyder Ali, the Nizam of Hyderabad who had made a grant to the ashram for further expansion. Under the guidance of Mother, Antonin Raymond, the chief architect, assisted by Franticek Sammer and George Nakashima, constructed a dormitory building. By this time the second world war erupted delaying the construction but was finally completed after ten years and was named Golconde.[32] In 1938 Margaret Woodrow Wilson, the daughter of US President Woodrow Wilson, came to the ashram and chose to remain there for the rest of her life.[33]

By 1939 World War II had broken out. Some of the members of the ashram may have supported Hitler indirectly because Britain was attacked, but both Mother and Sri Aurobindo publicly declared their support for the Allied forces, mainly by donating to the Viceroy's war fund, much to the surprise of many Indians.[34]

School in ashram and the death of Sri Aurobindo

On 2 December 1943 Mother started a school for about twenty children inside the ashram. She considered this was a considerable movement away from usual life in the ashram, which was until then about practising total renunciation of the outside world. However, she found that the school would gradually align to the principles of Sri Aurobindo's integral yoga.[35] The school later became known as the Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education. From 21 February 1949 she started a quarterly journal called The Bulletin in which Sri Aurobindo published a series of eight articles under the title "The supramental manifestation upon earth" wherein for the first time he wrote about transitional being between man and superman.[36]

Mirra Alfassa's painting: 'Divine Consciousness Emerging from the Inconscient', 1920–1925

Sri Aurobindo died on 5 December 1950. All the activities in the ashram were suspended for twelve days, after which Mother had to decide the future course of the ashram. Mother decided to take up the entire work of the ashram and also to continue the integral yoga internally. The years from 1950 to 1958 were the years where she was mostly seen by her disciples.[37]

Pondicherry, India

On 15 August 1954 French Pondicherry became a union territory of India. Alfassa declared dual citizenship for India and France,[38] which she tried to obtain but was unable to due to nationality law which had come into force and became an Indian citizen in 1954.[39] Jawaharlal Nehru visited the ashram on 16 January 1955 and met with her. This meeting cleared many doubts he had about the ashram. During his second visit to the ashram on 29 September 1955, his daughter Indira Gandhi accompanied him. Alfassa had a profound effect on her, which developed into a close relationship in later years.[40] Mother continued to teach French after the passing of Sri Aurobindo. She started with just simple conversations and recitations, which later expanded into deeper discussions about integral yoga where she would read a passage from Sri Aurobindo's or her own writings and comment on them. These sessions grew into a seven-volume book called Questions and Answers. [41]

After 1958, Alfassa slowly started to withdraw from outer activities. The year 1958 was also marked by greater progress in yoga.[42] She stopped all her activities from 1959 onwards to devote herself completely towards yoga. On 21 February 1963, on her 85th birthday, she gave her first Darshan from the terrace that had been built for her. From then on she would be present there, on Darshan days where visitors below would gather around to catch a glimpse of her.[43] Mother regularly met with many disciples and one them was Satprem. He had recorded their conversations, which later he gathered in a volume of 13 books called Mother's Agenda.

Alfassa playing tennis

Establishing Auroville

Main article: Auroville
Matrimandir, in Auroville, near Pondicherry

Mother had published an article titled "The Dream" in which she suggested a place on earth that no nation could claim as its sole property, for all humanity with no distinction.[44] In 1964 it was finally decided to build this city. On 28 February 1968 they drew up a charter for the city, Auroville, meaning City of the Dawn (derived from the French word aurore), a model universal township where one of the aims would be to bring about human unity. The city still exists and continues to grow (although not in terms of permanent residents as recorded by census).[citation needed]

Later years

Many politicians visited Alfassa on a regular basis. She had visits from V. V. Giri, Nandini Satpathy, the Dalai Lama, and especially Indira Gandhi, who was in close contact with her. [45] By the end of March 1973 she became critically ill. After 20 May 1973 all meetings were cancelled. Alfassa died at 7:25 pm on 17 November 1973 at the age of 95. She was buried on 20 November in Samadhi, next to Sri Aurobindo's body.[46]

References

Notes

  1. ^ A detailed description of the Overmind is provided in Book I ch.28, and Book II ch.26, of Aurobindo's philosophical opus The Life Divine

Citations

  1. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 4–7.
  2. ^ Mother's Chronicles Bk I; Mother on Herself – Chronology p.83.
  3. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 10.
  4. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 11–13.
  5. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 14.
  6. ^ Bulletin of the Sri Aurobindo Centre of Education, 1976 p.14, Mother on Herself pp.17–18.
  7. ^ Bulletin 1974 p.63.
  8. ^ "The Mother". sriaurobindoashram.org. 2013. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
  9. ^ Mirra Alfassa, paintings and drawings, P. 157-158
  10. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 15–20.
  11. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 24.
  12. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 29.
  13. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 37–67.
  14. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 73–75.
  15. ^ Huss, Boaz. "Cosmic Movement" (PDF). World Religions & Spirituality Project (WRSP). Retrieved 13 February 2018.[dead link‍]
  16. ^ Interview with Prithwindra Mukherjee, The Sunday Standard, 15 June 1969; The Mother by Prema Nandakumar, National Book Trust, 1977, p9.
  17. ^ Karmayogi no date, Van Vrekhem 2001.
  18. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 140–155.
  19. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 175–177.
  20. ^ Purani 1982, pp. 9–12[full citation needed]
  21. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 178–180.
  22. ^ Iyengar 1978, p. 182.
  23. ^ Collected Works 1978, volume 8, pp. 106–107.
  24. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 215–216.
  25. ^ Vrekhem 2004, p. 225.
  26. ^ Mother's Agenda 1979, volume 2, pp. 371–372.
  27. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 228–248.
  28. ^ Jones & Ryan 2007, p. 292.
  29. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 250–251.
  30. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 258–259.
  31. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 270–271.
  32. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 303–305.
  33. ^ Nirodbaran 1972.
  34. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 310–326.
  35. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 334–335.
  36. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 353–354.
  37. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 385.
  38. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 408–409.
  39. ^ Kamalakaran, Ajay (10 December 2023). "When a spiritual guru put the Indian government in a fix with a request for dual citizenship". Scroll.com. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  40. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 412–413.
  41. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 414.
  42. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 479–486.
  43. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 541.
  44. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 547–549.
  45. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 573.
  46. ^ Vrekhem 2004, pp. 593–598.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Anon., The Mother – Some dates, www.aurobindo.ru
  • Aurobindo, Sri (1972). Collected Works of Sri Aurobindo (Birth Centenary ed.). Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry.
  • (1972b) The Mother, Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry
  • Iyengar, K. R. S. (1978). On the Mother: The Chronicle of a Manifestation and Ministry (2nd ed.). Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education / Pondicherry. (2 vols, continuously paginated)
  • Alfassa, Mirra (1977) The Mother on Herself, Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry
  • Collected Works of the Mother (17 vol set) (Centenary ed.). Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry. 1978.
  • Mother's Agenda (13 vol set). New York, NY: Institute for Evolutionary Research. 1979.
    • (date?) Flowers and Their Messages, Sri Aurobindo Ashram
    • (date?) Flowers and Their Spiritual Significance, Sri Aurobindo Ashram
  • Das, Nolima ed., (1978) Glimpses of the Mother's Life vol.1, Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry
  • Mukherjee, Prithwindra (2000), Sri Aurobindo: Biographie, Desclée de Brouwer, Paris
  • Nahar, Sujata (1986) Mother's chronicles Bk. 2. Mirra the Artist, Paris: Institut de Recherches Evolutives, Paris & Mira Aditi, Mysore.
    • (1989) Mother's chronicles Bk. 3. Mirra the Occultist. Paris: Institut de Recherches Evolutives, Paris & Mira Aditi, Mysore.
  • K.D. Sethna, The Mother, Past-Present-Future, 1977
  • Satprem (1982) The Mind of the Cells (transl by Francine Mahak & Luc Venet) Institute for Evolutionary Research, New York, NY
  • Van Vrekhem, Georges: The Mother – The Story of Her Life, HarperCollins Publishers India, New Delhi 2000, ISBN 81-7223-416-3 (see also Mother meets Sri Aurobindo – An excerpt from this book)
  • Van Vrekhem, Georges: Beyond Man – The Life and Work of Sri Aurobindo and The Mother, HarperCollins Publishers India, New Delhi 1999, ISBN 81-7223-327-2

Partial bibliography

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