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Law

Main article: Byzantine law

Roman law has its origins in the Twelve Tables and would evolve less through legislation but more through the annual Praetorian Edict and the opinions of jurists. The Praetor's Edict would be an announcement of how the praetor would respond to issues brought to them that year, which would change each year based on the praetor. The jurists were educated specialists that dealt with defenses based on a certain situation's facts, and later would clarify law that the emperor's would rely on when responding to requests to rule on issues.

The law eventually ended up being confusing as it was not clear what it actually was. Hadrian made permanent the Praetorian Edict which seldom changed anymore and said if all the Jurists agreed it would be considered law. Thedosius elevated five jurists as principal authorities and compiled the legislation issued since Constantine into the Codex Theodosianus. Two private collections, the Codices Gregorianus and the Hermogenianus were made available and later, a complete standardisation of imperial decrees since Hadrian and the incorporation of the great jurists was made in the Corpus Juris Civilis between 529-534. It was not only restricted to civil law, but also the power of the emperor, the organsiation of the Empire and other matters that is now classified as public law. After this point, Justinian would legislate the Novellae (New Laws) in Greek which legal historian Bernard Stolte proposes when historians should demarcate the end of Roman law and the start of Byzantine law.

Researcher Zachary Chitwood claims Justinian's code was inaccessible in Latin, especially in the provinces. That factor as well as the stronger association of Christianity to law following the surprise rise of Islam created the backdrop for Leo III (r. 717–741) to develop the Ecloga 'with a greater view of humanity'. The three so-called leges speciales (the Farmers’ Law, the Seamen’s Law, and the Soldiers’ Law) are derived from the Ecloga and that Chitwoood claims were likely used day-to-day as companions in the provinces. The Macedonian dynasty started their reform attempts with the Procheiron and the Eisagogetoto to replace the Ecloga due to its associations with iconoclasm, and is of note as it shows an attempt to define the emperor's power according to the laws. Leo VI (r. 886–912) achieved the complete codification of Roman law in Greek with the Basilika, a monumental work of 60 books that became the foundation of all subsequent Byzantine law. The Hexabiblos, published in 1345, was a law book in six volumes.

These Roman and Byzantine law codes form the basis of the modern world's civil law tradition, underlying the legal system of western and eastern Europe, the common law countries, Latin America, African nations like Ethiopia, with ongoing debates about the impact on Islamic countries. As a case in point, the Hexabiblos was the basis of Greece's civil code until the mid 20th century. Historians used to think there was no continuity between Roman and Byzantine law, but this view has now changed due to changes in scholarship.

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