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| designated_as_terror_group_by = {{flag|Israel}}<br>{{flag|United States}}<br>{{flag|European Union}}<br>{{flag|Canada}}<br>{{flag|New Zealand}}<br>{{flag|Japan}}
| designated_as_terror_group_by = {{flag|Israel}}<br>{{flag|United States}}<br>{{flag|European Union}}<br>{{flag|Canada}}<br>{{flag|New Zealand}}<br>{{flag|Japan}}
}} {{Palestinian leaders}}
}}


The '''al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades''' ({{Lang-ar| كتائب شهداء الأقصى }}; [[Romanisation of Arabic|Romanised]] ''Kataeb Shuhada Al-Aqsa'')<ref name="name in ei 2" /><ref name="name in ei 1" /> is a [[coalition]] of [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian armed groups]] in the [[West Bank]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades {{!}} West Bank & Attacks {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Al-Aqsa-Martyrs-Brigades |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The organization has been designated as a [[terrorist organization]] by [[Israel]], the [[European Union]],<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf], [[Official Journal of the European Union]], 30 September 2005 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205010122/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf|date=5 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="Kushner 2002 11">{{Cite book |last=Kushner |first=Harvey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOfkAoDb_2IC&q=Al-Aqsa+Brigades&pg=PA11 |title=Encyclopedia of Terrorism |publisher=Sage Publications Inc |year=2002 |isbn=9780761924081 |page=11 |author-link=Harvey Kushner}}</ref> [[Canada]],<ref name="Currently listed entities">[http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp#aamb5 "Currently listed entities"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119150657/http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp|date=19 November 2006}}, [[Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada]], 11 November 2006</ref> [[Japan]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japan's Foreign Policy in Major Diplomatic Fields |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2005/ch3-a.pdf |access-date=9 June 2007 |archive-date=23 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223183108/http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2005/ch3-a.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[New Zealand]],<ref name="NZ-r1373-terrorlist">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2014 |title=Lists associated with Resolution 1373 |url=https://www.police.govt.nz/advice/personal-community/counterterrorism/designated-entities/lists-associated-with-resolution-1373 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=New Zealand Police |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522230811/https://www.police.govt.nz/advice/personal-community/counterterrorism/designated-entities/lists-associated-with-resolution-1373 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[United States]].<ref name="2001-2009.state.gov">[https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm "Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117015042/https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm|date=17 November 2017}}, [[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]], 11 October 2005</ref>
The '''al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades''' ({{Lang-ar| كتائب شهداء الأقصى }}; [[Romanisation of Arabic|Romanised]] ''Kataeb Shuhada Al-Aqsa'')<ref name="name in ei 2" /><ref name="name in ei 1" /> is a [[coalition]] of [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian armed groups]] in the [[West Bank]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades {{!}} West Bank & Attacks {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Al-Aqsa-Martyrs-Brigades |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The organization has been designated as a [[terrorist organization]] by [[Israel]], the [[European Union]],<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf], [[Official Journal of the European Union]], 30 September 2005 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205010122/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf|date=5 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="Kushner 2002 11">{{Cite book |last=Kushner |first=Harvey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOfkAoDb_2IC&q=Al-Aqsa+Brigades&pg=PA11 |title=Encyclopedia of Terrorism |publisher=Sage Publications Inc |year=2002 |isbn=9780761924081 |page=11 |author-link=Harvey Kushner}}</ref> [[Canada]],<ref name="Currently listed entities">[http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp#aamb5 "Currently listed entities"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119150657/http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp|date=19 November 2006}}, [[Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada]], 11 November 2006</ref> [[Japan]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japan's Foreign Policy in Major Diplomatic Fields |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2005/ch3-a.pdf |access-date=9 June 2007 |archive-date=23 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223183108/http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2005/ch3-a.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[New Zealand]],<ref name="NZ-r1373-terrorlist">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2014 |title=Lists associated with Resolution 1373 |url=https://www.police.govt.nz/advice/personal-community/counterterrorism/designated-entities/lists-associated-with-resolution-1373 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=New Zealand Police |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522230811/https://www.police.govt.nz/advice/personal-community/counterterrorism/designated-entities/lists-associated-with-resolution-1373 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[United States]].<ref name="2001-2009.state.gov">[https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm "Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117015042/https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm|date=17 November 2017}}, [[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]], 11 October 2005</ref>

Revision as of 00:39, 11 August 2024

Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
كتائب شهداء الأقصى‎
Kataeb Shuhada Al-Aqsa[1][2][3][4][5][6]
LeaderYasser Arafat (former)
Dates of operation2000–present
Ideology
Part ofPalestinian Authority Fatah (until 2007)
Allies Hamas
 Palestinian Islamic Jihad
 Popular Resistance Committees
Palestinian Authority Fatah (until 2007)
Opponents Israel
Palestinian Authority Fatah (since 2007)
Battles and wars
Designated as a terrorist group by Israel
 United States
 European Union
 Canada
 New Zealand
 Japan
Palestinian nationalism
Factions and leaders
Map: Birthplaces or family origins
Details below: p. parents from, b. born in, d. death.
Palestine Liberation Organization
Chairman
Also: President of the PNA
PLO political factions
Related groups
Leader Mustafa Barghouti
Fatah
Founders
p. Gaza City b. Cairo d. 2004 in Paris
Chairman
b. Safed
(President of the PA)
Secretary-General
Vice Chairman
Fatah splinter groups
Al-Mustaqbal (electoral list)
Prisoner of Israel
see also: Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis
Palestinian Mujahideen Movement
Militant wing Mujahideen Brigades
Former militant wings of Fatah
Founder of the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
Local commander in Nablus
Former head of the Tanzim in Nablus
Local commander in Jenin
see also Tali Fahima
d. killed by EQB
see also: Lions' Den
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Secretary General
b. Lydda
Birth name: "Mustafa Ali Zabri"
b. 1938 Arraba, Jenin Jenin
See also: 17 October 2001
Prisoners of Israel since 2006
see also: Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis
Deputy Secretary General
Other key figures
Schisms and splinter groups
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Split from the PFLP in 1969.
Founder and current leader
b. 1938 As-Salt
Militant wing
National Resistance Brigades
Palestinian Islamic Jihad
b. Khan Yunis
Militant wing
Saraya Al Quds
Hamas
List of leaders
Chairman of Hamas Shura Council (1987‑2004)
b. Al-Jura, d. 2004
b. Yibna, d. 2004
Chairman of Hamas Polit Bureau
p. Al-Jura, b. Al-Shati, d. 2024
b. Silwad
Leader in the Gaza Strip
p. Al‑Majal, b. Khan Yunis, d 2024
Head of International relations
b. Beit Hanoun
Police and Disaster Management
p. Bayt Tima, d. 2024
Minister for Women's Affairs
b. Jabalia, d. 2023, m. Widow of Rantisi
Militant wing
Ezzedeen Al-Qassam Brigades
Birth name: Mohammed Al-Masri
p. Kawkaba (near Kokhav Michael) and Al‑Qubayba, b. Khan Yunis
d. Failed attempt in 2014
d. Unconfirmed: 2024)
Related topics
Historical figures
Namesake of the Qassam Brigades
early Palestinian nationalist
b. 1897 in Jerusalem
b. 1899 in Ramla
b. 1891 Deir al-Qamar
Jamal al-Husayni
Musa al-Husayni
Related topics
Ideologies
Present day
1967 to 1995
1948 to 1967
1918 to 1948
Concepts

The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades (Arabic: كتائب شهداء الأقصى; Romanised Kataeb Shuhada Al-Aqsa)[2][1] is a coalition of Palestinian armed groups in the West Bank.[7] The organization has been designated as a terrorist organization by Israel, the European Union,[9][10] Canada,[11] Japan,[12] New Zealand,[13] and the United States.[14]

Relationship with Fatah and the Palestinian Authority

The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades were formed in Balata Camp, near Nablus in the West Bank, following a controversial visit in September 2000 by Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and a large police contingent to Temple Mount in Jerusalem. The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades had a close connection to Fatah under the leadership of Yasser Arafat, although this connection was weakened following Arafat's death in 2004. The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades continues to be aligned with Fatah politically.[7]

Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades announced their separation from the Fatah party in 2007, coinciding with President Mahmoud Abbas’s announcement of a decree banning all armed militias.[15] The Fatah movement does not currently officially adopt the military wing, and its statements and websites are devoid of any reference to it or its members and leaders.[16] In 2007 to 2008 some members defected to the Palestinian Authority while others formed Islamist splinter groups such as the Popular Resistance Committees (PRC) in the Gaza Strip.[17] Ibrahim al-Nabulsi has been described as "a Fatah leader from Kataeb Shuhada' Al-Aqsa"[4] but it is possible that many people have separate affiliations to both.

Before 2007

Since 2002, some leaders in Fatah have reportedly tried to get the brigades to stop attacking civilians.[18]

In November 2003, BBC journalists uncovered a payment by Fatah[citation needed] of $50,000 a month to al-Aqsa.[19] This investigation, combined with the documents found by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), led the government of Israel to draw the conclusion that the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades had always been directly funded by Yasser Arafat.[citation needed]

On 18 December 2003, Fatah asked the leaders of the al-Aqsa Martyr's Brigades to join the Fatah Council, recognizing it officially as part of the Fatah organization.[20]

In June 2004, then Palestinian Prime Minister Ahmed Qurei openly stated this: "We have clearly declared that the Aksa Martyrs' Brigades are part of Fatah. We are committed to them and Fatah bears full responsibility for the group."[21]

2007 amnesty deal

In July 2007, Israel and the Palestinian Authority reached an amnesty deal under which 178 al-Aqsa gunmen surrendered their arms to the Palestinian Authority, renounced future anti-Israel violence and were permitted to join Palestinian security forces.[22] Later agreements in 2007 and 2008 added more gunmen to the list of those granted amnesty in exchange for ending violence, eventually bringing the total to over 300.[23]

On 22 August 2007, according to Arutz Sheva, al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigade announced that it was backing out of its commitment and promise to refrain from attacks against Israel and the Israeli backed amnesty deal giving amnesty to 178 al-Aqsa gunmen who agreed to stop militant activities against Israel and surrender their weapons.[24] al-Aqsa said that it backed out of the deal due to the IDF's arrest of two militants who were supposed to be on the amnesty list. According to the IDF, they said they caught the two men at a checkpoint and said they were involved in "terrorist activity" which consequently mandated their arrest according to the stipulations of the amnesty deal. Shortly after backing out of the amnesty deal and its promise of stopping to attack Israel that Al Aqsa agreed to a month earlier, al-Aqsa gunmen in Gaza have announced that they are starting to launch hundreds of rockets and mortar shells at Israeli towns and cities and named the campaign, "Hole in the Wall II."[24]

Notable members

Notable members of the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigade includes active militants and militants that were killed or arrested by the Israeli security forces.

Militant activities

The Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades are responsible for numerous attacks in the West Bank, targeting both Israelis and Palestinians. In 2002, for example, they killed Ikhlas Khouli for collaborating with Israel.[27] In November and December 2003, they killed the brother of Ghassan Shakaa (the mayor of Nablus).[28] In February 2004, Shakaa filed his resignation from office in protest of the Palestinian Authority's lack of action against the armed militias "rampaging" the city.[29][30] During the first three months of 2004, a number of attacks on journalists in the West Bank and Gaza Strip were blamed on the Brigades as well, including the attack on the Arab television station Al Arabiya's West Bank offices by masked men who identified themselves as members of the Brigades. Palestinian journalists in Gaza called a general strike on 9 February 2004 to protest this rising violence against journalists.[31]

The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades have taken prominent part in the July 2004 riots in the Gaza Strip, in which Palestinian officers were kidnapped and PA security headquarters buildings and policemen were attacked by gunmen.[32] These riots led the Palestinian cabinet to declare a state of emergency. One media outlet described the situation in the Palestinian Authority as anarchy and chaos.[citation needed]

The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades have carried out several joint attacks with the Islamist group Hamas. These attacks were committed mainly in the Gaza Strip.[33] The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades have also carried out joint attack with other militant groups such as Palestinian Islamic Jihad, The Popular Resistance Committees and with Hezbollah in the West Bank.

The European Union's Gaza offices were raided by 15 masked gunmen from al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades on 30 January 2006. They demanded apologies from Denmark and Norway regarding the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons and left 30 minutes later without shots fired or injuries.[34]

On 9 June 2007, in a failed assault on an IDF position at the Kissufim crossing between Gaza and Israel in a possible attempt to kidnap IDF soldiers, 4 armed members of the al-Quds Brigades – the military wing of Islamic Jihad – and the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades as the then military wing of Fatah used a vehicle marked with "TV" and "PRESS" insignia, penetrated the border fence, and assaulted a guard tower in what Islamic Jihad and the army said was a failed attempt to capture an Israeli soldier. IDF troops killed one militant, while the others escaped. The use of a vehicle that resembled a press vehicle evoked a sharp response from many journalists and news organizations, including the Foreign Press Association[35] and Human Rights Watch.[36]

On 14 July 2007, Zakaria Zubeidi – who was considered the local al-Aqsa leader for Jenin and the northern West Bank, and who had been wanted for many years for his armed activity against Israel – agreed to cease fighting against Israel[37] after Prime Minister Ehud Olmert gave conditional pardon for 178 prisoners from the PA territories.

The organization has been designated as a terrorist organization by Israel, the European Union,[38][10] Canada,[11] Japan,[39] New Zealand,[13] and the United States.[14]

Notable attacks

See also: List of Palestinian suicide attacks

Some notable attacks (including suicide bombings) committed by the group were:

Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)

According to the Institute for the Study of War, during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip, the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades engaged in combat with the Israel Defence Forces in various locations throughout the Gaza Strip, including in Gaza City, Khan Yunis, and Juhor ad-Dik.[52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59]

In the Sacha Baron Cohen movie Brüno, the character Brüno interviewed Palestinian Christian Ayman Abu Aita, who was portrayed in the movie as a leader of the militant group. The group released a statement to a Jerusalem-based journalist saying that it was "very upset" that it had been featured in the film.[60] Abu Aita insists that he was tricked into appearing in the film and that he has never been involved with the Martyrs' Brigades. In an interview with Time, Abu Aita stated, "It is true that I was jailed in 2003 ... I was active in resisting the occupation, in non-violent ways."[61] After a clip of the interview was played on the Late Show with David Letterman, Ayman called Baron Cohen a "big liar".[citation needed] Abu Aita subsequently filed a $110 million lawsuit against Baron Cohen and David Letterman,[62] which was settled before trial.[63]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Prisoner Stories: Mohammad Hussnee Zeidan". The Electronic Intifada. 16 September 2004. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  2. ^ a b Murphy, Maureen Clare (17 September 2004). "Prisoner Stories: Sleiman Sari al Sa'di's sons". The Electronic Intifada. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  3. ^ "The Palestinian Shahid: Model 21st Century Islamic Terrorist". ict.org.il.web101.virtualbox.co.il. Archived from the original on 30 January 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  4. ^ a b "Palestine in 2022: A Year of Resistance". Al-Shabaka. 23 December 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  5. ^ a b "From Jenin to Gaza to Nablus: Palestinian Resistance Under Attack". Al-Shabaka. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  6. ^ "Reforming the Palestinian Security Sector-Problems & Prospects". passia.org. 9 August 2004. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  7. ^ a b c "Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades | West Bank & Attacks | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  8. ^ "Chapter 6 -- Terrorist Organizations". 30 April 2008. Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  9. ^ [1], Official Journal of the European Union, 30 September 2005 Archived 5 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ a b Kushner, Harvey (2002). Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Sage Publications Inc. p. 11. ISBN 9780761924081.
  11. ^ a b "Currently listed entities" Archived 19 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada, 11 November 2006
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  16. ^ الرجوب, عوض. "مع اختلاف إستراتيجيتهما بخصوص المقاومة المسلحة.. ما حدود العلاقة بين كتائب شهداء الأقصى و"فتح"؟". الجزيرة نت (in Arabic). Retrieved 22 January 2024.
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