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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* Andersen, Lisa, "From Unpopular to Excluded: Prohibitionists and the Ascendancy of a Democratic-Republican System, 1888–1912", ''Journal of Policy History'', 24 (no. 2, 2012), pp. 288–318.
* {{Cite journal |last=Andersen |first=Lisa |year=2012 |title=From Unpopular to Excluded: Prohibitionists and the Ascendancy of a Democratic-Republican System, 1888–1912 |journal=Journal of Policy History |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=288–318}}
* Cherrington, Ernest Hurst, ed. ''Standard encyclopedia of the alcohol problem'' (5 vol. 1930).
* {{Cite book |title=Standard encyclopedia of the alcohol problem |publisher=American Issue Pub. Co. |year=1930 |editor-last=Cherrington |editor-first=Ernest Hurst |volume=1-5 |location=Westerville, OH |oclc=241280199}}
* Colvin, David Leigh. ''Prohibition in the United States: a History of the Prohibition Party, and of the Prohibition Movement'' (1926)
* {{Cite book |last=Colvin |first=David Leigh |url=https://archive.org/details/prohibitioninuni00colv |title=Prohibition in the United States: a History of the Prohibition Party, and of the Prohibition Movement |year=1926}}
* McGirr, Lisa. ''The War on Alcohol: Prohibition and the Rise of the American State'' (2015)
* {{Cite book |last=McGirr |first=Lisa |title=The War on Alcohol: Prohibition and the Rise of the American State |year=2016 |isbn=9780393066951 |oclc=902661500}}
* Pegram, Thomas R. ''Battling demon rum: The struggle for a dry America, 1800–1933'' (1998)
* {{Cite book |last=Pegram |first=Thomas R. |title=Battling demon rum: The struggle for a dry America, 1800–1933 |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |year=1998 |isbn=9781566632096 |location=Chicago |oclc=42790675}}


==External links==
==External links==

Revision as of 09:38, 2 August 2024

This article is about the American political party. For the Scottish party, see Scottish Prohibition Party.

Prohibition Party
ChairmanZack Kusnir
FoundedSeptember 1, 1869; 155 years ago (September 1, 1869)
IdeologyTemperance[1]
Christian democracy
Social conservatism
Political positionSyncretic
Social: Center-right
Fiscal: Center-left
Colors      Red, white and blue (national colors)
  Pink (de facto)
Seats in the Senate
0 / 100
Seats in the House
0 / 435
Governorships
0 / 50
State Upper Houses
0 / 1,921
State Lower Houses
0 / 5,411
Website
www.prohibitionparty.org Edit this at Wikidata

The Prohibition Party is a political party in the United States known for its historic opposition to the sale or consumption of alcoholic beverages and as an integral part of the temperance movement. It is the oldest existing third party in the United States and the third-longest active party.

Although it was never one of the leading parties in the United States, it was once an important force in the Third Party System during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The organization declined following the enactment of Prohibition in the United States but saw a rise in vote totals following the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1933. However, following World War II it declined, with 1948 being the last time its presidential candidate received over 100,000 votes and 1976 being the last time the party received over 10,000 votes.

The party's platform has changed over its existence. Its platforms throughout the 19th century supported progressive and populist positions including women's suffrage, equal racial and gender rights, bimetallism, equal pay, and an income tax.[2] The platform of the party today is more progressive on economic issues in that it supports Social Security, animal rights, LGBT+ rights, and free education, but is conservative on social issues, such as supporting temperance, school prayer, and a consistent life ethic, thus making it communitarian.[1][3]

History

National Prohibition Convention, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1892

Foundation

In 1868 and 1869, branches of the International Organisation of Good Templars, a global temperance organization, passed resolutions supporting the creation of a political party in favor of alcoholic prohibition. From July 29 to July 30, 1868, the sixth National Temperance Convention was held in Cleveland, Ohio, and passed a resolution supporting temperance advocates to enter politics. On May 25, 1869, the Good Templars branch in Oswego, New York, called a meeting to prepare for the creation of a political party in favor of prohibition. Jonathan H. Orne was chosen as chairman and Julius A. Spencer as secretary of the meeting and a committee consisting of John Russell, Daniel Wilkins, Julius A. Spencer, John N. Stearns, and James Black was created to organize a national party.[4]

On September 1, 1869, almost five hundred delegates from twenty states and Washington, D.C., met at Farwell Hall in Chicago and John Russell was selected to serve as the temporary chairman and James Black as president of the convention.[5] The party was the first to accept women as members and gave those who attended full delegate rights.[6][7] Former anti-slavery activist Gerrit Smith, who had served in the House of Representatives from 1853 to 1854 and had run for president in 1848, 1856, and 1860 with the Liberty Party nomination, served as a delegate from New York and gave a speech at the convention. The organization was referred to as either the National Prohibition Party or the Prohibition Reform Party.[8][9]

Early

On December 9, 1871, a national convention was called for February 22, 1872, to nominate a presidential and vice presidential candidate.[10] Chairman Simeon B. Chase, U.S. Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, Gerrit Smith, Mayor Neal Dow (a former mayor of Portland, Maine), and John Russell were proposed as presidential nominees while Henry Fish, James Black, John Blackman, Secretary Gideon T. Stewart, Julius A. Spencer, and Stephen B. Ransom were proposed for the vice presidential nomination.[11] Black and Russell were given the presidential and vice presidential nominations. The first platform of the organization included support for alcoholic prohibition, the direct election of Senators, bimetallic currency (based on silver as well as gold), low tariffs, universal suffrage for both men and women of all races, and increased foreign immigration.[12][13][14]

In 1876, the organization's name was changed to the National Prohibition Reform Party. However, in 1881, Frances Willard, R. W. Nelson, A. J. Jutkins, and George W. Bain formed the Home Protection Party, which was more pro-women's suffrage than the Prohibition Party, but later rejoined the party at the 1882 convention and the organization was renamed to the Prohibition Home Protection Party. However, at the 1884 national convention the organization was renamed to the National Prohibition Party.[15][16]

Rise

1884 National Prohibition Convention in Lafayette Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

In 1879, Frances Willard became the president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and although it had remained non-partisan in the 1876 and 1880 presidential elections, Willard advocated for a resolution under which the organization would pledge its support to whichever party would support alcoholic prohibition. Willard's attempts in 1882 and 1883 were unsuccessful, but she was successful in 1884 after her opponents left to join Judith Foster's rival Non-Partisan WCTU.[17] During the 1884 presidential election the organization sent its resolution to the Republican, Democratic, Greenback, and Prohibition parties and only the Prohibition Party accepted. At the Woman's Christian Temperance Union's 1884 national convention in St. Louis the organization voted 195 to 48 in favor of supporting the Prohibition Party and would continue to support the Prohibition Party until Willard's death in 1898.[18]

During the 1884 election, the party nominated John St. John, the former Republican governor of Kansas, who, with the support from Willard and the WTCU, saw the party poll 147,482 votes for 1.50% of the popular vote. However, the party was accused of spoiling the election due to Grover Cleveland's margin of victory over James G. Blaine in New York being less than John's vote total there.[19] In 1888, the party's presidential nominee, Clinton B. Fisk, was accused of being a possible spoiler candidate that would prevent Benjamin Harrison from winning, but Harrison won the election even though he lost the national popular vote.[20]

From January to February 1892, Willard met with representatives from the Farmers' Alliance, People's Party, National Reform Party, and the remainder of the Greenback Party in Chicago and St. Louis in an attempt to create a fusion presidential ticket, but the organizations were unable to agree to a platform.[21][22] The People's Party would later fuse with the Democratic Party in the 1896 presidential election.

The party suffered a schism at the 1896 Prohibition convention between the "narrow gauger" faction which supported having only an alcoholic prohibition plank in the party's platform and the "broad gauger" faction which supported the addition of free silver and women's suffrage planks. After the narrow gaugers successfully chose the presidential ticket and the party platform, the broad gaugers, led by former presidential nominee John St. John, Nebraska state chairman Charles Eugene Bentley, and suffragette Helen M. Gougar, walked out and create and created the breakaway National Party, nominating a rival ticket with Bentley as president and James H. Southgate as vice president.[23] The Prohibition party ticket of Joshua Levering and Hale Johnson had the worst popular vote performance since Neal Dow's 10,364 votes in 1880, but still outperformed the National Party's 13,968 votes. Following the 1896 election most of the members of the National Party became disillusioned with that party and returned to the Prohibition Party, but those who remained reformed into the Union Reform Party and supported Seth H. Ellis and Samuel Nicholson during the 1900 presidential election,[24] while the official Prohibition Party ticket of John G. Woolley and Henry B. Metcalf took 1.5% and third place in the national popular vote.

At the same time, the Prohibition Party's ideology broadened to include aspects of progressivism. The party contributed to the third-party discussions of the 1910s and sent Charles H. Randall to the 64th, 65th, and 66th Congresses (1915–21) as the representative of California's 9th congressional district; on April 6, 1917, Randall was one of 50 representatives who voted against U.S. entry into World War I.[25] Democrat Sidney J. Catts of Florida, after losing a close Democratic primary, used the Prohibition line to win election as Governor of Florida in 1916; he remained a Democrat.

During the 1916 presidential election, the party attempted to give its presidential nomination to former Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan, but he declined the offer via telegram.[26][27] At the national convention the presidential nomination was given to former Indiana Governor Frank Hanly, but an attempt to make his nomination unanimous was defeated by Eugene W. Chafin, who had served as the presidential nominee in 1908 and 1912, and had supported giving the nomination to former New York Governor William Sulzer.[28] Virgil G. Hinshaw wrote to John M. Parker in an attempt to fuse the Prohibition and Progressive parties, but it failed; the Progressives did not nominate a presidential candidate and later disbanded.[29]

On February 4, 1918, the Prohibition affiliate in California voted in favor of merging with the National Party, which was created by pro-war defectors from the Socialist Party of America in 1917.[30]

Party flag from the beginning of the 20th century

Decline

On January 16, 1919, the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited "intoxicating liquors" in the United States, was ratified by the requisite number of states. Although it was suggested that the organization should be disbanded due to national alcoholic prohibition being achieved, the committee leaders changed the focus of the organization to support the enforcement of prohibition. In 1921, the organization petitioned for any non-citizens who violated the Eighteenth Amendment to be deported and for citizen violators to lose their right to vote. At the 1924 national convention the party approved a platform with only two planks, namely, supporting religion in public schools and the assimilation of immigrants.[31]

During the 1928 presidential election some members of the party, including Chairman D. Leigh Colvin and former presidential nominee Herman P. Faris, considered endorsing Republican Herbert Hoover rather than running a Prohibition candidate and risk allowing Al Smith, who supported ending prohibition, to be elected. However, the party chose to nominate William F. Varney due to its feeling that Hoover was not strict enough on prohibition, although the affiliate in California gave Hoover an additional ballot line and in Pennsylvania the affiliate did not file presidential electors.[32][33][34] However, the party became critical of Hoover after his victory, and during the 1932 presidential election D. Leigh Colvin stated that "The Republican wet plank, supporting the repeal of Prohibition, means that Mr. Hoover is the most conspicuous turncoat since Benedict Arnold."[35] Hoover lost the election, but national prohibition was repealed in 1933, with the 21st Amendment during the Roosevelt administration.

Post World War II

In 1950, when the party was $5,000 in debt, Gerald Overholt was selected to be the party's chairman. During the 1952 presidential election, Overholt and Stuart Hamblen, the presidential nominee, spent $70,000 and the party's debt was increased to $20,000. During the 1954 elections, the affiliates in Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Indiana, and Michigan lost their ballot access although the party remained successful in Kansas, where the Prohibition sheriff of Jewell County was reelected, and in California, where the attorney general nominee received over 200,000 votes.[36]

In 1977, the party changed its name to the National Statesman Party, but Time magazine suggested that it was "doubtful" that the name change would "hoist the party out of the category of political oddity" and it changed its name back to the Prohibition Party in 1980.[37]

The Prohibition Party experienced a schism in 2003, as the party's prior presidential candidate, Earl Dodge, incorporated a rival party called the National Prohibition Party in Colorado.[38][39] An opposing faction nominated Gene C. Amondson for president and filed under the Prohibition banner in Louisiana. Dodge ran under the name of the historic Prohibition Party in Colorado,[40] while the Concerns of People Party allowed Amondson to run on its line against Dodge.[41] Amondson received 1,944 votes, nationwide, while Dodge garnered 140.

States of residence of every Prohibition presidential nominee
Prohibition ballot access during the 2016 presidential election

One key area of disagreement between the factions was over who should control payments from a trust fund dedicated to the Prohibition Party by George Pennock in 1930.[42] The fund pays approximately $8,000 per year, and during the schism these funds were divided between the factions.[43] Dodge died in 2007, allowing the dispute over the Pennock funds to finally be resolved in 2014.[44] The party is reported as having only "three dozen fee-paying members".[45]

In 2015, the party rejoined the board of the Coalition for Free and Open Elections and became a qualified political party in Mississippi.[46][47] In the 2016 election, the party nominated James Hedges and qualified for the ballot in three states, Arkansas, Colorado, and Mississippi; he earned 5,514 votes becoming the most successful Prohibition presidential candidate since 1988.

The party met via telephone conference in November, 2018 to nominate its 2020 presidential ticket. Bill Bayes of Mississippi, the vice presidential nominee during the 2016 presidential election, was given the nomination on the first ballot over Adam Seaman and Phil Collins. C.L. Gammon of Tennessee was given the vice presidential nomination without opposition.[48] Bayes resigned as the nominee, accusing some party activists of sabotaging his run because they opposed his views.[49] Another telephone conference call was held, during which Gammon was given the presidential nomination and Collins was given the vice presidential nomination.[50] However, Gammon withdrew from the nomination in August 2019 due to health problems, and another telephone conference was held that selected Collins for the presidential nomination and Billy Joe Parker for the vice presidential nomination.[51] In 2024, the party nominated businessman Michael Wood for President, and John Pietrowski for Vice President.

Prohibition ballot access during the 2024 presidential election, as of July 2024

Electoral history

Presidential campaigns

The Prohibition Party has nominated a candidate for president in every election since 1872 and is thus the longest-lived American political party after the Democrats and Republicans.

Prohibition Party National Conventions and Campaigns
Year No. Convention Site & City Dates Presidential nominee Vice-Presidential nominee Votes Votes %
1872 1st Comstock's Opera House, Columbus, Ohio February 22, 1872
James Black (Pennsylvania)
John Russell (Michigan)		 5,607 0.1
1876 2nd Halle's Hall,
Cleveland, Ohio		 May 17, 1876
Green Clay Smith (Kentucky)
Gideon T. Stewart (Ohio)		 6,945 0.08
1880 3rd June 17, 1880
Neal Dow (Maine)
Henry Adams Thompson (Ohio)		 10,364 0.11
1884 4th Lafayette Hall,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania		 July 23–24, 1884
John P. St. John (Kansas)
William Daniel (Maryland)		 147,482 1.50
1888 5th Tomlinson Hall,
Indianapolis, Indiana		 May 30–31, 1888
Clinton B. Fisk (New Jersey)
John A. Brooks (Missouri)		 249,819 2.20
1892 6th Music Hall,
Cincinnati, Ohio		 June 29–30, 1892
John Bidwell (California)
James B. Cranfill (Texas)		 270,879 2.24
1896 7th Exposition Hall, Pittsburgh May 27–28, 1896
Joshua Levering (Maryland)
Hale Johnson (Illinois)		 131,312 0.94
[7th] Pittsburgh May 28, 1896
Charles Eugene Bentley (Nebraska)
James H. Southgate (N. Car.)		 13,968 0.10
1900 8th First Regiment Armory,
Chicago, Illinois		 June 27–28, 1900
John G. Woolley (Illinois)
Henry B. Metcalf (Rhode Island)		 210,864 1.51
[8th] Seth H. Ellis (Ohio) Samuel Nicholson 5,696 0.04
1904 9th Tomlinson Hall, Indianapolis June 29 to
July 1, 1904
Silas C. Swallow (Pennsylvania)
George W. Carroll (Texas)		 259,102 1.92
1908 10th Memorial Hall, Columbus July 15–16, 1908
Eugene W. Chafin (Illinois)
Aaron S. Watkins (Ohio)		 254,087 1.71
1912 11th on a large temporary pier,
Atlantic City, New Jersey		 July 10–12, 1912 208,156 1.38
1916 12th St. Paul, Minnesota July 19–21, 1916
J. Frank Hanly (Indiana)
Rev. Dr. Ira Landrith (Tennessee)		 221,302 1.19
1920 13th Lincoln, Nebraska July 21–22, 1920
Aaron S. Watkins (Ohio)
D. Leigh Colvin (New York)		 188,787 0.71
1924 14th Memorial Hall, Columbus June 4–6, 1924
Herman P. Faris (Missouri)
Marie C. Brehm (California)		 55,951 0.19
1928 15th Hotel LaSalle, Chicago July 10–12, 1928
William F. Varney (New York)
James A. Edgerton		 20,101 0.05
[15th] (California ticket)
Herbert Hoover (California)
Charles Curtis (Kansas)		 14,394
1932 16th Cadle Tabernacle,
Indianapolis		 July 5–7, 1932
William D. Upshaw (Georgia)
Frank S. Regan (Illinois)		 81,905 0.21
1936 17th State Armory Building,
Niagara Falls, New York		 May 5–7, 1936
D. Leigh Colvin (New York)		 Alvin York (Tennessee) (declined);
Claude A. Watson (California)		 37,659 0.08
1940 18th Chicago May 8–10, 1940
Roger W. Babson (Mass.)		 Edgar V. Moorman (Illinois) 57,925 0.12
1944 19th Indianapolis Nov. 10–12, 1943 Claude A. Watson (California) Floyd C. Carrier (Maryland) (withdrew);
Andrew N. Johnson (Kentucky)		 74,758 0.16
1948 20th Winona Lake, Indiana June 26–28, 1947 Dale H. Learn (Pennsylvania) 103,708 0.21
1952 21st Indianapolis Nov. 13–15, 1951
Stuart Hamblen (California)		 Enoch A. Holtwick (Illinois) 73,412 0.12
1956 22nd Camp Mack,
Milford, Indiana		 Sept. 4–6, 1955 Enoch A. Holtwick (Illinois)
Herbert C. Holdridge (California) (withdrew);
Edwin M. Cooper (California)		 41,937 0.07
1960 23rd Westminster Hotel,
Winona Lake		 Sept. 1–3, 1959 Rutherford Decker (Missouri) E. Harold Munn (Michigan) 46,203 0.07
1964 24th Pick Congress Hotel,
Chicago		 August 26–27, 1963 E. Harold Munn (Michigan) Mark R. Shaw (Massachusetts) 23,267 0.03
1968 25th YWCA, Detroit, Mich. June 28–29, 1968 Rolland E. Fisher (Kansas) 15,123 0.02
1972 26th Nazarene Church Building,
Wichita, Kansas		 June 24–25, 1971 Marshall E. Uncapher (Kansas) 13,497 0.02
1976 27th Beth Eden Baptist Church Bldg, Wheat Ridge, Colo. June 26–27, 1975 Benjamin C. Bubar (Maine) Earl F. Dodge (Colorado) 15,932 0.02
1980 28th Motel Birmingham,
Birmingham, Alabama		 June 20–21, 1979 7,206 0.01
1984 29th Mandan, North Dakota June 22–24, 1983 Earl Dodge (Colorado) Warren C. Martin (Kansas) 4,243 0.00
1988 30th Heritage House,
Springfield, Illinois		 June 25–26, 1987 George Ormsby (Pennsylvania) 8,002 0.01
1992 31st Minneapolis, Minnesota June 24–26, 1991 961 0.00
1996 32nd Denver, Colorado 1995 Rachel Bubar Kelly (Maine) 1,298 0.00
2000 33rd Bird-in-Hand, Pennsylvania June 28–30, 1999 W. Dean Watkins (Arizona) 208 0.00
2004 34th Fairfield Glade, Tennessee February 1, 2004
Gene Amondson (Washington)		 Leroy Pletten (Michigan) 1,944 0.00
[34th] Lakewood, Colorado August 2003 Earl Dodge (Colorado) Howard Lydick (Texas) 140 0.00
2008 35th Adam's Mark Hotel,
Indianapolis		 Sept. 13–14, 2007
Gene Amondson (Washington)		 Leroy Pletten (Michigan) 655 0.00
2012 36th Holiday Inn Express,
Cullman, Alabama		 June 20–22, 2011
Jack Fellure (West Virginia)		 Toby Davis (Mississippi) 518 0.00
2016 37th Conference call[52][53] July 31, 2015
James Hedges (Pennsylvania)		 Bill Bayes (Mississippi) 5,617[54] 0.00
2020 38th Conference call[55] August 24, 2019 Phil Collins (Nevada) Billy Joe Parker (Georgia) 4,834[56] 0.00
2024 39th Buffalo, New York[57] May 10, 2023 Michael Wood (California) John Pietrowski (Ohio) N/A

House

House electoral history
Year Number of candidates Votes Change
1938 26 8,499 (0.02%) Steady
1940 48 62,504 (0.13%) Increase 0.11%
1942 27 25,413 (0.09%) Decrease 0.04%
1944 50 35,782 (0.08%) Decrease 0.01%
1946 43 47,792 (0.14%) Increase 0.06%
1948 42 32,648 (0.07%) Decrease 0.07%
1950 42 34,761 (0.09%) Increase 0.02%
1952 49 38,664 (0.07%) Decrease 0.02%
1954 17 8,591 (0.02%) Decrease 0.05%
1956 20 12,298 (0.02%) Steady
1958 22 8,816 (0.02%) Steady
1960 24 4,841 (0.01%) Decrease 0.01%
1962 3 17,171 (0.03%) Increase 0.02%
1964 1 2,238 (0.00%) Decrease 0.03%
1966 0 0 (0.00%) Steady
1968 1 351 (0.00%) Steady
1972 7 10,902 (0.02%) Increase 0.02%
1974 5 8,387 (0.02%) Steady
1976 3 3,141 (0.00%) Decrease 0.02%
1978 1 9,992 (0.02%) Increase 0.02%
1980 5 7,992 (0.01%) Decrease 0.01%
1982 1 1,724 (0.00%) Decrease 0.01%
1984 1 5,942 (0.01%) Increase 0.01%

Notable members

The Drunkard's Progress: A lithograph by Nathaniel Currier supporting the temperance movement, January 1846

Platform

The Prohibition Party platform, as listed on the party's web site in 2024, includes the following points:[68]

Social issues

Economic issues

Foreign policy issues

  • A non-interventionist foreign policy
  • Eliminating conscription in times of peace
  • Opposition to military action that violates Just War principles
  • Fair trade
  • Use of human rights considerations in determining most favored nation status
  • A generous policy of asylum for people facing persecution or living in inhumane conditions

Chairmen

In 1867, John Russell became the first chairman of the Prohibition party, with Earl Dodge serving the longest for twenty four years and Gregory Seltzer serving the shortest for one year.[70]

Past chairmen

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prohibition Party.
Wikinews has news related to:

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b Lopez, German (October 28, 2016). "There's a Prohibition Party candidate running for president in 2016". Vox. Retrieved October 25, 2018.
  2. ^ "Page 9 Partisan prophets; a history of the Prohibition Party, 1854-1972".
  3. ^ a b James Hedges (June 2020). "Prohibition Platform incorporates a Consistent Life Ethic". National Prohibitionist. 10 (2). Mercersburg Printing: 4. ISSN 1549-9251.
  4. ^ "Page Five of Brief history of prohibition and of the prohibition reform party". p. 5. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020.
  5. ^ "Hon. James Black Dead". Lancaster Intelligencer. December 20, 1893. p. 3. Archived from the original on December 15, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^ "Give the Ladies a Chance: Gender and Partisanship in the Prohibition Party, 1869–1912". Journal of Women's History 2: 137
  7. ^ Gillespie, J. David. Challengers to Duopoly: Why Third Parties Matter in the American Two-Party System. 2012. p. 47
  8. ^ "Page Six of Brief history of prohibition and of the prohibition reform party". p. 6. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020.
  9. ^ "Page Nine of Brief history of prohibition and of the prohibition reform party". p. 9. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020.
  10. ^ "Page Eighteen of Brief history of prohibition and of the prohibition reform party". p. 18. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020.
  11. ^ "Page Twenty Three of Brief history of prohibition and of the prohibition reform party". p. 23. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020.
  12. ^ "Page Twenty Four of Brief history of prohibition and of the prohibition reform party". p. 24. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020.
  13. ^ "Page Twenty Five of Brief history of prohibition and of the prohibition reform party". p. 25. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020.
  14. ^ James Black. "Brief history of prohibition and of the prohibition reform party". Library of Congress.
  15. ^ Cherrington, Ernest Hurst (1920). The Evolution of Prohibition in the United States of America. American issue Press. p. 166. ISBN 9780722227930 – via Google Books.
  16. ^ Bliss, William Dwight Porter (1897). "The Encyclopedia of Social Reform". Funk & Wagnalls. p. 1118 – via Google Books.
  17. ^ Wayne, Tiffany K. (2014). Women's Rights in the United States: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Issues, Events, and People. ABC-CLIO. p. 254. ISBN 9781610692151 – via Google Books.
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  19. ^ "John P. St. John Is Gone". The Garnett Review. September 7, 1916. p. 2. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ "The Prohibition Candidate". The Times. June 3, 1888. p. 4. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ^ Wayne, Tiffany K. (2014). Women's Rights in the United States: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Issues, Events, and People. ABC-CLIO. p. 255. ISBN 9781610692151 – via Google Books.
  22. ^ Rumbarger, John J. (1989). Profits, Power, and Prohibition. ABC-CLIO. p. 85. ISBN 9780887067822 – via Google Books.
  23. ^ "St. John Bolts". The Topeka State Journal. May 29, 1896. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 18, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ^ "Gov. John Pierce St. John".
  25. ^ "To Adopt S. J. Res. 1, (43 STAT-1, April 16, … – House Vote #10 – Apr 5, 1917".
  26. ^ Richardson, Darcy (2008). Page 69 Others: Fighting Bob La Follette and the Progressive Movement: Third-party Politics in the 1920s. iUniverse. p. 69. ISBN 9780595481262 – via Google Books.
  27. ^ "May Select William J. Bryan". The Johnson City Comet. May 25, 1916. p. 1. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. ^ "Hanly And Landrith". The Journal and Tribune. July 22, 1916. p. 1. Archived from the original on March 12, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. ^ "Prohibitionists Refuse To Fuse". The Capital Journal. July 17, 1916. p. 2. Archived from the original on March 12, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. ^ "In California Votes For Merger With Nationalists". The Marlow Review. February 5, 1918. p. 11. Archived from the original on March 22, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. ^ "Guide to the Microfilm Edition of Temperance and Prohibition Papers". University of Michigan. 1977. p. 48 – via Google Books.
  32. ^ Richardson, Darcy (2008). Page 324 Others: Fighting Bob La Follette and the Progressive Movement: Third-party Politics in the 1920s. iUniverse. p. 324. ISBN 9780595481262 – via Google Books.
  33. ^ "Prohis Select William Varney". Statesman Journal. July 13, 1928. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  34. ^ "National Affairs: Men of Principle". Time. September 10, 1928. Archived from the original on November 21, 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  35. ^ "National Affairs: In Cadle Tabernacle". Time. July 18, 1932. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  36. ^ "Page 57 Partisan prophets; a history of the Prohibition Party, 1854–1972".
  37. ^ "Americana: Time to Toast the Party?". Time. November 7, 1977. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  38. ^ Pitkin, Ryan (October 13, 2004). "Beyond Bush, Kerry & Nader". Creative Loafing Charlotte. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  39. ^ The National Prohibitionist, 6/2003, p. 1
  40. ^ Official Publication of the Abstract of Votes Cast for the 2003 Coordinated, 2004 Primary, and 2004 General (PDF). Colorado Secretary of State. 2004. pp. 88–89. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  41. ^ The National Prohibitionist, 11/2004, p. 1.
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  43. ^ "Ballot Access News – March 1, 2006". Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
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Primary sources

Further reading

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