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== Prelude ==
== Prelude ==
[[Kerak]] was the stronghold of [[Raynald of Châtillon]], [[Lord of Oultrejordain]], 124&nbsp;km south of [[Amman]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Kerak, Jordan|url = http://www.atlastours.net/jordan/kerak.html|website = www.atlastours.net|access-date = 2016-02-20}}</ref> The fortress was built in 1142 by [[Pagan the Butler]], Lord of [[Montreal (Crusader castle)|Montreal]].<ref name=":0" /> While Raynald ruled, several truces existed between the [[Christians|Christian]] and [[Islam|Muslim]] states in the [[Holy Land]], none of which he made any qualms about breaking. Raynald raided caravans that were trading near the Kerak castle for years. Raynald's most daring raid was an 1182 naval expedition down the Red Sea to Mecca and El Medina.<ref name="Newsbold 1945 213–227">{{Cite journal|last=Newsbold|first=D.|date=1945|title=THE CRUSADERS IN THE RED SEA AND THE SUDAN|journal=University of Khartoum|volume=26|pages=213–227|via=JSTOR}}</ref> He continuously plundered the Red Sea coast and threatened the routes of pilgrims to Mecca in spring 1183. He captured the town of [[Aqaba]], giving him a base of operations against Islam's holiest city, [[Mecca]]. [[Saladin]], a Sunni Muslim and the leader of the Muslim forces, decided that the Kerak castle would be an ideal target for a Muslim attack, especially due to it being a block on the route from Egypt to Damascus.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In 1183, a Muslim Military Leader Refused to Attack this Castle For a Very Strange Reason|url=https://historycollection.co/kerak-castle-saved-wedding/|date=2017-05-17|website=HistoryCollection.co|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref>
[[Kerak]] was the stronghold of [[Raynald of Châtillon]], [[Lord of Oultrejordain]], 124&nbsp;km south of [[Amman]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Kerak, Jordan|url = http://www.atlastours.net/jordan/kerak.html|website = www.atlastours.net|access-date = 2016-02-20}}</ref> The fortress was built in 1142 by [[Pagan the Butler]], Lord of [[Montreal (Crusader castle)|Montreal]].<ref name=":0" /> While Raynald ruled, several truces existed between the [[Christians|Christian]] and [[Islam|Muslim]] states in the [[Holy Land]], but none were truly respected. In particular, soldiers under his command frequently raided Muslim trading caravans. Raynald's most daring raid was an 1182 naval expedition down the Red Sea to [[Mecca]] and El Medina.<ref name="Newsbold 1945 213–227">{{Cite journal|last=Newsbold|first=D.|date=1945|title=THE CRUSADERS IN THE RED SEA AND THE SUDAN|journal=University of Khartoum|volume=26|pages=213–227|via=JSTOR}}</ref> He continuously plundered the Red Sea coast and threatened the routes of pilgrims to Mecca in spring 1183. He captured the town of [[Aqaba]], giving him a base of operations to attack the holy city itself. [[Saladin]], a Sunni Muslim and the leader of the Muslim forces, decided that the Kerak castle would be an ideal target, both to protect the ability of Muslims to travel freely between Egypt to Damascus and to dissuade future Christian attacks on Mecca.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In 1183, a Muslim Military Leader Refused to Attack this Castle For a Very Strange Reason|url=https://historycollection.co/kerak-castle-saved-wedding/|date=2017-05-17|website=HistoryCollection.co|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref>
[[File:Kerak Museum 003.jpg|thumb|left|Demonstrations of war machines used during the siege of Kerak in Kerak Castle Museum]]
[[File:Kerak Museum 003.jpg|thumb|left|Demonstrations of war machines used during the siege of Kerak in Kerak Castle Museum]]
{{Campaignbox Ayyubid-Crusader War}}
{{Campaignbox Ayyubid-Crusader War}}

Revision as of 00:52, 23 May 2024

This article is about the siege that occurred in 1183. Not to be confused with the Siege of Al-Karak in 1834.
Siege of Kerak
Part of the Crusades

The Kerak Castle in the present-day in Jordan
DateEarly November — 4 December 1183
Location
Kerak Castle, Lordship of Oultrejordain of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Result Crusader victory
Belligerents
link Kingdom of Jerusalem link Ayyubid Dynasty
Commanders and leaders
link Baldwin IV of Jerusalem
link Raynald of Châtillon
link Raymond III of Tripoli		 link Saladin
Al-Adil I[1]
link Al-Muzaffar Umar
link Kara Arslan
link Sheref ad-Din Barghosh †
Strength
Unknown 8 siege engines[2]
Casualties and losses
Unknown A couple hundred[3]

The siege of Kerak was conducted by the forces of Muslim Sultan Saladin against the Crusaders and the Christian King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem at the Kerak Castle from early November to 4 December 1183. The Crusaders successfully withstood the siege.

Prelude

Kerak was the stronghold of Raynald of Châtillon, Lord of Oultrejordain, 124 km south of Amman.[4] The fortress was built in 1142 by Pagan the Butler, Lord of Montreal.[4] While Raynald ruled, several truces existed between the Christian and Muslim states in the Holy Land, but none were truly respected. In particular, soldiers under his command frequently raided Muslim trading caravans. Raynald's most daring raid was an 1182 naval expedition down the Red Sea to Mecca and El Medina.[5] He continuously plundered the Red Sea coast and threatened the routes of pilgrims to Mecca in spring 1183. He captured the town of Aqaba, giving him a base of operations to attack the holy city itself. Saladin, a Sunni Muslim and the leader of the Muslim forces, decided that the Kerak castle would be an ideal target, both to protect the ability of Muslims to travel freely between Egypt to Damascus and to dissuade future Christian attacks on Mecca.[6]

Demonstrations of war machines used during the siege of Kerak in Kerak Castle Museum

Siege and relief

Saladin sent Al-Adil to besiege Kerak.[7] The Muslims had sought to take Kerak for several years, but now they stretched its defenses to the breaking point. There had long been plans of Baldwin's half-sister Isabella to marry Reynald's stepson in the fall of 1183. When Saladin learned of this, he prepared a siege with his large army and eight siege catapults.

Inside the walls, a royal marriage was taking place. Humphrey IV of Toron, Raynald's stepson and heir, was to take the hand of Isabella, the King's half sister. At first, food was brought out to Saladin, so he told the soldiers to not fire at the tower where the wedding was taking place. This could have been due to courtesy, or because he did not want to harm the potentially two most expensive hostages. According to the historian Ernoul, "Etiennette, mother of the young bridegroom, sent out to Saladin a present of bread and meat and wine, with a message that gave him greeting and reminded him that he once in his youth had been a prisoner in Kerak, and had, as a slave, carried her when a child in his arms." Saladin was touched by the message and ordered his army to not attack that specific tower.[5] Messengers managed to escape the town and take word to the King, Baldwin IV who was in Jerusalem at the time. In the following days, the Muslim forces aggressively went after Kerak's walls. They continuously sent stones and missiles through, damaging buildings on the inside.

Baldwin immediately marched with a relief force, accompanied by his regent, Raymond III of Tripoli. A beacon was promptly lit on the Tower of David in Jerusalem as a sign that help was coming to relieve the siege.[5] Although suffering from leprosy since childhood, Baldwin's determination to frustrate Saladin's attempt was such that he led personally, although he had to be carried on a stretcher. However, king Baldwin put the army under the command of Raymond, Count of Tripoli, because he had become blind. When Saladin reached the place called Valih, thinking that they had done enough damage, he lifted the siege. [8]

Aftermath

In the following spring of 1184, Saladin advanced through Amman, and again attacked Kerak on August 13. A relieving army once again arrived to save Kerak after three weeks of Saladin's army attacking the walls with their engines.[5] Kerak remained a Crusader stronghold and a symbol of the Christian grip on the region until falling to Muslim control in 1188.[9] The next time the Crusaders had to contend with a major siege, it was at the walls of Jerusalem itself.

In fiction

The motion picture Kingdom of Heaven, where Balian is played by Orlando Bloom and Ghassan Massoud plays Saladin, contains a fictional portrayal of the siege.[10] In the film, knights under the command of Balian engaged the Ayyubids as they approached Kerak, so that defenseless citizens could retreat to Raynald's castle. The film also showed the siege not taking place, but King Baldwin IV and Saladin negotiating a settlement. Baldwin then punished Raynald for breaking the truce (with Saladin) by attacking a Muslim caravan.

There is also a "Siege of Kerak" soundtrack in the game Crusader Kings II.[11]

The siege plays a significant role in the climax of The Sultan's Siege, the first book of the Til Time series, where the protagonists attempt to find one another amongst the chaos of an attack on Kerak Castle.[12]

Citations

  1. ^ "The Life of Saladin Behaudin Tekstualno". Scribd. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
  2. ^ Stevenson 1907, p. 234.
  3. ^ Stevenson 1907, p. 235.
  4. ^ a b "Kerak, Jordan". www.atlastours.net. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
  5. ^ a b c d Newsbold, D. (1945). "THE CRUSADERS IN THE RED SEA AND THE SUDAN". University of Khartoum. 26: 213–227 – via JSTOR.
  6. ^ "In 1183, a Muslim Military Leader Refused to Attack this Castle For a Very Strange Reason". HistoryCollection.co. 2017-05-17. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
  7. ^ John Richard,Cambridge University Press.The Crusades C.1071-C.1291,Page 197
  8. ^ Şeşen, Ramazan. Selahaddin Eyyübi ve dönemi. pp. 122–123.
  9. ^ "Kerak, Jordan". www.atlastours.net. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
  10. ^ "The Siege of Kerak: Saladin's troops would not attack the castle tower in which a wedding was taking place". The Vintage News. 2017-05-10. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
  11. ^ "Crusader Kings II Wiki". ck2.paradoxwikis.com. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
  12. ^ Ryan, Matthew (September 2022). Til Time: The Sultan's Siege - Google Books. Matthew Ryan. ISBN 9781005991593. Retrieved 2023-09-21. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)

Bibliography

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