Phasaelis (princess): Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|First wife of Herod Antipas}} |
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Revision as of 14:35, 21 April 2024
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Phasaelis, also spelled Phaisael, (1st-century) was a princess of Nabatea, daughter of king Aretas IV Philopatris and the first wife of Herod Antipas.
Life
Phasaelis was born to the king of the Nabataeans, Aretas IV Philopatris and his first wife and co-ruler, Chuldu, who may have been a daughter of Aretas' predecessor, Obodas III.[1] Inscriptions on a limestone block near Wadi Musa in Jordan indicates that Phasaelis was the couple’s fourth child, but the eldest of their daughters.[2] Her siblings included Malichus II, Obodas, Rabbel, Shudat and Hagera.[2]
Coins have been found with the profile of her father Aretas IV on the obverse, and Phasaelis' name on the reverse,[3] which could indicate her birth to be 3-5 BC.
Going by the tentative dating of the coins inscribed with her name, her marriage to Herod Antipas took place in 7 or 6 AD, when Phasaelis would have been around 11–12 years old.[3][4] There is a high likelihood that the marriage was arranged by Augustus,[5] who often married the vassals of the Roman Empire to each other to keep the peace between their kingdoms. This had been the case of Herod Antipas' paternal aunt, Salome I.[6] The marriage of Phasaelis and Antipas thus ensured there would be no attacks of the eastern border tetrarchy of Perea by the Nabataeans.
Phasaelis and Herod Antipas were married for over 20 years, but there were no recorded children of this marriage. During this time, Herod Antipas did not take any other wives. Some researchers have theorized that Phasaelis and Herod Antipas had a daughter named Herodias Salome,[7][4] as an attempt to reconcile some dating inconsistencies and explain why Salome, Herod Antipas' stepdaughter, is sometimes referred to as his daughter.
In 23 AD, Herod Antipas was visiting his half-brother Herod II, who was then living in Rome as a private citizen. During his stay, he became enamored with his brother’s wife Herodias. Herodias subsequently divorced Herod II under the Roman law.
The exact marriage date of Herod Antipas and Herodias is unknown, but in 26 AD Phasaelis found out about the relationship and discovered Herod Antipas' intention to divorce her.
The texts use the terms divorce and repudiation interchangeably, but according to the Talmudic law, a husband could repudiate his wife freely, but a wife could only ask for a divorce, and it was up to the husband to allow it.[8] However, the extent to which the Herodian dynasty actually practiced Judaism is unclear, and it is known that they were heavily influenced by Roman law and culture; thus, Herod Antipas might have been planning to divorce Phasaelis according to just the Roman law.
Desiring to return to her homeland, Phasaelis used the pretext of visiting the palace of Machaerus situated by the Dead Sea.[9][10] Phasaelis then fled across the border to her father, whom she told of her husband's intention to divorce her and marry Herodias.[11] This caused relations between Aretas and Herod Antipas to sour. Aretas IV subsequently invaded Galilee and Perea, and his armies defeated his former son-in-law in battle in 36 AD.
After this date, there is no mention of Phasaelis, and the rest of her life remains unknown.
In media
Elbridge Streeter Brooks wrote a historical romance A Son of Issachar: A Romance of the Days of Messias (1890) where Herod's repudiated wife appears as a character named "Princess Amina"
Phasaelis appears a supporting character in The Book of Longings by Sue Monk Kidd (2020)
Phaselis appears briefly as a non-speaking character in the TV film Mary Magdalene (2000), played by an uncredited actress.
See also
References
- ^ Sánchez, Francisco del Río (2015-12-04). Nabatu. The Nabataeans through their inscriptions. Edicions Universitat Barcelona. p. 88. ISBN 978-84-475-3748-8.
- ^ a b Alpass, Peter (2013-06-13). The Religious Life of Nabataea. BRILL. p. 92. ISBN 978-90-04-21623-5.
- ^ a b Hayajneh, Hani (2024-01-15). Cultural Heritage: At the Intersection of the Humanities and the Sciences. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 292. ISBN 978-3-643-91252-7.
- ^ a b Kokkinos, Nikos (1998). The Herodian Dynasty: Origins, Role in Society and Eclipse. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-85075-690-3.
- ^ Tomasino, Anthony J. (2011-05-13). The World of Jesus. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-60899-137-2.
- ^ Freedman, David Noel (2019-02-28). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4674-6046-0.
- ^ Neginsky, Rosina (2014-10-16). Salome: The Image of a Woman Who Never Was; Salome. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-4438-6962-1.
- ^ Bo, Federico Dal (2023-11-17). Judaism, Philosophy, and Psychoanalysis in Heidegger's Ontology: Harrowing the Heath. Springer Nature. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-3-031-44056-4.
- ^ Lewin, Thomas (1865). Fasti Sacri: Or a Key to the Chronology of the New Testament. Longmans, Green & Company. p. 186.
- ^ Josephus, Flavius (1988). The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged. Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56563-780-1.
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, 18.4.6, 18.5.1, and 18.5.4