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Revision as of 13:44, 15 January 2024
Professional fraternities, in the North American fraternity system, are organizations whose primary purpose is to promote the interests of a particular profession and whose membership is restricted to students in that particular field of professional education or study. This may be contrasted with service fraternities and sororities, whose primary purpose is community service, and social fraternities and sororities, whose primary purposes are generally aimed towards some other aspect, such as the development of character, friendship, leadership, or literary ability.
Professional fraternities are often confused with honor societies because of their focus on a specific discipline. Professional fraternities are significantly different from honor societies in that honor societies are associations designed to provide recognition of the past achievement of those who are invited to membership. Honor society membership, in most cases, requires no period of pledging, and new candidates may be immediately inducted into membership after meeting predetermined academic criteria and paying a one-time membership fee. Because of their purpose of recognition, most honor societies will have much higher academic achievement requirements for membership.
Professional fraternities, on the other hand, work to build brotherhood among members and cultivate the strengths of members to promote their profession and to provide assistance to one another in their mutual areas of professional study. Membership in a professional fraternity may be the result of a pledge process, much like a social fraternity, and members are expected to remain loyal and active in the organization for life. Within their professional field of study, their membership is exclusive; however, they may initiate members who belong to other types of fraternities.
History
The first professional fraternity was founded at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky in 1819: the Kappa Lambda Society of Aesculapius, established to bring together students of the medical profession. The fraternity lasted until about 1858.
Of the professional fraternities still in existence, the oldest is Phi Delta Phi founded at the University of Michigan in 1869; however, Phi Delta Phi changed its mission in 2012 to become an honor society for law school students.
Title IX applied to professional fraternities
In the United States fraternity system, professional fraternities are usually co-educational in accordance with Federal Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (commonly referred to as "Title IX"). This federal law discourages discrimination based on sex in any college or university receiving federal financial assistance.[1] However, the membership practices of social fraternities and sororities are exempt from Title IX in section (A)(6)(a). The U.S. Department of Education (DOE) regulations adopted under Title IX also allow such an exception for "the membership practices of social fraternities and sororities." (34 C.F.R. Sec. 106.14(a)).[2]
Before Title IX, many professional fraternities were all male and most professional sororities/women's fraternities were all female. Several of these professional fraternities and sororities even considered themselves both professional and social organizations because they often emphasized the social aspects of their activities. During the ensuing years since the enactment of Title IX, single-sex professional fraternities and sororities became coeducational to conform to Title IX. Several organizations simply opened their membership to both men and women. For example, Phi Chi (medicine) opened membership to women in 1973; Phi Beta (music and speech) opened membership to men in 1976; and Delta Omicron (music) opened membership to men in 1979. A few single-sex groups merged with other organizations, such as Phi Delta Delta, a women's professional law fraternity, merged with Phi Alpha Delta (law) in 1972.
Even though Title IX was enacted in 1972, there are still professional fraternities and sororities or their chapters that have not become coeducational and therefore, do not conform to Title IX. Generally, these groups still claim to be both professional and social organizations, for instance, Alpha Gamma Rho (men in agriculture), Alpha Omega Epsilon (women in engineering), and Sigma Phi Delta (men in engineering).
Several social fraternities and sororities have membership practices of selecting their members primarily from students enrolled in particular majors or areas of study, including Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, Phi Sigma Rho, and Triangle. Nevertheless, these groups are social, rather than professional, organizations.[3] Although they select members from students in a particular field of study, like a professional fraternity, they are single-sex social organizations because their purposes focus only on the social development of their members. Examples of groups that have been officially granted exemption from Title IX by the DOE to remain single-sex include Sigma Alpha Iota in 1981 [4] and Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia in 1983.[5]
Umbrella organizations
Many professional fraternities, particularly those of the highest esteem and reputation, are members of the Professional Fraternity Association (PFA).[6] This group resulted in 1978 from a merger of the Professional Interfraternity Conference (PIC) (for men's group) and the Professional Panhellenic Association (PPA) (for women's groups). In 2013, faced with an increase in campus policies that require student organizations to take all students, the PFA adopted a resolution against All Comers policies.[7]
List of professional fraternities
Arts, literature, and media
Name | Symbols | Formed/
Range |
Emphasis | Scope | Type/Gender | Status | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delta Chi Xi | ΔΧΞ | 2010 | Dance | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Delta Kappa Phi | ΔΚΦ | 1899 | Textiles | Local, Lowell Textile School | Fraternity | Active | [a] |
Delta Kappa Alpha | ΔΚΑ | 1936 | Cinema | National, United States | Gender Inclusive | Active | |
Gamma Epsilon Tau | ΓΕΤ | 1953 | Graphic artists honor society | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Gamma Xi Phi | ΓΞΦ | 2010 | African American artists and creators | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | [8] |
Kappa Pi | ΚΠ | 1911 | Art Honor Society | International | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Phi Beta | ΦΒ | 1912 | Creative and performing arts | National, United States | Fraternity/Gender Inclusive | Active | |
Phi Psi | ΦΨ | 1903 | Textile arts and manufacturing engineering | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Zeta Phi Eta | ΖΦΗ | 1893 | Communication arts and sciences | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active |
Agriculture
Name | Symbols | Formed/
Range |
Emphasis | Scope | Type/Gender | Status | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alpha Gamma Rho | ΑΓΡ | 1904 | Agriculture | National, United States | Fraternity/Male | Active | |
Alpha Gamma Sigma | ΑΓΣ | 1923 | Agriculture | National, United States | Fraternity/Male | Active | |
Alpha Tau Alpha | ΑΤΑ | 1921 | Agriculture and extension education | National, United States | Fraternity | Active | |
Alpha Zeta | ΑΖ | 1897 | Agriculture and natural resources | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Delta Theta Sigma | ΔΘΣ | 1906 | Agriculture | National, United States | Fraternity/Male | Active | |
Sigma Alpha | ΣΑ | 1978 | Agriculture | National, United States | Sorority/Female | Active |
Business and economics
Name | Symbols | Formed/
Range |
Emphasis | Scope | Type/Gender | Status | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alpha Kappa Psi | ΑΚΨ | 1904 | Business | International | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Alpha Iota | ΑΙ | 1905 | Business | National, United States | Sorority/Female | Active | |
Delta Sigma Pi | ΔΣΠ | 1907 | Business | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Epsilon Nu Tau | ΕΝΤ | 2008 | Entrepreneurship | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Eta Phi Beta | ΗΦΒ | 1942 | Business, African American | National, United States | Sorority/Female | Active | |
Gamma Iota Sigma | ΓΙΣ | 1966 | Insurance, risk management, actuarial sciences | International | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Iota Phi Lambda | ΙΦΛ | 1929 | Business and professional African Americans | National, United States | Sorority/Female | Active | |
Omicron Delta Epsilon | ΟΔΕ | 1963 | Economics honor society | International | Society/Coed | Active | |
Phi Chi Theta | ΦΧΘ | 1924 | Business | National, United States | Women's Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Phi Gamma Nu | ΦΓΝ | 1924 | Business | National, United States | Sorority/Coed | Active | |
Pi Sigma Epsilon | ΠΣΕ | 1952 | Marketing and sales management | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Sigma Iota Epsilon | ΣΙΕ | 1927 | Management honorary and professional society | International | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Eta Rho Sigma | ΗΡΣ | 2020 | Business | National, United States | Sorority/Women | Active | [9] |
Education
Name | Symbols | Formed/
Range |
Emphasis | Scope | Type/Gender | Status | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delta Kappa Gamma | ΔΚΓ | 1929 | Education | International | Society/Female | Active | |
Kappa Delta Pi | ΚΔΠ | 1911 | Education honor society | International | Society/Coed | Active | |
Phi Delta Kappa | ΦΔΚ | 1906 | Education | International | Sorority/Coed | Active | |
Phi Epsilon Kappa | ΦΕΚ | 1913 | Physical education, performance, sports management | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active |
Engineering, architecture, math, and science
Name | Symbols | Formed/
Range |
Emphasis | Scope | Type/Gender | Status | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alpha Chi Sigma | ΑΧΣ | 1902 | Chemistry | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Alpha Omega Epsilon | ΑΩΕ | 1983 | Engineering | National, United States | Sorority/Female | Active | |
Alpha Rho Chi | ΑΡΧ | 1914 | Architecture | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Alpha Sigma Kappa | ΑΣΚ | 1989 | Architecture, engineering, mathematics, and sciences | National, United States | Sorority/Female | Active | |
Kappa Eta Kappa | ΚΗΚ | 1923 | Electrical and computer engineering | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Kappa Theta Pi | ΚΘΠ | 2012 | Information technology | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Pi Mu Epsilon | ΠΜΕ | 1914 | Mathematics honor society | National, United States | Society/Coed | Active | |
Phi Sigma Rho | ΦΣΡ | 1984 | Science, technology, engineering, mathematics | National, United States | Sorority/Female and non-binary | Active | |
Pi Delta Nu | ΠΔΝ | 1921–1950s | Chemistry | National, United States | Sorority/Female | Inactive | |
Scarab | 1909–19xx ? | Architecture, landscape architecture, architectural engineering | National, United States | Fraternity/Male | Inactive, Merged | ||
Sigma Phi Delta | ΣΦΔ | 1924 | Engineering | International | Fraternity/Male | Active | |
Theta Tau | ΘΤ | 1904 | Engineering | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed or male by chapter | Active | |
Triangle Fraternity | 1907 | Engineering, architecture, and sciences | National, United States | Fraternity/Male | Active |
Law
Name | Symbols | Formed/
Range |
Emphasis | Scope | Type/Gender | Status | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delta Theta Phi | ΔΘΦ | 1900 | Law | International | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Gamma Eta Gamma | ΓΗΓ | 1901 | Law | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Kappa Alpha Pi | ΚΑΠ | 2007 | Law | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Phi Alpha Delta | ΦΑΔ | 1902 | Law | International | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Phi Delta Delta | ΦΔΔ | 1911–1972 | Law | National, United States | Sorority/Female | Inactive | [b] |
Phi Delta Phi | ΦΔΦ | 1869 | Law honor (formerly professional) | International | Fraternity/Coed | Active | [c] |
Sigma Alpha Nu | ΣΑΝ | 2005 | Pre-law | Local, University of California, Berkeley | Fraternity/Coed | Active | [10][11] |
Medicine
Name | Symbols | Formed/
Range |
Emphasis | Scope | Type/Gender | Status | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aleph Yodh He | איה | 1908–1921 | Medicine, Jewish | National, United States | Fraternities | Inactive | |
Alfa Kappa Pi | ΑΚΠ | 2005 | Medicine | Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico | Fraternity | Active | |
Alpha Delta Theta | ΑΔΘ | 1944 | Medical technology | Local, was national | Sorority/Female | Active | |
Alpha Delta Upsilon | ΑΔΥ | Chiropractic | Sorority/Female | Active | [12][13] | ||
Alpha Epsilon Iota | ΑΕΙ | 1890–1979 | Medical | National, United States | Women's Fraternity/Female | Inactive | |
Alpha Gamma Kappa | ΑΓΚ | 1939 | Podiatry | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Alpha Kappa Kappa | ΑΚΚ | 1888–20xx ? | Medicine | International, then local | Fraternity/Male | Inactive | |
Alpha Omega | ΑΩ | 1907 | Denistry, Jewish | International | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Alpha Psi | ΑΨ | 1907 | Veterinary medicine | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Alpha Tau Delta | ΑΤΔ | 1921 | Nursing | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Alpha Tau Sigma | ΑΤΣ | 1912–1964 | Medical | Local, American School of Osteopathy | Fraternity/Male | Inactive | |
Beta Sigma Kappa | ΒΣΚ | 1924 | Optometry honor | International | Society/Coed | Active | [14][15] |
Chi Eta Ph | ΧΗΦ | 1932 | Nursing, African American | International | Sorority, Female | Active | |
Chi Rho Sigma | ΧΡΣ | 1949* 1975 | Chiropractic | International | Fraternity/Coed | Active | [16] |
Chi Zeta Chi | ΧΖΧ | 1901–1929 | Medicine | National, United States | Fraternity/Male | Inactive | |
Delta Epsilon Mu | ΔΕΜ | 1996 | Pre-health, health-related fields | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Delta Omicron Alpha | ΔΟΑ | 1907–1917 | Medicine | National, United States | Fraternity/Male | Inactive | |
Delta Sigma Chi | ΔΣΧ | 1913 | Chiropractic | International | Fraternity/Male | Active | |
Delta Sigma Delta | ΔΣΔ | 1882 | Dentistry | International | Fraternity/Male | Active | |
Epsilon Psi Epsilon | ΕΨΕ | 1911 | Optometry | Local, Ohio State University | Fraternity | Active | |
Hygeia Medical Sorority | HMS | 2009 | Medicine | Local, Universidad Mayor de San Simón | Sorority | Active | [17] |
Kappa Gamma Delta | ΚΓΔ | 1994 | Pre-medical | Regional, California | Sorority/Female | Active | |
Kappa Tau Epsilon | ΚΤΕ | Podiatry | Local, Kent State | Fraternity/Coed | Active | [18] | |
Mu Epsilon Delta | ΜΕΔ | 1965 | Health | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Nu Sigma Nu | ΝΣΝ | 1882 | Medicine | International | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Omega Delta | ΩΔ | 1919 | Optometry | National | Fraternity | Active | [19] |
Omega Tau Sigma | ΩΤΣ | 1906 | Veterinary medicine | International | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Omega Upsilon Phi | ΩΥΦ | 1894–1934 | Medicine | International | Fraternity/Male | Inactive, Merged | [d] |
Phi Alpha Gamma | ΦΑΓ | 1894–1948 | Osteopathic medicine | National, United States | Fraternity/Male | Inactive, Merged | [e] |
Phi Alpha Sigma | ΦΑΣ | 1888 | Medicine | National | Fraternity | Active | [20][21] |
Phi Beta Pi | ΦΒΠ | 1891 | Medicine | Local, formerly National | Fraternity | Active | |
Phi Chi | ΦΧ | 1889 | Medicine | International | Fraternity/Male | Active | |
Phi Delta | ΦΔ | 1901–1918 | Medicine | International | Fraternity/Male | Inactive | |
Phi Delta Epsilon | ΦΔΕ | 1904 | Medicine | International | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Phi Kappa Mu | ΦΚΜ | 1933 | Medicine | Local, University of the Philippines College of Medicine | Fraternity/Male | Active | |
Phi Lambda Kappa | ΦΛΚ | 1907 | Medicine | International | Fraternity | Active | |
Phi Rho Sigma | ΦΡΣ | 1890 | Medicine | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Phi Sigma Gamma | ΦΣΓ | 1890 | Osteopathic | National, United States | Fraternity/Male | Active | |
Pi Kappa Chi | ΠΚΧ | 1961 | Chiropractic | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | [22][23] |
Pi Mu | ΠΜ | 1892–1922 | Medical honor society | National, United States | Fraternity/Male | Inactive, Merged | [f] |
Psi Omega | ΨΩ | 1892 | Dentistry | National, United States | Fraternity | Active | |
Rho Psi Eta | ΡΨΗ | 2007 | Pre-Health Careers | National, United States | Sorority/Female | Active | [24][25] |
Sigma Mu Delta | ΣΜΔ | 1994 | Pre-medical | Regional, California | Fraternity/Male | Active | [26] |
Sigma Phi Chi | ΣΦΧ | 1911 | Chiropractic | Local | Sorority/Female | Active | [27] |
Theta Kappa Psi | ΘΚΨ | 1879 | Medicine | Local (previously International) | Fraternity | Active | |
Xi Psi Phi | ΞΨΦ | 1889 | Dentistry | International | Fraternity/Coed | Active |
Military, government, and foreign service
Name | Symbols | Formed/Range | Emphasis | Scope | Type/Gender | Status | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alpha Gamma Xi | ΑΓΞ | 2014 | Military | Local, Tennessee | Sorority/Female | Active | [28] |
Coed Affiliates Pershing Rifles | 1966–1980s | Military | National, United States | Sorority/Female | Inactive | ||
Delta Phi Epsilon | ΔΦΕ | 1920 | Foreign Service | National, United States | Fraternity/Male | Active | |
Delta Phi Epsilon | ΔΦΕ | 1972 | Foreign Service | National, United States | Sorority/Female | Active | |
Kappa Epsilon Psi | ΚΕΨ | 2011 | Military | National/United States | Sorority/Female | Active | |
Kappa Lambda Chi | ΚΛΧ | 2013 | Military | National/United States | Fraternity/Male | Active | |
Lambda Beta Alpha | ΛΒΑ | 2017 | Military | Local, Virginia | Sorority/Female | Active | |
Mu Beta Phi | ΜΒΦ | 2017 | Military | International | Fraternity/Male | Active | |
Omega Kappa Lambda | ΩΚΛ | 2020 | Military | Fraternity/Male | Active | [29] | |
Pershing Angels | 1965 | Military Drill | National, United States | Sorority/Female | Active | ||
Pershing Rifles | 1894 | Military Drill | National, United States | Fraternity/Male | Active | ||
Psi Delta Chi | ΨΔΧ | 2019 | Military, African American | Sorority/Female | Active | [30] | |
Psi Delta Tau | ΨΔΤ | 2017 | Military, African American | National, United States | Fraternity/Male | Active | [31] |
Psi Rho Phi | ΨΡΦ | 2019 | Military, African American | Fraternity/Male | Active | [32] | |
Scabbard and Blade | 1904 | Military honor | National, United States | Society/Coed | Active | ||
Zeta Sigma Psi | ΖΣΨ | 2019 | Military, African American | Sorority/Female | Active | [33] |
Music
Name | Symbols | Formed/
Range |
Emphasis | Scope | Type/Gender | Status | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delta Omicron | ΔΟ | 1909 | Music | International | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Kappa Kappa Psi | ΚΚΨ | 1919 | Band | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Mu Beta Psi | ΜΒΨ | 1925 | Music | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Mu Phi Epsilon | ΜΦΕ | 1903 | Music | International | Sorority/Coed | Active | |
Phi Boota roota | Φᗺr | 1976 | Percussion | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | [34][35] |
Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia | ΦΜΑ | 1898 | Music, Social | National, United States | Fraternity/Male | Active | [g] |
Sigma Alpha Iota | ΣΑΙ | 1903 | Music | National, United States | Women's Fraternity/Female | Active | |
Tau Beta Sigma | ΤΒΣ | 1946 | Band, Service | National, United States | Sorority/Coed | Active |
Pharmaceutical and pharmacological
Name | Symbols | Formed/
Range |
Emphasis | Scope | Type/Gender | Status | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alpha Zeta Omega | ΑΖΩ | 1919 | Pharmacy | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Beta Phi Sigma | ΒΦΣ | 1888–1973 | Pharmacy | National, United States | Fraternity/Male | Inactive | |
Delta Sigma Theta | ΔΣΘ | 1914 | Pharmacy, medical, and dentistry | International | Fraternity | Active | |
Kappa Epsilon | ΚΕ | 1921 | Pharmacy | National, United States | Women's Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Kappa Psi | ΚΨ | 1879 | Pharmacy | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Lambda Kappa Sigma | ΛΚΣ | 1913 | Pharmacy | National, United States | Women's Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Phi Delta Chi | ΦΔΧ | 1883 | Pharmacy | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Rho Chi | ΡΧ | 1922 | Pharmacy honor society | National, United States | Society/Coed | Active | |
Rho Pi Phi | ΡΠΦ | 1919 | Pharmancy | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active |
Other
Name | Symbols | Formed/
Range |
Emphasis | Scope | Type/Gender | Status | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alpha Eta Rho | ΑΗΡ | 1929 | Aviation | International | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
American Criminal Justice Association–Lambda Alpha Epsilon | ΛΑΕ | 1937 | Criminal Justice | International | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Beta Psi Omega | ΒΨΩ | 2010 | Biology | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | [36][37] |
Delta Omega Epsilon | ΔΩΕ | 1985 | Civics, Academics | Local, NY Tri-state Area | Fraternity | Active | |
Epsilon Eta | ΕΗ | 2006 | Environmental, Sustainability | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | |
Phi Alpha Tau | ΦΑΤ | 1902 | Communicative arts | Local, Emerson College | Fraternity/Male | Active | [38] |
Pi Sigma Eta | ΠΣΗ | 1930 | Mortician honorary, funeral service | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | [39][40] |
Sigma Phi Sigma | ΣΦΣ | funeral service | National, United States | Fraternity/Coed | Active | ||
Theta Psi | ΘΨ | 2011 | Sustainability | Regional, California | Fraternity/Coed | Active | [41][42] |
Zeta Theta Omega | ΖΘΩ | 2013 | Zoology | Local, Michigan State University | Fraternity/Coed | Active | [43] |
Notes
- ^ Previously had six chapters in five U.S. states.
- ^ Merged with Phi Alpha Delta in 1972.
- ^ Formed as a professional society but became an honor society in 2012.
- ^ Defunct after Phi Beta Pi 1934 merger; Alpha chapter joined Phi Chi
- ^ Merged with Phi Chi in 1948
- ^ Merged with Phi Chi in 1922.
- ^ Originally a men's music social fraternity but was co-ed from 1976 to 1983. Returned to all-male ever since in 1985.
See also
References
- ^ Title IX Archived 2007-04-03 at the Wayback Machine, United States Department of Justice
- ^ ""Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-07-26.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Code of Federal Regulations, PART 106: NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE - ^ Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia – Sinfonia's Classification
- ^ "Sigma Alpha Iota". Sigma Alpha Iota. Archived from the original on 2010-11-30. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
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- ^ "Chi Rho Sigma | Logan Connect". Logan University. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ^ La hermandad Hygeia Medical Sorority celebra su décimo aniversario
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- ^ Northern Illinois College Optometry Focus Yearbook page 54
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- ^ "Fraternity Profile". pikappachi.tripod.com. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
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- ^ Lurding, Carroll and Becque, Fran. (February 19, 2023) "Sigma Mu Delta". Almanac of Fraternities and Sororities. Urbana: University of Illinois. Accessed February 23, 2023.
- ^ Biography of Palmer Mabel Heath
- ^ "Values-Based, International Military Sorority | Alpha Gamma Xi Sorority Inc". www.alphagammaxi.org. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ^ "Omega Kappa Lambda Military Fraternity Incorporate". www.omegakappalambda.com. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ^ "Psi Delta Chi MSI". www.psideltachi.org. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ^ "Psi Delta Tau". PSI DELTA TAU. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ^ "About Us". Psi Rho Phi. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
- ^ "ABOUT". zetasigmapsimilitarysorority.org. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ^ "Chapter". Phi Boota roota. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ^ "Phi Boota Roota - GuideStar Profile". www.guidestar.org. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ^ "Chapters and Colonies". Beta Psi Omega. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ^ "About". Beta Psi Omega. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ^ "Phi Alpha Tau | Emerson Connect". Emerson College. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
- ^ "Clubs & Activities". Gupton-Jones College. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ^ "About CCMS | Student Body | Student Body". www.ccms.edu. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ^ "Home". Theta Psi. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
- ^ "Theta Psi Archives". UCI Sustainability Resource Center. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ^ "About Us". Zeta Theta Omega. Retrieved 2023-02-01.