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Following the [[Coventry Blitz|night bombing of Coventry]], in early November 1940, the decoy programme was expanded to include towns and cities; the [[Air Ministry]] initially ordered sites to be set up for [[Bristol]], [[Crewe]], [[Derby]], [[London]], [[Manchester]], [[Middlesbrough]] and [[Sheffield]]. The new "Special Fire" decoys were set up to simulate the bomb drops of German pathfinder squadrons. By 23 January 1941 the programme had been increased to 43 sites protecting 13 town and cities and by March operational sites numbered over 100.<ref name=Price/><ref name=CrowdyStarfish/><ref name=Dobinson-4/><ref name=Dobinson-AT1.4/> By the end of the war there were 237 Starfish sites protecting 81 locations.<ref name=Arquilla/>{{efn|The SF codes go from SF1 to SF81.<ref name=Dobinson-AT1.4/>}}
Following the [[Coventry Blitz|night bombing of Coventry]], in early November 1940, the decoy programme was expanded to include towns and cities; the [[Air Ministry]] initially ordered sites to be set up for [[Bristol]], [[Crewe]], [[Derby]], [[London]], [[Manchester]], [[Middlesbrough]] and [[Sheffield]]. The new "Special Fire" decoys were set up to simulate the bomb drops of German pathfinder squadrons. By 23 January 1941 the programme had been increased to 43 sites protecting 13 town and cities and by March operational sites numbered over 100.<ref name=Price/><ref name=CrowdyStarfish/><ref name=Dobinson-4/><ref name=Dobinson-AT1.4/> By the end of the war there were 237 Starfish sites protecting 81 locations.<ref name=Arquilla/>{{efn|The SF codes go from SF1 to SF81.<ref name=Dobinson-AT1.4/>}}


One of the first decoy sites was constructed on [[Black Down, Somerset|Black Down]] on the [[Mendip Hills]];{{efn|Dobinson reports that Starfish sites in the main programme had an identification code such as SF1(b).<ref name=Dobinson-90/> With SF1 referring to Bristol the first town/city to be protected and (a) to (f) being its Starfish sites.<ref name=Dobinson-AT1.4/> The Black Down site appears to SF1(b).}} it was code-named "Starfish", derived from Turner's original SF code, and built to protect the nearby city of [[Bristol]]. The Starfish name was eventually adopted to describe all of the SF decoy sites.<ref name=Dobinson-85-89/> The Mendip Hills site used fires of creosote and water to simulate incendiary bombs exploding. In addition, glow boxes were used to simulate the streets and railways of Bristol; the light bulbs were powered by electrical generators turned by [[Coventry Climax]] petrol engines contained in two bunkers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mendiptimes.co.uk/|title=Starfish and subterfuge|last=Davies|first=Les|date=March 2009|work=[[Mendip Times]]|access-date=24 February 2009}}</ref><ref name=Brown/> Another of Bristol's sites was located in the parish of [[Yatton]], North Somerset.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/real-life/decoy-cities-built-spare-bristol-7368305 |title=The decoy cities built to spare Bristol from Luftwaffe bombs|date=24 July 2022|newspaper=Bristil Live|access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref>
One of the first decoy sites was constructed on [[Black Down, Somerset|Black Down]] on the [[Mendip Hills]];{{efn|Dobinson reports that Starfish sites in the main programme had an identification code such as SF1(b).<ref name=Dobinson-90/> With SF1 referring to Bristol the first town/city to be protected and (a) to (f) being its Starfish sites.<ref name=Dobinson-AT1.4/> The Black Down site appears to SF1(b).}} it was code-named "Starfish", derived from Turner's original SF code, and built to protect the nearby city of [[Bristol]]. The Starfish name was eventually adopted to describe all of the SF decoy sites.<ref name=Dobinson-85-89/> The Mendip Hills site used fires of creosote and water to simulate incendiary bombs exploding. In addition, glow boxes were used to simulate the streets and railways of Bristol; the light bulbs were powered by electrical generators turned by [[Coventry Climax]] petrol engines contained in two bunkers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mendiptimes.co.uk/|title=Starfish and subterfuge|last=Davies|first=Les|date=March 2009|work=[[Mendip Times]]|access-date=24 February 2009}}</ref><ref name=Brown/> Another of Bristol's sites was located in the parish of [[Yatton]], North Somerset.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/real-life/decoy-cities-built-spare-bristol-7368305 |title=The decoy cities built to spare Bristol from Luftwaffe bombs|date=24 July 2022|newspaper=Bristol Live|access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref>


[[Glasgow]] was protected by various Starfish sites located on its surrounding hillsides. A decoy site existed at Long Wood at [[British national grid reference system|grid reference]] {{gbmaprim|NS540524|NS 540 524}} outside [[Eaglesham]] in [[East Renfrewshire]].{{efn|The site is SF13(e).<ref name=Dobinson-AT1.4/>}} Clusters of impressions where basket fires once stood, bounded by fire-break trenches, covered much of the area seen in Second World War photographs, and a prominent structure near the site may have been the decoy control bunker. Anti-aircraft gun emplacements have been noted at the site.<ref>{{cite web | title=Long Wood, Starfish Decoy Site| work=RCAHMS| url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/229135/details/long+wood+starfish+decoy+site/ | access-date=2009-11-16}}</ref> Another site known as ''Craigmaddie'' lies on the [[Campsie Fells]] at Blairskaith Muir, {{gbmaprim|NS595762|NS595 762}}. It was a co-located Starfish and QF/QL site.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blairskaith Muir, Civil Starfish Decoy site | work=RCAHMS |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/232040/details/blairskaith+muir+civil+starfish+decoy | access-date=12 June 2012}}</ref>{{efn|The site is SF13(c) and C15(g).<ref name=Dobinson-AT1.4/><ref name=Dobinson-AT1.7/>}} [[Carrington Moss]], near [[Manchester]], was another Starfish site.<ref name=Smith/>
[[Glasgow]] was protected by various Starfish sites located on its surrounding hillsides. A decoy site existed at Long Wood at [[British national grid reference system|grid reference]] {{gbmaprim|NS540524|NS 540 524}} outside [[Eaglesham]] in [[East Renfrewshire]].{{efn|The site is SF13(e).<ref name=Dobinson-AT1.4/>}} Clusters of impressions where basket fires once stood, bounded by fire-break trenches, covered much of the area seen in Second World War photographs, and a prominent structure near the site may have been the decoy control bunker. Anti-aircraft gun emplacements have been noted at the site.<ref>{{cite web | title=Long Wood, Starfish Decoy Site| work=RCAHMS| url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/229135/details/long+wood+starfish+decoy+site/ | access-date=2009-11-16}}</ref> Another site known as ''Craigmaddie'' lies on the [[Campsie Fells]] at Blairskaith Muir, {{gbmaprim|NS595762|NS595 762}}. It was a co-located Starfish and QF/QL site.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blairskaith Muir, Civil Starfish Decoy site | work=RCAHMS |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/232040/details/blairskaith+muir+civil+starfish+decoy | access-date=12 June 2012}}</ref>{{efn|The site is SF13(c) and C15(g).<ref name=Dobinson-AT1.4/><ref name=Dobinson-AT1.7/>}} [[Carrington Moss]], near [[Manchester]], was another Starfish site.<ref name=Smith/>

Revision as of 07:07, 11 January 2024

Control bunker for starfish site at Black Down in the Mendip Hills.

Starfish sites were large-scale night-time decoys created during the Blitz to simulate burning British cities. The aim was to divert German night bombers from their intended targets so they would drop their ordnance over the countryside. The sites were an extension of Colonel John Turner's decoy programme for airfields and factories (code named "Q" Sites, probably by analogy with Q-ships[1]). Following the bombing, and near destruction, of Coventry in November 1940, Turner was tasked with creating decoys for seven major cities.

Turner referred to the new sites as "Special Fire" or "SF". However, one early site (near Bristol) was given the name "Starfish", which subsequently became used for all of the decoys. The sites were constructed around 4 miles (6.4 km) from their protection target, and at least 1 mile (1.6 km) from any other settlement. They consisted of elaborate light arrays and fires, controlled from a nearby bunker and laid out to simulate a fire-bombed town. By the end of the war there were 237 decoys protecting 81 towns and cities around the country.

Archaeological excavation in 1992 of the original "Starfish", in the Mendip Hills, found no evidence of bomb craters. Later research confirmed that Starfish sites did attract the attention of enemy bombers; one estimate is that around 968 tons of ordnance were dropped on the decoys.

Background

At the outbreak of World War II, the British government feared a German bombing campaign against the UK mainland. Colonel John Turner, an engineer and retired Air Ministry officer, was tasked, in September 1939, with establishing a broad range of day and night decoys to mislead enemy bombers. His initial work was with dummy aircraft, airfields and factories; the decoys for which were dubbed 'K' Sites. Turner also implemented night decoys; dubbed 'Q' Sites, they consisted of lights mounted on poles to simulate an airfield.[2]

Decoy Fire Sites

In response to the Germans' use of incendiary bombs, Turner added fires to the 'Q' Sites, dubbing them Q-Fire or QF, to add to their plausibility. Initially very crude, the fires were controlled from a nearby concrete pillbox. The theory was that after a first wave of bombers dropped on the real target, the decoy would light fires to simulate the previous raid for further waves to home in on.[2][3]

Special Fires

Following the night bombing of Coventry, in early November 1940, the decoy programme was expanded to include towns and cities; the Air Ministry initially ordered sites to be set up for Bristol, Crewe, Derby, London, Manchester, Middlesbrough and Sheffield. The new "Special Fire" decoys were set up to simulate the bomb drops of German pathfinder squadrons. By 23 January 1941 the programme had been increased to 43 sites protecting 13 town and cities and by March operational sites numbered over 100.[3][4][5][6] By the end of the war there were 237 Starfish sites protecting 81 locations.[7][a]

One of the first decoy sites was constructed on Black Down on the Mendip Hills;[b] it was code-named "Starfish", derived from Turner's original SF code, and built to protect the nearby city of Bristol. The Starfish name was eventually adopted to describe all of the SF decoy sites.[9] The Mendip Hills site used fires of creosote and water to simulate incendiary bombs exploding. In addition, glow boxes were used to simulate the streets and railways of Bristol; the light bulbs were powered by electrical generators turned by Coventry Climax petrol engines contained in two bunkers.[10][11] Another of Bristol's sites was located in the parish of Yatton, North Somerset.[12]

Glasgow was protected by various Starfish sites located on its surrounding hillsides. A decoy site existed at Long Wood at grid reference NS 540 524 outside Eaglesham in East Renfrewshire.[c] Clusters of impressions where basket fires once stood, bounded by fire-break trenches, covered much of the area seen in Second World War photographs, and a prominent structure near the site may have been the decoy control bunker. Anti-aircraft gun emplacements have been noted at the site.[13] Another site known as Craigmaddie lies on the Campsie Fells at Blairskaith Muir, NS595 762. It was a co-located Starfish and QF/QL site.[14][d] Carrington Moss, near Manchester, was another Starfish site.[16]

World War II control bunker on Liddington Hill

As of 2000, there is a relatively intact control bunker for a co-located Starfish and Quick Light (QL) site at Liddington Hill overlooking Swindon.[6][15][17][e]

Impact

A 1992 archaeological survey of the Mendip Hills did not identify surviving bomb craters on the Black Down site (the original "Starfish"), despite claims of their existence.[18] In his 2000 book, Fields of Deception: Britain's Bombing Decoys of World War II, historian Colin Dobinson collated Turner's conservative estimates as to the success of decoy sites; suggesting that Starfish decoys diverted 968 tons of German bombardment.[7][19][f]

Germany

The Germans also built large-scale night-time decoys such as the Krupp decoy site (German: Kruppsche Nachtscheinanlage) for the Krupp steel works in Essen.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The SF codes go from SF1 to SF81.[6]
  2. ^ Dobinson reports that Starfish sites in the main programme had an identification code such as SF1(b).[8] With SF1 referring to Bristol the first town/city to be protected and (a) to (f) being its Starfish sites.[6] The Black Down site appears to SF1(b).
  3. ^ The site is SF13(e).[6]
  4. ^ The site is SF13(c) and C15(g).[6][15]
  5. ^ The site is SF41(a) and C71(a).[6][15]
  6. ^ Dobinson worked on English Heritage's Monuments Protection Programme. The copyright of Fields of Deception: Britain's Bombing Decoys of World War II is vested jointly in Dobinson and English Heritage.

References

  1. ^ Dobinson (2000), p24
  2. ^ a b Crowdy (2008), pp. 58-60
  3. ^ a b Price (2004), p. 32
  4. ^ Crowdy (2008), p. 61
  5. ^ Dobinson (2000), Chapter 4; Starfish: November 1940 - June 1941.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Dobinson (2000), Appendix 1: Gazetteer of Sites, Table 1.4: Civil Starfish (SF Series).
  7. ^ a b Arquilla (2007), p. 143
  8. ^ Dobinson (2000), p. 90.
  9. ^ Dobinson (2000), pp. 85 & 89.
  10. ^ Davies, Les (March 2009). "Starfish and subterfuge". Mendip Times. Retrieved 24 February 2009.
  11. ^ Brown (1999)
  12. ^ "The decoy cities built to spare Bristol from Luftwaffe bombs". Bristol Live. 24 July 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  13. ^ "Long Wood, Starfish Decoy Site". RCAHMS. Retrieved 16 November 2009.
  14. ^ "Blairskaith Muir, Civil Starfish Decoy site". RCAHMS. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
  15. ^ a b c Dobinson (2000), Appendix 1: Gazetteer of Sites, Table 1.7: Civil QL and QF (C Series).
  16. ^ Smith (2003), p. 14
  17. ^ Dobinson (2000), Appendix 1: Gazetteer of Sites.
  18. ^ Ellis (1992), p. 47
  19. ^ Dobinson (2000), pp. 209-213 & 290-298.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Kirk, Peter; Felix, Peter; Bartrisk, Gunther (2002). The Bombing of Rolls-Royce at Derby in Two World Wars. RR Heritage Trust. ISBN 978-1872922225.
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