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''March Malaen'' is a name from [[Wales]] pronounced in [[Welsh language|Welsh]] {{IPA-all|maɾx maˈlaɪn}}.<ref group="note">March - "R" [ɾ] is "rolled" in the manner of Italian ''rosso'' ['ɾos;o̯], followed by the phoneme [x] transcribing the sound of the "CH" block, i.e. a pronunciation close to the initial of the word ''jota'' ['xota] in Spanish or the ending of the name ''Bach'' [bax] in German. ''Malein'' - The Welsh orthographic combination in "AE" restores the phonetic diphthong [aɪ], as in English ''my mind'' [maɪ maɪnd].</ref> According to the ''[[Dictionnaire des symboles]]'' (Dictionary of symbols), ''Malaen'' appears to derive from the Latin malignus.<ref name="DicSym" /> The [[Mythology in France|French Mythological Society]] translated ''March Malaen''<nowiki/>'s name as "malignant horse", in 1989.<ref name="Mythfr">{{harvsp|Société de mythologie française|1989|p=89}}.</ref>
''March Malaen'' is a name from [[Wales]] pronounced in [[Welsh language|Welsh]] {{IPA-all|maɾx maˈlaɪn}}.<ref group="note">March - "R" [ɾ] is "rolled" in the manner of Italian ''rosso'' ['ɾos;o̯], followed by the phoneme [x] transcribing the sound of the "CH" block, i.e. a pronunciation close to the initial of the word ''jota'' ['xota] in Spanish or the ending of the name ''Bach'' [bax] in German. ''Malein'' - The Welsh orthographic combination in "AE" restores the phonetic diphthong [aɪ], as in English ''my mind'' [maɪ maɪnd].</ref> According to the ''[[Dictionnaire des symboles]]'' (Dictionary of symbols), ''Malaen'' appears to derive from the Latin malignus.<ref name="DicSym" /> The [[Mythology in France|French Mythological Society]] translated ''March Malaen''<nowiki/>'s name as "malignant horse", in 1989.<ref name="Mythfr">{{harvsp|Société de mythologie française|1989|p=89}}.</ref>


Several 19th-century authors, including [[Anatole Le Braz]], believe that ''March Malaen'' translates as "Malaen's horse",<ref name="Cambro">{{Ouvrage|langue=en|titre=The Cambro-Briton|volume=1|éditeur=J. Limbird.|année=1820|passage=125–126|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNoRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA125&dq=March+Malaen}}.</ref><ref name="Cambrian">{{Ouvrage|langue=en|titre=Cambrian quarterly magazine and Celtic repertory|volume=3|éditeur=Pub. for the proprietors by H. Hughes|année=1831|passage=25|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6M2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA25&dq=March+Malaen}}.</ref><ref name="LeBraz2009">{{harvsp|Le Braz|2009|p=328}}.</ref> but James Hastings assumes that ''March'' meant an evil king, and ''Malaen'' something demonic.<ref name="Hastings">{{Harvsp|Hastings|2003|p=103}}.</ref> There is also the older form ''March Malen'', which translates as "the stallion of Malen".<ref group="note">The original version of ''The steed of Malen'' </ref><ref name="Rhys607">{{Harvsp|Rhys|2004|p=607}}.</ref>
Several 19th-century authors, including [[Anatole Le Braz]], believe that ''March Malaen'' translates as "Malaen's horse",<ref name="Cambro">{{cite book|date=1820|language=en|page=125–126|publisher=J. Limbird.|title=The Cambro-Briton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNoRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA125&dq=March+Malaen|volume=1}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator -->.</ref><ref name="Cambrian">{{cite book|date=1831|language=en|page=25|publisher=Pub. for the proprietors by H. Hughes|title=Cambrian quarterly magazine and Celtic repertory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6M2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA25&dq=March+Malaen|volume=3}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator -->.</ref><ref name="LeBraz2009">{{harvsp|Le Braz|2009|p=328}}.</ref> but James Hastings assumes that ''March'' meant an evil king, and ''Malaen'' something demonic.<ref name="Hastings">{{Harvsp|Hastings|2003|p=103}}.</ref> There is also the older form ''March Malen'', which translates as "the stallion of Malen".<ref group="note">The original version of ''The steed of Malen'' </ref><ref name="Rhys607">{{Harvsp|Rhys|2004|p=607}}.</ref>


In [[Old Irish]], ''mahrah'' means "death" and "epidemic", but the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] root ''Mar'' seems to designate liquid expanses such as the [[sea]] and [[Marsh|marshes]], and to have given rise to ''marah'' among Celto-Germanic peoples, ''[[wiktionary:marc'h|marc'h]]'' (hence [[Mark of Cornwall|King Marc'h]]), and the words ''[[wiktionary:mark|mark]]'' and ''[[wiktionary:marca|marca]]'' in Celtic languages, then ''[[wiktionary:marko|marko]]'' and ''marka'' in Gaulish. All these words are related to the horse.<ref name="Mandon">{{Lien web|url=http://racines.traditions.free.fr/becheval/becheval.pdf|titre=BESTIAIRE Deuxième section : Du Cheval au Cygne…|id=|série=Les Origines de l’Arbre de Mai dans la cosmogonie runique des Atlantes boréens|auteur=|lien auteur=|coauteurs=|date=|année=|mois=|site=racines traditions free fr|éditeur=|page=|citation=|en ligne le=|consulté le=19 mai 2010|first=Tristan|last=Mandon|language=fr}}.</ref> Alexander Haggerty Krappe has also studied the etymology of the word "[[wiktionary:cauchemar|nightmare]]", noting that this word, literally translated as "mare of the night", can be related to those mentioned above.<ref name="Mythfr" />
In [[Old Irish]], ''mahrah'' means "death" and "epidemic", but the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] root ''Mar'' seems to designate liquid expanses such as the [[sea]] and [[Marsh|marshes]], and to have given rise to ''marah'' among Celto-Germanic peoples, ''[[wiktionary:marc'h|marc'h]]'' (hence [[Mark of Cornwall|King Marc'h]]), and the words ''[[wiktionary:mark|mark]]'' and ''[[wiktionary:marca|marca]]'' in Celtic languages, then ''[[wiktionary:marko|marko]]'' and ''marka'' in Gaulish. All these words are related to the horse.<ref name="Mandon">{{cite web|access-date=19 May 2010|first=Tristan|language=fr|last=Mandon|series=Les Origines de l’Arbre de Mai dans la cosmogonie runique des Atlantes boréens|title=BESTIAIRE Deuxième section : Du Cheval au Cygne…|url=http://racines.traditions.free.fr/becheval/becheval.pdf|website=racines traditions free fr}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator -->.</ref> Alexander Haggerty Krappe has also studied the etymology of the word "[[wiktionary:cauchemar|nightmare]]", noting that this word, literally translated as "mare of the night", can be related to those mentioned above.<ref name="Mythfr" />


== Mentions ==
== Mentions ==
Line 19: Line 19:


=== The Devil's horse as a creature of folklore ===
=== The Devil's horse as a creature of folklore ===
The earliest known source on the March Malen dates back to 1733; it tells of a man who tried to harness the evil (March Malen) for his own benefit, but the beast broke free to trample him. It then became associated with the goddess [[Minerva]] (Athena) and [[Pegasus]], before returning to [[Wales]] and giving rise to popular [[Welsh language|Welsh]] expressions.<ref name="Baxter">{{harvsp|Baxter|Lhuyd|1733|p=177}}.</ref> In later publications, in 1753 and after, this animal was linked to the [[Devil]], to [[witchcraft]], to the Gallic goddess [[Andarta]], and to the popular Welsh expression: ''A gasgler as farch Malen dan er dor yd a'', literally translated as "What is collected on Mallen horseback will find its way under its belly", and more commonly as "What is got on the devil's back will be spent under his belly".<ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=EN|auteur1=|titre=Celtic Britain and the Pilgrim Movement|passage=252|lieu=Londres|éditeur=Society of Cymmrodorion|année=2012|pages totales=|lire en ligne=https://archive.org/details/celticbritainpil00jone|consulté le=November 25, 2022|last=Hartwell|first=Jones G}}</ref><ref name="Rhys607" /> The Devil's horse is said to have given rise to a number of proverbial expressions, such as "''il a disparu sur le cheval de Malaen''"<ref group="note">"It has disappeared on Malaen's horse"</ref>, which in [[Wales]] around 1820 referred to what had been thrown away or wasted.<ref name="Cambro" />
The earliest known source on the March Malen dates back to 1733; it tells of a man who tried to harness the evil (March Malen) for his own benefit, but the beast broke free to trample him. It then became associated with the goddess [[Minerva]] (Athena) and [[Pegasus]], before returning to [[Wales]] and giving rise to popular [[Welsh language|Welsh]] expressions.<ref name="Baxter">{{harvsp|Baxter|Lhuyd|1733|p=177}}.</ref> In later publications, in 1753 and after, this animal was linked to the [[Devil]], to [[witchcraft]], to the Gallic goddess [[Andarta]], and to the popular Welsh expression: ''A gasgler as farch Malen dan er dor yd a'', literally translated as "What is collected on Mallen horseback will find its way under its belly", and more commonly as "What is got on the devil's back will be spent under his belly".<ref>{{cite book|access-date=November 25, 2022|date=2012|first=Jones G|language=EN|last=Hartwell|location=Londres|page=252|publisher=Society of Cymmrodorion|title=Celtic Britain and the Pilgrim Movement|url=https://archive.org/details/celticbritainpil00jone}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref name="Rhys607" /> The Devil's horse is said to have given rise to a number of proverbial expressions, such as "''il a disparu sur le cheval de Malaen''"<ref group="note">"It has disappeared on Malaen's horse"</ref>, which in [[Wales]] around 1820 referred to what had been thrown away or wasted.<ref name="Cambro" />


In 1863, a magazine stated that "Malen, among the Bretons, was a popular name for the furious [[Andrasta (goddess)|Andraste]], or, as the vulgar would say, the Devil's Lady". Malen's horse was then seen as the magical mount on which witches usually traveled through the air, and the Welsh proverb is said to be derived from this vision.<ref name="Faux">{{Harvsp|Faux|1863|p=270}}.</ref> In a posthumous work published in 1891, [[Robert Owen]] says that the [[Wales|Welsh]] saw the figure of a woman riding this mount in the sky in the company of [[Witchcraft|witches]] as a demonstration of the [[Devil]]'s power, under the influence of [[canon law]].<ref name="Owen">{{Harvsp|Owen|2009|p=39}}.</ref> It's hard to say when the English first gave the Devil the form of a horse, but the Welsh seem to have been familiar with the figure for a long time. [[John Rhŷs|John Rhys]] likens a story in the [[Holy Grail|Grail]] Quest, in which [[Peredurus]] attempts to ride a demonic stallion, to the figure of the diabolical horse. He also cites the black stallion of Moro,<ref name="Rhys608">{{Harvsp|Rhys|2004|p=608}}.</ref> ridden by [[Gwyn ap Nudd|Gwynn ap Nudd]] during the hunt for [[Twrch Trwyth|twrch trwyth]],<ref>{{harvsp|Rhys|1971|p=361}}.</ref> and the horse-eared [[Mark of Cornwall|King Marc'h]].<ref name="Rhys608" /> Moreover, as [[Anatole Le Braz]] reports, the figure of the demonic horse is known in the folklore of many Celtic countries, as Welsh folklore mentions numerous stories of revenants, some of whom appear mounted on headless horses to run the countryside all night long, as well as the [[psychopomp]] horse of death, which is white or black with a fiery gaze. The Devil transforms himself into a horse in [[Cornwall|Cornish]] and [[Brittany|Breton]] folklore, and in [[Ireland]], a popular belief has it that an evil spirit will prowl around a house where someone has recently died in the form of "a horse with a big tail".<ref name="LeBraz2009" />
In 1863, a magazine stated that "Malen, among the Bretons, was a popular name for the furious [[Andrasta (goddess)|Andraste]], or, as the vulgar would say, the Devil's Lady". Malen's horse was then seen as the magical mount on which witches usually traveled through the air, and the Welsh proverb is said to be derived from this vision.<ref name="Faux">{{Harvsp|Faux|1863|p=270}}.</ref> In a posthumous work published in 1891, [[Robert Owen]] says that the [[Wales|Welsh]] saw the figure of a woman riding this mount in the sky in the company of [[Witchcraft|witches]] as a demonstration of the [[Devil]]'s power, under the influence of [[canon law]].<ref name="Owen">{{Harvsp|Owen|2009|p=39}}.</ref> It's hard to say when the English first gave the Devil the form of a horse, but the Welsh seem to have been familiar with the figure for a long time. [[John Rhŷs|John Rhys]] likens a story in the [[Holy Grail|Grail]] Quest, in which [[Peredurus]] attempts to ride a demonic stallion, to the figure of the diabolical horse. He also cites the black stallion of Moro,<ref name="Rhys608">{{Harvsp|Rhys|2004|p=608}}.</ref> ridden by [[Gwyn ap Nudd|Gwynn ap Nudd]] during the hunt for [[Twrch Trwyth|twrch trwyth]],<ref>{{harvsp|Rhys|1971|p=361}}.</ref> and the horse-eared [[Mark of Cornwall|King Marc'h]].<ref name="Rhys608" /> Moreover, as [[Anatole Le Braz]] reports, the figure of the demonic horse is known in the folklore of many Celtic countries, as Welsh folklore mentions numerous stories of revenants, some of whom appear mounted on headless horses to run the countryside all night long, as well as the [[psychopomp]] horse of death, which is white or black with a fiery gaze. The Devil transforms himself into a horse in [[Cornwall|Cornish]] and [[Brittany|Breton]] folklore, and in [[Ireland]], a popular belief has it that an evil spirit will prowl around a house where someone has recently died in the form of "a horse with a big tail".<ref name="LeBraz2009" />

Revision as of 17:10, 27 October 2023

March Malaen
GroupingPopular folklore
FolkloreCeltic
First attested1733
CountryWales
DetailsHorse

The March Malaen is cited in Celtic folklore[1] as an evil horse associated with the Devil and witchcraft, whose mythical or historical origins remain obscure. In the 18th century, its tradition was said to be widespread among the Welsh, through a popular expression and the Gallic goddess Andarta.

From 1807, with the publication of Iolo Morganwg's[note 1] Welsh Triads, March Malaen became a creature of Welsh mythology, and one of the three scourges of the "Isle of Brittany". This reference is repeated in Joseph Loth's 1889 translation of the Mabinogion, according to which the March Malaen came to the kingdom from across the sea[1] on May 1st. It is associated with the tale of Lludd a Llefelys,[2] where, in more recent translations, the first plague fought by King Lludd Llaw Eraint is the arrival of the Corannyeit people.

Nineteenth-century authors, in the midst of the Celtic era, comment on the horse in various ways, suggesting that it could be the questing beast of Arthurian legend, that May 1st was feared by the ancient Welsh as the day of the March Malaen's appearance, or that it was the memory of a fomented king.[3] March Malaen is absent from most recent publications.

Etymology

March Malaen is a name from Wales pronounced in Welsh IPA: [maɾx maˈlaɪn].[note 2] According to the Dictionnaire des symboles (Dictionary of symbols), Malaen appears to derive from the Latin malignus.[1] The French Mythological Society translated March Malaen's name as "malignant horse", in 1989.[4]

Several 19th-century authors, including Anatole Le Braz, believe that March Malaen translates as "Malaen's horse",[5][6][7] but James Hastings assumes that March meant an evil king, and Malaen something demonic.[8] There is also the older form March Malen, which translates as "the stallion of Malen".[note 3][9]

In Old Irish, mahrah means "death" and "epidemic", but the Indo-European root Mar seems to designate liquid expanses such as the sea and marshes, and to have given rise to marah among Celto-Germanic peoples, marc'h (hence King Marc'h), and the words mark and marca in Celtic languages, then marko and marka in Gaulish. All these words are related to the horse.[10] Alexander Haggerty Krappe has also studied the etymology of the word "nightmare", noting that this word, literally translated as "mare of the night", can be related to those mentioned above.[4]

Mentions

There are two versions of this creature. The first refers to the March Malen as the "Devil's horse" in folklore. The second refers to the March Malaen in a version of the Triads of Welsh mythology mentioned by Iolo Morganwg.

The Devil's horse as a creature of folklore

The earliest known source on the March Malen dates back to 1733; it tells of a man who tried to harness the evil (March Malen) for his own benefit, but the beast broke free to trample him. It then became associated with the goddess Minerva (Athena) and Pegasus, before returning to Wales and giving rise to popular Welsh expressions.[11] In later publications, in 1753 and after, this animal was linked to the Devil, to witchcraft, to the Gallic goddess Andarta, and to the popular Welsh expression: A gasgler as farch Malen dan er dor yd a, literally translated as "What is collected on Mallen horseback will find its way under its belly", and more commonly as "What is got on the devil's back will be spent under his belly".[12][9] The Devil's horse is said to have given rise to a number of proverbial expressions, such as "il a disparu sur le cheval de Malaen"[note 4], which in Wales around 1820 referred to what had been thrown away or wasted.[5]

In 1863, a magazine stated that "Malen, among the Bretons, was a popular name for the furious Andraste, or, as the vulgar would say, the Devil's Lady". Malen's horse was then seen as the magical mount on which witches usually traveled through the air, and the Welsh proverb is said to be derived from this vision.[13] In a posthumous work published in 1891, Robert Owen says that the Welsh saw the figure of a woman riding this mount in the sky in the company of witches as a demonstration of the Devil's power, under the influence of canon law.[14] It's hard to say when the English first gave the Devil the form of a horse, but the Welsh seem to have been familiar with the figure for a long time. John Rhys likens a story in the Grail Quest, in which Peredurus attempts to ride a demonic stallion, to the figure of the diabolical horse. He also cites the black stallion of Moro,[15] ridden by Gwynn ap Nudd during the hunt for twrch trwyth,[16] and the horse-eared King Marc'h.[15] Moreover, as Anatole Le Braz reports, the figure of the demonic horse is known in the folklore of many Celtic countries, as Welsh folklore mentions numerous stories of revenants, some of whom appear mounted on headless horses to run the countryside all night long, as well as the psychopomp horse of death, which is white or black with a fiery gaze. The Devil transforms himself into a horse in Cornish and Breton folklore, and in Ireland, a popular belief has it that an evil spirit will prowl around a house where someone has recently died in the form of "a horse with a big tail".[7]

March Malaen as a scourge in triads of Britain

See also: Welsh mythology
Further information: Triads of Britain


Note

  1. ^ Iolo Morganwg would be pronounced "YOlo morGAnoug" according to IPA transcription standards.
  2. ^ March - "R" [ɾ] is "rolled" in the manner of Italian rosso ['ɾos;o̯], followed by the phoneme [x] transcribing the sound of the "CH" block, i.e. a pronunciation close to the initial of the word jota ['xota] in Spanish or the ending of the name Bach [bax] in German. Malein - The Welsh orthographic combination in "AE" restores the phonetic diphthong [aɪ], as in English my mind [maɪ maɪnd].
  3. ^ The original version of The steed of Malen
  4. ^ "It has disappeared on Malaen's horse"

References

  1. ^ a b c Chevalier, Jean; Gheerbrant, Alain (1982). Dictionnaire des symboles (in French) (1 ed.). p. 226.
  2. ^ MacCulloch 2008, pp. 107–108.
  3. ^ Milin 1991, p. 138.
  4. ^ a b Société de mythologie française 1989, p. 89.
  5. ^ a b The Cambro-Briton. Vol. 1. J. Limbird. 1820. p. 125–126..
  6. ^ Cambrian quarterly magazine and Celtic repertory. Vol. 3. Pub. for the proprietors by H. Hughes. 1831. p. 25..
  7. ^ a b Le Braz 2009, p. 328.
  8. ^ Hastings 2003, p. 103.
  9. ^ a b Rhys 2004, p. 607.
  10. ^ Mandon, Tristan. "BESTIAIRE Deuxième section : Du Cheval au Cygne…" (PDF). racines traditions free fr. Les Origines de l’Arbre de Mai dans la cosmogonie runique des Atlantes boréens (in French). Retrieved 19 May 2010..
  11. ^ Baxter & Lhuyd 1733, p. 177.
  12. ^ Hartwell, Jones G (2012). Celtic Britain and the Pilgrim Movement. Londres: Society of Cymmrodorion. p. 252. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
  13. ^ Faux 1863, p. 270.
  14. ^ Owen 2009, p. 39.
  15. ^ a b Rhys 2004, p. 608.
  16. ^ Rhys 1971, p. 361.
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