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Coordinates: 56°12′N 24°45′E / 56.200°N 24.750°E / 56.200; 24.750
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{{Short description|City in Aukštaitija Region, Lithuania}}
{{Short description|City in Aukštaitija Region, Lithuania}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement <!--more fields are available for this Infobox--See Template:Infobox Settlement-->
{{Infobox settlement <!--more fields are available for this Infobox--See Template:Infobox Settlement-->
|name = Biržai
|name = Biržai
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|timezone_DST=[[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
|timezone_DST=[[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
|utc_offset_DST=+3
|utc_offset_DST=+3
|website= http://www.birzai.lt/
|website= {{URL|https://birzai.lt/}}
}}
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==References==
==References==
{{commons category|Biržai}}
{{commons category|Biržai}}
* [http://www.birzai.lt/ Official website of Biržai district municipality]
* [https://birzai.lt/ Official website of Biržai district municipality]
* [http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~4414~410003:Seconde-partie-de-la-carte-d-Europe?qvq=q:World_Area=%22Europe%22+;sort:Pub_Date,Pub_List_No_InitialSort;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&mi=60&trs=482] Historical map of Lithuania by [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Jean Baptiste]] Bourguignon Anville with Birze
* [http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~4414~410003:Seconde-partie-de-la-carte-d-Europe?qvq=q:World_Area=%22Europe%22+;sort:Pub_Date,Pub_List_No_InitialSort;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&mi=60&trs=482] Historical map of Lithuania by [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Jean Baptiste]] Bourguignon Anville with Birze


Revision as of 14:05, 29 September 2023

Biržai
City
Biržai Castle of the Radziwiłł family
Biržai Castle of the Radziwiłł family
Coat of arms of Biržai
Coat of arms
Biržai is located in Lithuania
Biržai
Biržai
Location of Biržai
Coordinates: 56°12′N 24°45′E / 56.200°N 24.750°E / 56.200; 24.750
Country Lithuania
Ethnographic regionAukštaitija
County Panevėžys County
MunicipalityBiržai district municipality
EldershipBiržai city eldership
Capital ofBiržai district municipality
Biržai city eldership
Širvėna eldership
First mentioned1455
Granted Town rights1589
Population
 (2020)
 • Total10,146
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Websitebirzai.lt

Biržai (pronunciationⓘ, known also by several alternative names) is a city in northern Lithuania. Biržai is famous for its reconstructed Biržai Castle manor, and the whole region is renowned for its many traditional-recipe beer breweries.

Names

The exact origin of the city name is not clear, but it is related to the Lithuanian word beržas (which means birch).[1] The name of the city in other languages includes German: Birsen; Polish: Birże, Russian: Биржай (and pre-1917 Биржи); Yiddish: בירז, romanized: Birzh[2]. It is simplified to Birzai in English.

History

Privilege granted to Biržai by Władysław IV Vasa

The city's first written mention dates to 1455. The construction of Biržai Castle began in 1586, and the town was granted Magdeburg Rights in 1589.[3] In 1575, as preparation for the castle's construction, a dam was built on the Agluona and Apaščia Rivers at their confluence, and the artificial Lake Širvėna, covering about 40 km2 (15 sq mi), was created. It is the oldest surviving artificial lake in Lithuania. The town's history is closely associated with the Radziwiłł family (Lithuanian: Radvila). Jerzy Radziwiłł was the first noble to settle in the city. Later, after his daughter, Barbara Radziwiłł married the Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland Sigismund II Augustus in 1547, the power and influence of the family grew immensely. The Radvila family established a Protestant church and school, and the town became a cultural center of the Protestant Reformation in Lithuania.

The local community of Lithuanian Jews, which settled in the Duchy of Biržai at the end of the 16th century, was influential, establishing an interest-free loan society, two major flour mills, and an international linen export business.[2] The Islamic Lipka Tatars performed military, police, and postal duties for the Radziwill family.[4]

Engraving of Biržai Castle and city in 17th century

During the Wars with Sweden, Biržai Castle was an important point of defence. In 1625, Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, attacked the castle with 8,000 soldiers and it was forced to surrender. The castle was left in ruins and was rebuilt, only to be burnt in 1655. In 1662–1669, it was rebuilt again in Renaissance style. On 9 March 1701, August II the Strong and Peter I of Russia (Peter the Great) signed a pact in the castle to unite their forces against Sweden. However, in 1704 the castle was completely destroyed and was left in ruins until its restoration in the 1990s.

Tyszkiewicz Palace in Astravas suburb

The town's population suffered greatly due to wars and religious conflicts between the Protestants and Catholics. In the late 18th century, Biržai lost its town rights. The Radziwiłłs lost their wealth and influence, and Biržai was sold to the Tyszkiewicz family to cover debts in 1811. In 1849–1862, the Tyszkiewicz family built a neoclassic Astravas Manor palace across the lake from the site of the original castle.

In 1869 the town had about 2,600 residents. Thirty years later the population had grown to 4,400.

During World War II, the entire Jewish population of Biržai was annihilated. 15 Jews were shot to death by German soldiers at the Biržai Jewish cemetery in July 1941.[5] On 8 August 1941, Gestapo and Lithuanian collaborators murdered the entire Jewish population of the town, some 2,400 people, by shooting them to death at a mass grave in a forest grove 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) outside the town.[6] The town was almost completely burned down during the war. Oldtown was destroyed.

In 1968 the population reached 10,000. Currently there are 15,000 people living in Biržai.

Architecture

Street of Vytautas, Birzai, 1930-40s Photographer Petras Loceris (1892-1973)

After the unrest and conflicts have settled down, from the 19th-century wooden residential houses prevailed and with an ongoing industrial revolution at the time, asbestos or metal-sheet roofing was common. With the majority of buildings being wooden, masonry buildings eventually emerged to battle cold winters and hot summers. In the early 20th century, central roads were cobblestone. During the World Wars, the old town was destroyed and the majority of wooden buildings in the main street burned down.

During the Soviet rule, the town's population grew twice its previous size. To accommodate the growth, around 60 new apartment buildings were constructed and main streets asphalted. There was also an increase in new houses being built from bricks instead of wood, and the majority of them were left not plastered.

Work in progress and finished renovations in 2018

With the help of European Union's Development Assistance grants, the town was able to regain a unique style - since 2014 numerous apartment building renovations were carried out with more planned, the road infrastructure is being improved and some new constructions built to attract visitors and to restore the historic appearance.

Biržai Castle Arsenal reconstructed in 2013 to restore a historic look of the Castle's yard
32 meters tall canoe-shaped Kirkilai Tower with a viewpoint to Kirkilai Lakes opened in 2015. The architects of the observation tower are Giedrius Akelis, Lina Šantaraitė

Geography

Sinkhole formed in December, 2004

The northern part of the town, along with Lake Širvėna, lies within Biržai Regional Park. About 9,000 sinkholes have been identified in the park,[7] formed abruptly after gypsum in the soil has been dissolved by underground water. Some of these holes are dry, while others have become small ponds or lakes filled with water from the many underground rivers and streams. New holes appear annually. According to local legend, the 20-meter-deep sinkhole known as Karves ola (Cow's Cave) was discovered by a farmer after his cow disappeared. A tunnel at its bottom leads to a cave and underground lake.[8]

Climate

Climate data for Biržai (1961-1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 8.4
(47.1) 		13.0
(55.4) 		18.8
(65.8) 		26.1
(79.0) 		30.7
(87.3) 		33.3
(91.9) 		33.7
(92.7) 		33.3
(91.9) 		28.9
(84.0) 		22.7
(72.9) 		16.2
(61.2) 		10.5
(50.9) 		33.7
(92.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −3.1
(26.4) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		2.5
(36.5) 		10.1
(50.2) 		17.6
(63.7) 		21.0
(69.8) 		22.0
(71.6) 		21.3
(70.3) 		16.2
(61.2) 		10.2
(50.4) 		3.6
(38.5) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		9.9
(49.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −5.7
(21.7) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		5.5
(41.9) 		12.1
(53.8) 		15.7
(60.3) 		16.7
(62.1) 		15.9
(60.6) 		11.4
(52.5) 		6.7
(44.1) 		1.5
(34.7) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		5.9
(42.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −8.6
(16.5) 		−8.4
(16.9) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		1.7
(35.1) 		6.7
(44.1) 		10.3
(50.5) 		11.8
(53.2) 		11.0
(51.8) 		7.4
(45.3) 		3.4
(38.1) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		−5.9
(21.4) 		2.0
(35.6)
Record low °C (°F) −35.1
(−31.2) 		−35.5
(−31.9) 		−29.5
(−21.1) 		−16.7
(1.9) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		0.1
(32.2) 		3.5
(38.3) 		0.4
(32.7) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		−10.8
(12.6) 		−20.4
(−4.7) 		−31.4
(−24.5) 		−35.5
(−31.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 32
(1.3) 		24
(0.9) 		34
(1.3) 		40
(1.6) 		52
(2.0) 		58
(2.3) 		77
(3.0) 		71
(2.8) 		64
(2.5) 		55
(2.2) 		52
(2.0) 		46
(1.8) 		605
(23.8)
Source: NOAA[9]

Notable people

Saint John the Baptist church
Biržai panorama

Sport

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Biržai.

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Lietuvos miestų pavadinimų kilmė – tik upės ir pavardės?" [The origin of Lithuanian city names - only rivers and surnames?]. Delfi (in Lithuanian). 28 January 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  2. ^ a b "BIRZAI: Kovno". International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
  3. ^ "Istorija" (in Lithuanian). City of Biržai. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  4. ^ "SUMMARY - ŽIEMGALA INVESTIGATIONS". Žiemgala Journal. Archived from the original on 23 August 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
  5. ^ "Mass Murder of the Jews at Biržai Jewish Cemetery". Holocaust Atlas of Lithuania. Vilna Gaon State Jewish Museum. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  6. ^ "Mass Murder of the Jews from Biržai at the Pakamponys Forest". Holocaust Atlas of Lithuania. Vilna Gaon State Jewish Museum. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  7. ^ "PROJECT ENVIRONMENT". European Commission. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
  8. ^ Mullett, Adam (18 June 2008). "A visit to holey ground". The Baltic Times. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
  9. ^ "Biržai Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
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