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{{Short description|Arrest made by a private citizen}}
A '''citizen's arrest''' is an [[arrest]] made by a [[private citizen]] – that is, a person who is not acting as a sworn [[Police officer|law-enforcement official]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=va&vol=1022703&invol=1 |title=HUDSON v. COMMONWEALTH, Record No. 022703., September 12, 2003 - VA Supreme Court - FindLaw |work=FindLaw |year= 2009 |access-date=20 April 2014}}</ref> In [[common law]] jurisdictions, the practice dates back to [[medieval England]] and the [[English common law]], in which [[sheriff]]s encouraged ordinary citizens to help apprehend law breakers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Robbins|first=Ira P.|title=Vilifying the Vigilante: A Narrowed Scope of Citizen's Arrest|url=https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1435&context=cjlpp|journal=Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy|volume=25}}</ref>

Despite the practice's name, in most countries the arresting person is usually designated as a ''person'' with arrest powers, who need not be a ''citizen'' of the country in which they are acting. For example, in [[England and Wales]], the power comes from Section 24A(2) of the [[Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/60/section/24A |title=Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 |publisher=The National Archives, UK |date=16 August 2011 |access-date=20 April 2014}}</ref> called "any person arrest". This legislation states "any person" has these powers, and does not state that they need to be a [[British nationality law|British citizen]].

==Legal and political aspects==
Anyone who makes a citizen's arrest can find themselves facing possible [[lawsuit]]s or criminal charges (e.g. charges of [[false imprisonment]], unlawful restraint, [[kidnapping]], or wrongful arrest) if the wrong person is apprehended or a suspect's [[civil rights]] are violated.<ref>{{cite web|title=REGINA -V- SELF; CACD 25 FEB 1992|url=http://swarb.co.uk/regina-v-self-cacd-25-feb-1992/|website=SWARB.CO.UK|access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref> This is especially true when police forces are attempting to determine who an aggressor is. Private citizens do not enjoy the same immunity from civil liability when making arrests on other private citizens as police officers do.

The level of responsibility that a person performing a citizen's arrest may bear depends on the jurisdiction. For instance, in [[France]] and [[Germany]], a person stopping a criminal from committing a crime, including crimes against belongings, is not [[criminal responsibility|criminally responsible]] as long as the means employed are in proportion to the threat. In both countries, this results from a different legal norm, "aid to others in immediate danger", which is concerned with prevention, not prosecution, of crimes.

==Laws by country==

===Australia===

In [[Australia]], the power to arrest is granted by both [[Government of Australia|federal]] and [[States and Territories of Australia|state]] legislation; however, the exact power granted differs depending on jurisdiction. The power to arrest for a federal offence is granted by section 3Z of the ''[[Crimes Act 1914]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legislation.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/ActCompilation1.nsf/0/612E850EF1814DE9CA257344000972EE/$file/CrimesAct1914Vol1_WD02.pdf |title=ComLaw Home |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |date=1 October 2012 |access-date=20 April 2014}}</ref> Under the Act, a [[person (law)|person]] who is not a [[police constable]] may, without [[warrant (law)|warrant]], arrest another person if they believe on [[reasonable suspicion|reasonable grounds]] that:

*the other person is committing or has just committed an [[indictable offence]]; and
*proceedings by [[summons]] against the other person would not: ensure the appearance of the person before a court in respect of the offence; prevent a repetition or continuation of the offence or the commission of another offence; prevent the concealment, loss or destruction of evidence relating to the offence; prevent harassment of, or interference with, a person who may be required to give evidence in proceedings in respect of the offence; prevent the fabrication of evidence in respect of the offence; or would not preserve the safety or welfare of the person.

A person who arrests another person must, as soon as practicable after the arrest, arrange for the other person, and any property found on the other person, to be delivered into the custody of a constable.

Generally speaking, as regards the law in Australia: Where it is clear on the evidence that a private citizen, or [[security guard|security officer]], in detaining a suspect, acted reasonably and the suspect unreasonably, then it is likely that the court will find in favour of the citizen or security officer and against the suspect if that suspect chooses, later, to sue the citizen for assault or false imprisonment. In other circumstances where, e.g. a property owner (or an agent) arrests a thief in a manner, and in circumstances, disproportionate to the likely harm to the victim, and in clear defiance of the rights of the suspect (for example, to be taken forthwith to a police station), then the court is very likely to find in favour of the suspect (guilty or otherwise). The courts may order [[restitution|compensation]] for such suspects in appropriate circumstances.

====New South Wales====

In the [[Australia]]n state of [[New South Wales]], the power to arrest is granted to anyone who is not a [[police officer]] by section 100 of the ''Law Enforcement (Powers and Responsibilities) Act 2002'' (NSW).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legalaid.nsw.gov.au/publications/factsheets-and-resources/police-powers |title=Police powers - Legal Aid NSW |publisher=NSW Government |date=15 November 2013 |access-date=20 April 2014}}</ref> Under the Act, a person may, without a [[warrant (law)|warrant]], arrest another person if:
*the person is in the act of committing an [[offence (law)|offence]] under any Act or statutory instrument, or
*the person has just committed any such offence, or
*the person has committed a serious indictable offence for which the person has not been [[trial|tried]].

Section 231 of the Act allows the use of such force as is "reasonably necessary to make the arrest or to prevent the escape of the person after arrest". A person who arrests another person under section 100 must, as soon as is reasonably practicable, take the person, and any [[personal property|property]] found on the person, before a [[magistrate]] to be dealt with according to law. The [[magistrate]] will also decide whether or not the force applied in making the arrest was reasonable under the circumstances.

According to the [[Law Society of New South Wales]], the arresting person should:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawsociety.com.au |title=Homepage - Law Society of NSW |publisher=The Law Society of New South Wales |year=2009 |access-date=20 April 2014}}</ref>
*inform the person that they are under arrest and
*inform the person of the reasons for the arrest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawsociety.com.au/community/publicationsandfaqs/legalquestions/Underarrest/025900 |title=Law Society of New South Wales - Under arrest? |publisher=Law Society of New South Wales |access-date=20 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220170852/http://www.lawsociety.com.au/community/publicationsandfaqs/legalquestions/Underarrest/025900 |archive-date=20 February 2014 }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=March 2020}}

====Queensland====

In the [[Australia]]n state of [[Queensland]], the power to arrest is granted by section 546 of Schedule 1 to the ''[[Criminal law of Australia#Queensland|Criminal Code Act 1899]]'' (Qld).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/CURRENT/C/CriminCode.pdf |title=Criminal Code Act 1899 - CriminCode.pdf |publisher=Government of Queensland, Australia |date=27 November 2013 |access-date=20 April 2014}}</ref> Under the Act, any person who [[in flagrante delicto|finds another committing]] an [[offence (law)|offence]] may, without [[warrant (law)|warrant]], arrest the other person. The power to arrest in Queensland also allows for arrest on suspicion of an offence:
{{blockquote|If the offence has been actually committed–it is lawful for any person who believes on reasonable ground that another person has committed the offence to arrest that person without warrant, whether that other person has committed the offence or not.}}

Section 260 of the Act also provides a power to arrest in preventing a [[breach of the peace]]:
{{blockquote|It is lawful for any person who witnesses a breach of the peace to interfere to prevent the continuance or renewal of it, and to use such force as is reasonably necessary for such prevention and is reasonably proportioned to the danger to be apprehended from such continuance or renewal, and to detain any person who is committing or who is about to join in or to renew the breach of the peace for such time as may be reasonably necessary in order to give the person into the custody of a police officer.}}

Following the arrest, the person arrested must, without delay, be handed over to a justice of the peace or police officer, in accordance with section 552 of the Criminal Code. Legal advice should then be sought to avoid any possible legal action for wrongful arrest, false imprisonment or assault.<ref>{{cite web |title=Personal safety |url=http://www.legalaid.qld.gov.au/Find-legal-information/Criminal-justice/Offences/Personal-safety |website=Legal Aid Queensland |access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref>

====South Australia====

Section 271 of the ''Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935'' (SA) grants arrest powers to a person in [[South Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/clca1935262/s271.html |title=South Australia Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 Section 271 |publisher=Australasian Legal Information Institute |date=1 January 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014}}</ref>

{{blockquote|s271(3): A person is liable to arrest and detention under this section if the person is in the act of committing, or has just committed an indictable offence; or theft (whether the theft is a summary or indictable offence); or an offence against the person (whether the offence is summary or indictable); or an offence involving interference with, [[vandalism|damage]] to or destruction of property (whether the offence is summary or indictable).}}

====Tasmania====

Under the ''Police Offences Act 1935'' ([[Tasmania|Tas]]), section 55(3), any person may arrest any other person whom they find committing an offence, where they have reasonable grounds to believe that the conduct will create or may involve substantial injury to another person, serious danger of such injury, loss of property or serious injury to property. Section 55(5) states "For the purposes of this section, a person is said to be 'found offending' if he does any act, or makes any omission, or conducts or behaves himself, and thereby causes a person who finds him reasonable grounds for believing that he has, in respect of such act, omission, or conduct, committed an offence against this Act." There are further provisions in section 301 of the ''Criminal Code Act 1924'' (Tas) that appear to allow a sliding scale of force in executing an arrest.

====Victoria====

In the Australian state of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], the power to arrest is granted in section 458 of the ''[[Crimes Act 1958]]'' (Vic).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/hist_act/ca195882/ |title=Crimes Act 1958 |publisher=Australasian Legal Information Institute |date=20 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014}}</ref> It states that a person may, without a [[warrant (law)|warrant]], arrest a person that they find committing an offence for one or more of the following reasons:
*to ensure the appearance of the offender in court, and/or
*to preserve public order, and/or
*to prevent the continuation or repetition of the offence, or the commission of a further offence, and/or
*for the safety or welfare of the public or the offender.

A person may also arrest another person if they are instructed to do so by a member of the police force, or if they believe on reasonable grounds that the offender is escaping legal custody.

Section 461 states that if an arrest is made under section 458 of the ''Crimes Act'', and is later proven to be false, then the arrest itself will not be considered unlawful if it was made on reasonable grounds. Section 462A allows any person the right to use force "not disproportionate to the objective as he believes on reasonable grounds to be necessary to prevent the commission, continuance or completion of an indictable offence or to effect or assist in effecting the lawful arrest of a person committing or suspected of committing any offence".

====Western Australia====

It was only in 2004 that the [[Western Australia]]n parliament repealed the provisions of the former section 47 of the ''Police Act 1892'' which allowed any person to arrest without a warrant "any reputed common [[prostitute]], [[thief]], loose, idle or [[disorderly conduct|disorderly person]], who, within view of such person apprehending, shall offend against this Act, and shall forthwith deliver him to any constable or police officer of the place where he shall have been apprehended, to be taken and conveyed before a Justice, to be dealt with according to law ..." A private citizen would have found it rather difficult to interpret the terms "loose" or "idle" with any degree of [[legal certainty]]. Citizen's arrest powers are now in section 25 of the ''Criminal Investigation Act 2006'' (WA).

====The Territories====

;[[Northern Territory]]
:Under section 441(2) of the Criminal Code of the Northern Territory, any person can arrest another whom (s)he finds committing an offence or behaving such that he or she believes on reasonable grounds that the offender has committed an offence and that an arrest is necessary for a range of specified reasons.

;[[Australian Capital Territory]]
: See the ''Crimes Act 1900'' (ACT), section 218, which permits a citizen's arrest.

===Austria===
In [[Austria]], citizen's arrests (''{{lang|de|Anhalterecht Privater}}'') can be made under §&nbsp;80&nbsp;Abs&nbsp;2&nbsp;StPO (code of penal procedures).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Dokumentnummer=NOR40181029|title = RIS - Strafprozeßordnung 1975 § 80 - Bundesrecht konsolidiert}}</ref> The person making the arrest is allowed to hold the arrestee solely for the purpose of turning him over to a proper legal authority such as the police.

===Brazil===
In [[Brazil]], a Federal law<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jusbrasil.com.br/legislacao/anotada/2341030/art-301-do-codigo-processo-penal-decreto-lei-3689-41 |title=Art. 301 do Código Processo Penal - Decreto Lei 3689/41 |language=pt |publisher=Jusbrasil.com.br |access-date=30 April 2013}}</ref> allows any person to arrest a suspect criminal found in flagrante delicto or fleeing from the crime scene. The person has to, at his/her own judgment, have the physical power to keep the suspect detained, has to verbally explain what (s)he is doing to the arrestee and has to call the police. Both have to wait for the arrival of the police. The person who makes a citizen's arrest has to sign the police forms as a witness and explain the facts. Typically it will lead to a time burden of at least two hours. If the facts cannot be verified the person who realizes the citizen's arrest might be sued by the arrestee.

===Canada===

====Federal law====
[[Canada]]'s blanket arrest authorities for crimes or violations of federal statutes are found in the [[Criminal Code (Canada)|Criminal Code]]. In Canada, a criminal offence is any offence that is created by a [[Federal Government of Canada|federal]] statute—there are no "provincial crimes".

Criminal offences are divided into three groups: indictable, dual procedure, and summary conviction. For the purposes of arrest, dual procedure offences are considered to be indictable.

The Criminal Code provisions related to citizen arrests<ref>See also [https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/other-autre/wyntk.html What You Need to Know About Making a Citizen's Arrest] - Canada</ref> were changed in 2012, by the Citizen's Arrest and Self-defence Act.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/AnnualStatutes/2012_9/FullText.html |title=Citizen's Arrest and Self-defence Act |publisher=Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca |access-date=22 October 2013}}</ref> As a consequence, it is now possible to make a citizen's arrest in Canada in circumstances where a "reasonable" amount of time has lapsed between the commission of a property-related offence and the arrest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/news-nouv/nr-cp/2013/doc_32865.html |title=Backgrounder: Citizen's Power of Arrest and Self-Defence and Defence of Property |publisher=Justice.gc.ca |access-date=22 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060656/http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/news-nouv/nr-cp/2013/doc_32865.html |archive-date=23 October 2013 }}</ref>

{{poemquote|'''CRIMINAL CODE'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/page-275.html#docCont |title=Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46) |website=Justice Laws Website |date=11 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228214707/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/page-275.html |archive-date=28 February 2012 }}</ref>
''Arrest without warrant by any person''
'''494.''' (1) Any one may arrest without warrant{{unbulleted list
|(''a'') a person whom he finds committing an indictable offence; or
|(''b'') a person who, on reasonable grounds, he believes{{unbulleted list
|(i) has committed a criminal offence, and
|(ii) is escaping from and freshly pursued by persons who have lawful authority to arrest that person.}}}}
''Arrest by owner, etc., of property''
(2) The owner or a person in lawful possession of property, or a person authorized by the owner or by a person in lawful possession of property, may arrest a person without a warrant if they find them committing a criminal offence on or in relation to that property and{{unbulleted list
|(''a'') they make the arrest at that time; or
|(''b'') they make the arrest within a reasonable time after the offence is committed and they believe on reasonable grounds that it is not feasible in the circumstances for a peace officer to make the arrest.}}
''Delivery to peace officer''
(3) Any one other than a peace officer who arrests a person without warrant shall forthwith deliver the person to a peace officer.

''For greater certainty''
(4) For greater certainty, a person who is authorized to make an arrest under this section is a person who is authorized by law to do so for the purposes of section 25.
}}

====Provincial law====
There are several arrest authorities found through the various provincial statutes. The most notable citizen's arrest authority in Ontario is found in the Trespass to Property Act, but there are others found in the Highway Traffic Act, the Liquor Licence Act, and many others.

{{poemquote|'''TRESPASS TO PROPERTY ACT'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90t21_e.htm|title=Trespass to Property Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. T.21|date=24 July 2014}}</ref>
''Arrest without warrant on premises''
'''9.''' (1) A police officer, or the occupier of premises, or a person authorized by the occupier may arrest without warrant any person he or she believes on reasonable and probable grounds to be on the premises in contravention of section 2.

''Delivery to police officer''
(2) Where the person who makes an arrest under subsection (1) is not a police officer, he or she shall promptly call for the assistance of a police officer and give the person arrested into the custody of the police officer.
}}

===China===
Chinese criminal procedure law<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?lib=law&id=9247&CGid=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907053808/http://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?lib=law&id=9247&CGid=|url-status=dead|title=Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China (2012 Amendment)|archivedate=September 7, 2015}}</ref> empowers ''any citizen'' to make citizen's arrest:

{{blockquote
|'''Article 82.''' Under any of the following circumstances, a person may be immediately taken by any citizen to a public security authority, a people's procuratorate, or a people's court for handling:{{unbulleted list
|'''(1)''' the person is committing a crime or is discovered immediately after committing a crime;
|'''(2)''' the person is wanted;
|'''(3)''' the person has escaped from incarceration; and
|'''(4)''' the person is being pursued for capture.}}
}}

===Denmark===
In [[Denmark]], pursuant to § 755 (2) of the Administration of Justice Act, anyone may arrest a person caught in the act of committing a crime or in direct connection to a crime if the criminal act is subject to public prosecution. The arrestee must as soon as possible be turned over to the police with information about the time of and reasons for the arrest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=138875#Kap69 |title=Retsplejeloven - Bekendtgørelse af lov om rettens pleje (in Dansk/Danish)- English: Administration of Justice Act - Act on Administration of Justice- retsinformation.dk |publisher=retsinformation.dk |date=24 October 2012 |access-date=20 April 2014}}</ref>
===Ethiopia===
In [[Ethiopia]], Any private person may arrest without warrant a person who has committed a flagrant offence as defined in Art. 19 and 20 of the Criminal Procedure Code where the offence is punishable with simple imprisonment for not less than
three months.<ref>Criminal Procedure Code of Ethiopia, Proclamation no. 185/1961. Art. 50 https://lawethiopia.com/index.php/volume-3/131-legislations/codes/379-criminal-procedure-code</ref> In addition Where the police call for assistance in making an arrest with or without warrant there shall be a duty to assist where assistance can be given without risk.<ref>Criminal Procedure Code of Ethiopia, Proclamation no. 185/1961. Art. 57</ref> The Criminal Procedure Code also provides that Where an arrest is made the person making the arrest shall without unnecessary delay hand over the person so arrested to the nearest police
station. <ref>Criminal Procedure Code of Ethiopia, Proclamation no. 185/1961. Art. 50</ref>
===Finland===
In [[Finland]], [http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/2011/20110806 Coercive Measures Act 22.7.2011/806] gives a right to apprehend someone in the act of committing a crime ''([[in flagrante delicto]])'' or fleeing from the crime scene, if punishment for the crime might be imprisonment or the crime is petty assault, petty theft, petty embezzlement, petty unauthorized use, petty stealing of a motor vehicle for temporary use, petty damage to property or petty fraud. A person wanted by the police (arrest warrant) can be apprehended by anyone. After the apprehension, the detainee must be handed over to the police as soon as possible. If the criminal is resisting or tries to escape, the law gives a citizen the right to use an amount of force considered necessary, when considering the nature of the crime, the behavior of the apprehended and the situation as a whole.

===France===
[[French law]] allows any civilian to arrest a person caught ''[[in flagrante delicto]]'' committing a [[felony]] or [[misdemeanor]] punishable by a jail sentence, with the obligation to immediately bring that person before the nearest officer of the '''[[Judicial police|police judiciaire]]'''.<ref>{{Cite legifrance|base=CPP|number=73}}</ref> In modern practice, one would detain the perpetrator and immediately call the nearest police, then hand over the perpetrator and any evidence to the first police officers to arrive at the scene. Use of force is not authorised.

===Germany===
Citizen's arrests (in German: ''Jedermann-Anhalte- und -Festnahmerecht'') can be made under §&nbsp;127&nbsp;I&nbsp;1&nbsp;StPO (code of penal procedures) if the arrestee is caught ''[[in flagrante delicto]]'' and either the identity of the person cannot be otherwise established immediately or they are suspected to try to flee.<ref>[http://bundesrecht.juris.de/englisch_stpo/englisch_stpo.html#p1155 §&nbsp;127&nbsp;StPO (code of penal procedures) (Germany)].</ref> The person making the arrest is allowed to hold the arrestee solely for the purpose of turning them over to a proper legal authority such as the police. German law does not establish that the crime has to be serious, nor that the person making the arrest has to actually be a citizen of Germany.
The use of force is authorized, but the force must be [[Proportionality (law)|proportional]] (''verhältnismäßig'') to the circumstances and the suspected crime.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Heinrich |first1=Bernd |last2=Reinbacher |first2=Tobias |date=2020-10-01 |title=Examinatorium Strafprozessrecht – Arbeitsblatt Nr. 22 - Vorläufige Festnahme, § 127 StPO |url=https://www.jura.uni-wuerzburg.de/fileadmin/02150500/2020/22-vorlaeufigefestnahme-2.pdf |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Universität Würzburg - Juristische Fakultät |language=de|quote=Da die Freiheitsberaubung einen schweren Grundrechtseingriff darstellt, ist wiederum – als ungeschriebene Voraussetzung – der Verhältnismäßigkeitsgrund-satz zu beachten.}}</ref>

===Hong Kong===
{{Main|Citizen's arrest in Hong Kong}}
Citizen's arrest is known as the "101 power". Under the Criminal Procedure Ordinance (cap. 221 of the Laws of Hong Kong), section 101(2) provides that "Any person may arrest without warrant any person whom he may reasonably suspect of being guilty of an arrestable offence" using "force as is [[reasonable person|reasonable]] and proportionate in the circumstances".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201411/26/P201411260507.htm |title=Reply by the Secretary for Justice, Mr Rimsky Yuen, SC, in the Legislative Council|website=news.gov.hk}}.</ref> Once an arrest is made, the [[suspect]] must be delivered to a police office as soon as possible for court proceedings. "Arrestable offence" is defined as any crimes that can be sentenced for more than 12 months of jail time.<ref>[https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap221/s101 Criminal Procedure Ordinance (Hong Kong), Chapter 221, Section 101].</ref>

===Hungary===
According to article 273 of ''Act XC. of 2017 concerning Penal Procedure'', anyone may arrest a person caught committing a felony, but is obliged to hand the person over to the "investigative authorities" immediately; if this is not possible, the police must be informed.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://net.jogtar.hu/jogszabaly?docid=A1700090.TV&celpara=273&dbnum=1&goto=2195 | title=2017. évi XC. Törvény a büntetőeljárásról - Hatályos Jogszabályok Gyűjteménye }}</ref>

===India===
Section 43, of the [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973]] states that:
{{Quotation|
#Any private person may arrest or cause to be arrested any person who in his presence commits a non-bailable and cognizable offence, or any proclaimed offender, and, without unnecessary delay, shall make over or cause to be made over any person so arrested to a police officer, or, in the absence of a police officer, take such person or cause him to be taken in custody to the nearest police station.
#If there is a reason to believe that such person comes under the provisions of Sec 41, a police officer shall re-arrest him.
#If there is a reason to believe that he has committed a non-cognizable offence, and he refuses on the demand of the police officer to give his name and residence, or gives name or residence which such officer has a reason to believe to be false, he shall be dealt with under the provisions of Sec 42, but if there is no sufficient reason to believe that he has committed any offence he shall at once be released.}}

According to this section any private person may arrest or cause to be arrested
{{ordered list|list_style_type=lower-alpha
| A person committing a non bailable and cognizable offence in his presence or
| Any proclaimed offender he shall without unnecessary delay take such person over to a police officer or to the nearest police station.}}

===Iran===
The Code of Criminal Procedure allows private citizens to detain those suspected of crimes in order to prevent their escape, so long as the crime in question is on the list of crimes subjected to citizens' arrest, the crime is evident, and law enforcement is absent from the scene.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://jclr.atu.ac.ir/article_3953_en.html|title=Citizen's Arrest in Legal System of Iran and England|first1=Nasrin|last1=Mehra|first2=Behzad|last2=Jahani|date=March 20, 2016|journal=Journal of Criminal Law Research|volume=4|issue=14|pages=35–58|via=jclr.atu.ac.ir|doi=10.22054/jclr.2016.3953}}</ref>

===Ireland===
The term "citizen's arrest" is colloquially used for arrest, without an [[arrest warrant]], made by someone other than a member of the [[Garda Síochána]].<ref name="kildarestreet2005"/> Despite the colloquial name, non-[[Irish nationality law|Irish citizens]] have performed such arrests.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/addict-battled-with-tourist-after-bid-to-steal-ring-26035236.html|title=Addict battled with tourist after bid to steal ring - Independent.ie|date=20 September 2002 |quote=American tourist Michael Lacey ... carried out a citizen's arrest.|work=[[Irish Independent]]|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> The [[law of the Republic of Ireland]], being derived from [[English law]], inherited the [[common law]] power for private individuals to arrest for [[felony]] or [[breach of the peace]].<ref name="kildarestreet2005" /> The Criminal Law Act 1997 abolished the common-law distinction between felonies and [[misdemeanour]]s and instead distinguishes "[[arrestable offence|arrestable]]" and "non-arrestable" offences; arrestable offences are those punishable by at least five years' imprisonment, and private individuals may arrest those [[In flagrante delicto|''in flagrante'']], having committed, or about to commit an arrestable offence.<ref name="Owen1996">{{cite web|url=http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/committeetakes/JUS1996112600005#N12|title=Criminal Law Bill, 1996: Section 4|last=Owen|first=Nora |author-link=Nora Owen|date=26 November 1996|work=Select Committee on Legislation and Security proceedings|publisher=Oireachtas|page=4|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="kildarestreet2005">{{cite web|url=https://www.kildarestreet.com/wrans/?id=2005-09-29.897.0|title=Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform: Citizen's Arrests|date=29 September 2005|work=Dáil Éireann: Written answers|publisher=KildareStreet.com|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="cla1997">{{cite web|url=http://revisedacts.lawreform.ie/eli/1997/act/14/revised/en/html#SEC2 |title=Criminal Law Act 1997; §§ 2–4 |date=30 June 2016|work=Revised Acts |publisher=[[Law Reform Commission (Ireland)|Law Reform Commission]]|access-date=11 March 2018|location=Dublin}}</ref>

Several other statutes which define offences likewise state "any person may arrest" someone committing the offence; relevant offences include
[[making off without payment]],<ref name="cjtfa2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2001/act/50/section/8/enacted/en/html|title=Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act, 2001, Section 8|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>
hawking [[revenue stamp]]s,<ref name="sdca1999s31">{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1999/act/31/section/149/enacted/en/html|title=Stamp Duties Consolidation Act, 1999, Section 149|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>
and [[property damage]] — this last permits arrest for a past crime as well as one in progress.<ref name="Owen1996" /><ref name="cja1997">{{cite web|url=http://revisedacts.lawreform.ie/eli/1991/act/31/section/12/revised/en/html|title=Criminal Damage Act 1991; Section 12 |work=Revised Acts|publisher=Law Reform Commission|access-date=11 March 2018|location=Dublin}}</ref>
In addition, the Criminal Law (Jurisdiction) Act 1976 schedules offences associated with [[the Troubles]] in [[Northern Ireland]], and authorises anyone to arrest someone for committing or having committed such an offence, whether in the Republic of Ireland or Northern Ireland.<ref name="kildarestreet2005" /><ref name="cljaa1976">{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1976/act/14/section/19/enacted/en/html#sec19|title=Criminal Law (Jurisdiction) Act, 1976, Section 19|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> The 1976 act, and a similar [[Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom|Westminster act]] giving reciprocal [[Extraterritorial jurisdiction in Irish law|extraterritorial jurisdiction]], obviated the need for [[extradition]] between the jurisdictions, which would have been more controversial.<ref name="Cunningham2001">{{cite book|last=Cunningham|first=Michael|title=British Government Policy in Northern Ireland, 1969–2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGfM_efV5LIC&pg=PA26|access-date=11 March 2018|date=10 August 2001|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=9780719057670|page=26}}</ref>

If the arrester lacks [[reasonable cause]] to believe the arrested person to have committed the offence, the latter may [[law suit|sue]] the former for [[defamation]], [[wrongful arrest]], or [[trespass]].<ref name="Owen1996" /> For most offences, a private individual can only make such an arrest if the suspect would otherwise evade arrest by a Garda, and the arrester must surrender the suspect to Garda custody as soon as practicable.<ref name="cljaa1976"/><ref name="cja1997"/><ref name="cjtfa2001"/><ref name="kildarestreet2005" /> An exception is that stamp hawkers must be brought before the [[District Court (Ireland)|District Court]].<ref name="sdca1999s31"/> Citizen's arrests are rare; most often they are made by [[store detective]]s on [[shoplifting]] suspects.<ref name="Owen1996" />

===Israel===
{{wikisourcelang|he|חוק סדר הדין הפלילי (סמכויות אכיפה – מעצרים)}}
An [[Israel]]i law allowing anyone to arrest a suspect whom they witnessed carrying out a felony was repealed in 1996 and replaced by a new law allowing the detention of a suspect by another person under certain conditions. Section 75 of the Criminal Procedure Law (Enforcement Powers – Arrest) of 1996 allows anyone to detain a person who is witnessed carrying out certain suspected crimes. The crimes include the following: a felony, theft, a crime of violence and a crime which has caused serious damage to property. A person using these detention powers may use reasonable force if their request is not met as long as they do not cause the suspect bruising. They must hand the suspect over to the police immediately and no later than three hours. A citizen's arrest cannot be performed on persons whose identity is known or who are not suspected of fleeing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/055_103.htm|title=חוק סדר הדין הפלילי (סמכויות אכיפה - מעצרים), תשנ"ו-1996|website=www.nevo.co.il}}</ref> The law can be used by both private individuals and private security.

=== Italy ===
Any private citizen can, according to article 383 of the [[Italian Code of Criminal Procedure]], arrest another person, provided they are caught "''in flagranza di reato''" ([[In flagrante delicto]]) and the felony they are caught committing includes mandatory arrest from the police and is "''perseguibile d'ufficio''", meaning that the judicial authority, once received the "''notitia criminis''" (a crime report), has the duty to commence prosecution, without a party necessarily filing a complaint. The person making the arrest is legally required to hand to police the arrested person and the corpus delicti to the judicial authority, failure to do so could result in the person making the arrest committing a crime.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brocardi.it/codice-di-procedura-penale/libro-quinto/titolo-vi/art383.html|title=Art. 383 Codice di Procedura Penale|website=Brocardi.it}}</ref>

===Japan===
In [[Japan]], Section 213 of the Code of Criminal Procedure allows anyone from civilians to firefighters witnessing any crime in progress to make an arrest. This is called ''genkouhan'' (現行犯, meaning ''[[in flagrante delicto]]'').<ref>[[wikibooks:ja:刑事訴訟法第213条]]</ref> Most criminals who attempt to flee, or refuse to identify themselves, can be held until police arrive.<ref>[[wikibooks:ja:刑事訴訟法第217条]]</ref> However, making a citizen's arrest to prevent [[petty crime]] (e.g. illegal assembly, accidental injury, accidental trespass, defamation of character, leaving a parking lot without paying)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tanteisha.net/taiho.html |title=現行犯逮捕 |publisher=Tanteisha.net |access-date=30 April 2013}}</ref> is [[false imprisonment]] per Section 220 of the Criminal Code.<ref>[[wikibooks:ja:刑事訴訟法第220条]]</ref>

===Latvia===
[https://web.archive.org/web/20151017204100/http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=107820#p-457809 Criminal Procedure Law] in [[Latvia]] gives a right to any person to apprehend someone in the act of committing a crime ''([[in flagrante delicto]])'' or fleeing from the crime scene, if punishment for the crime might be imprisonment. Also a person wanted by the police, for whom there is an arrest warrant, can be arrested by anyone at any time. A person stopping a criminal from committing a crime is not criminally responsible [http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=88966&version_date=01.01.2007#p-9227 as long as the means employed are in proportion to the threat]. The arrested person must be handed over to the police immediately.

{{poemquote
|'''CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW'''<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/Criminal_Procedure_Law.doc
|title=Archived copy
|access-date=2013-07-22
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130021037/http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/Criminal_Procedure_Law.doc
|archive-date=2013-01-30
}}.</ref>
''Section 265. Detention Procedures''
'''(3)''' If there is a clear connection between a person and a committed criminal offence regarding which a punishment related to the deprivation of liberty may be applied, and such person is located at the location where the criminal offence was committed or flees from such site, or if a search for the person regarding the committing of such criminal offence has been announced, such person may be detained by anyone and shall immediately be transferred to the nearest police employee.
}}

{{blockquote|
'''THE CRIMINAL LAW'''<ref>[http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/The_Criminal_Law.doc The Criminal Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314063903/http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/The_Criminal_Law.doc |date=2012-03-14 }} .</ref>
''Section 31. Detention Causing Personal Harm''
{{unbulleted list
|'''(1)''' Detention causing personal harm is an act which is directed against such person as is committing or has committed a criminal offence. Criminal liability for this act shall not apply if the harm allowed to be effected to the person is not evidently disproportionate to the character of the offence, non-compliance or resistance.
|'''(2)''' A person who, in carrying out detention, has violated conditions regarding the detention, shall be liable for violating such conditions.
|'''(3)''' If the acts by which harm has been caused to the person to be detained have not been necessary for his or her arrest, liability on a general basis applies for the harm caused.
|'''(4)''' The causing of harm to the detained person through negligence shall not be criminally punishable.
}}
}}

===Malaysia===
Section 27(1) of the ''Criminal Procedure Code'' allows for a private person to arrest a person who, in his view, has committed a seizable offence or a non-bailable offence:<ref>[http://www.agc.gov.my/agc/oth/Akta/Vol.%2012/Act%20593.pdf Criminal Procedure Code (Act 593) § 27(2)]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref>

{{blockquote|Any private person may arrest any person who, in his view, commits a non-bailable and seizable offence or who has been proclaimed under section 44 and shall without unnecessary delay hand over the person so arrested to the nearest police officer or, in the absence of a police officer, take that person to the nearest police station.}}

Sub-section 5 further allows the arrest of a person who commits an offence on or with respect to the property of another by any person who is using the property to which the injury is done, or by the servant of either of those persons or by any person authorized by or acting in aid of either of those persons:<ref>[http://www.agc.gov.my/agc/oth/Akta/Vol.%2012/Act%20593.pdf Criminal Procedure Code (Act 593) § 27(5)]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref>

{{blockquote|Any person who commits an offence on or with respect to the property of another may if his name and address are unknown be apprehended by the person injured or by any person who is using the property to which the injury is done, or by the servant of either of those persons or by any person authorized by or acting in aid of either of those persons, and may be detained until he gives his name and address and satisfies such person that the name and address so given are correct or until he can be delivered into the custody of a police officer.}}

A "seizable offence" is defined as an offence in which a police officer may ordinarily arrest without warrant as per defined by the Code.<ref>[http://www.agc.gov.my/agc/oth/Akta/Vol.%2012/Act%20593.pdf Criminal Procedure Code (Act 593) § 2(1)]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref>

===Mexico===
Article 16 of the 1917 [[Constitution of Mexico]] allows any person to arrest a criminal found ''[[in flagrante delicto]]''.<ref>[http://www.ilstu.edu/class/hist263/docs/1917const.html Constitution of Mexico, Article 16] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303014932/http://www.ilstu.edu/class/hist263/docs/1917const.html |date=3 March 2007 }}.</ref> A non-police officer doing so must immediately bring them to the nearest civil authority. A person who fails to do so may be found guilty of illegal deprivation of liberty, a crime similar to kidnapping that can result in a prison sentence for the perpetrator. In 2006, the celebrity bounty hunter [[Duane Chapman|Duane 'Dog' Chapman]] was charged with unlawful deprivation of liberty for arresting an American fugitive in Mexico and attempting to take him across the border to California without consulting police.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/2006/09/19/duane-dog-chapman-says-feds-sold-him-out-to-mexico-in-exchange-for-drug-lord/ |title=Duane 'Dog' Chapman Says Feds Sold Him Out to Mexico in Exchange for Drug Lord |publisher=Fox News |date=19 September 2006 |access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref>

===Nepal===
Section 9(8) of The National Criminal Procedure (Code) Act, 2017 states :
"If the police is not available for the time being at the time of commission of any offence, any person who is present at the time of commission of that offence or who is eye witness thereto may prevent the person committing such offence from going away or escaping and hand him or her over to the nearby police office."<ref>[http://www.moljpa.gov.np/en/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Criminal-procedure-code-Revised.pdf Criminal procedure code] moljpa.gov.np </ref>

===New Zealand===
In [[New Zealand]], some legal protection exists to those making a citizen's arrest as provided in the [[Crimes Act 1961]] in that there may be justification or protection from criminal responsibility. Justification of the arrest ensures the arresting person is not guilty of an offence and is not liable to any [[civil procedure|civil proceeding]]. Protection from criminal responsibility means those who make the arrest are not liable to any criminal proceedings. They are however liable for [[civil procedure|civil proceedings]]. The legislation is carefully worded and only applies to offences covered in the Crimes Act 1961, not other offences such as those covered in the [[Summary Offences Act 1981]].<ref name="ns.org.nz">{{cite web |url=http://www.ns.org.nz/index.html/Factsheets/CitizensArrestAndSelf-defence?action=pdf |title=Citizen's Arrest and Self-defence |access-date=8 October 2010 |publisher=Neighbourhood Support New Zealand |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604230036/http://www.ns.org.nz/index.html/Factsheets/CitizensArrestAndSelf-defence?action=pdf |archive-date=4 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Specifically, the [[Crimes Act 1961]] states that everyone (not just New Zealand citizens) is justified in arresting without warrant:<ref>[http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1961/0043/latest/DLM328250.html?search=ts_act_crimes+act#DLM328250 Crimes Act 1961, Section 35 & 36].</ref>
* Any person found committing any offence against this Act which the maximum punishment is not less than 3 years' imprisonment; or
* Any person found at night (9pm till 6am) committing any offence against this Act.

Other situations where members of the public are protected from criminal responsibility when involved in arresting where:
* They have been asked by a police officer to help arrest any person believed or suspected to have committed any offence unless they know that there is no reasonable ground for the belief or suspicion.<ref name="ns.org.nz"/><ref>[http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1961/0043/latest/DLM328250.html?search=ts_act_crimes+act#DLM328250 Crimes Act 1961, Section 34].</ref>
* They witness a breach of the peace, and therefore are justified in interfering to prevent its continuance or renewal, and may detain any person committing it, in order to hand them over to a police officer provided that the person interfering does not use more force than is reasonably necessary to prevent the continuance or renewal of the breach of the peace, or than is reasonably proportionate to the danger to be apprehended from its continuance or renewal.<ref>[http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1961/0043/latest/DLM328261.html?search=ts_act_crimes+act#DLM328261 Crimes Act 1961, Section 42].</ref> Similar legislation applies to suppressions of riots by members of the public.<ref>[http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1961/0043/latest/DLM328262.html?search=ts_act_crimes+act#DLM328262 Crimes Act 1961, Section 43].</ref>
* They believe, on reasonable and probable grounds, someone has committed an offence against the Crimes Act 1961 and is fleeing and is being pursued by any one they believe can arrest that person for the offence (such as a police officer). This applies whether or not the offence has in fact been committed, and whether or not the arrested person committed it.<ref>[http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1961/0043/latest/DLM328253.html?search=ts_act_crimes+act#DLM328253 Crimes Act 1961, Section 38].</ref>
* The person making the arrest is entitled to perform a search on the suspect, provided (s)he is not working for the place of arrest (e.g. a security guard in a hospital).

In all cases a person making a citizens arrest must hand over the suspect to a police officer at the earliest possible time.

===Nigeria===
The Administration of Criminal Justice Act (2015) allows private citizens to arrest a person who commits a criminal offense in their presence or a person who they reasonably suspect of having committed a crime for which a police officer would be legally entitled to arrest them without a warrant. Property owners are entitled to arrest those found damaging their private property and to authorize people working for them to arrest anyone damaging their property as well. Anyone damaging public property may be arrested by a private citizen. Private citizens who make arrests are legally obligated to immediately hand over the suspect to a police officer, or, in the absence of a police officer, to turn the suspect over to the nearest police station. After turning in the suspect, the private person who made the arrest must give a formal witness statement on the circumstances of the arrest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://policehumanrightsresources.org/content/uploads/2017/09/Administration-of-Criminal-Justice-Act-2015-2.compressed.pdf?x96812|title=Administration of Criminal Justice Act (2015)}}</ref>

===Norway===
In [[Norway]], pursuant to § 176 of the Criminal Procedure Act any person may arrest a suspect caught at the scene or pursued from it. The arrestee must be handed over to the police immediately.<ref>{{cite web | title=Lov om rettergangsmåten i straffesaker (Straffeprosessloven) — Kap 14. Pågripelse og fengsling. | website=Lovdata | date=22 May 1981 | url=https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1981-05-22-25/KAPITTEL_4-2#%C2%A7176 | language=no | access-date=17 September 2023}}</ref>

===Peru===
The Code of Criminal Procedure allows private citizens to arrest persons caught ''[[in flagrante delicto]]'' in the commission of a crime. Private citizens who make an arrest are obligated to immediately turn over the detainee to the police.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2009-09-09/peru-new-provisions-on-police-detention-and-on-crimes-discovered-in-flagrante/|title=Peru: New Provisions on Police Detention and on Crimes Discovered in Flagrante|website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peruviantimes.com/10/peru-enacts-citizens-arrest-law/3220/|title=Peru enacts citizen's arrest law|date=June 10, 2009|website=News from Peru - Peruvian Times}}</ref>

===Philippines===
Although the [[Philippines]] does not have a national law covering citizen's arrest, the local government of [[Quezon City]] passed ''Ordinance 2307'' or the "Citizen's Arrest Ordinance of Quezon City". Any citizens within the Quezon City area can arrest a person even without a warrant in the instances mentioned and provided by law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJkEuaEQtW4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/MJkEuaEQtW4| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=QC ordinance allows 'citizen's arrest'|last=ABS-CBN News|date=1 November 2014|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Poland===
In [[Poland]] anyone has the right to apprehend a person caught in the act of committing an offence, or seized in a pursuit undertaken directly following the commission of an offence, if it is feared that such person may go into hiding or if his identity cannot be established. The apprehended person should be surrendered to the police without delay.<ref>[https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/4172/file/Polish%20CPC%201997_am%202003_en.pdf Polish Code of Criminal Procedure Act of 6 June 1997] [https://www.lexlege.pl/kpk/art-243/ Article 243].</ref>

===Portugal===

In Portugal one is not [[civil liability|civilly liable]] for restraining another person as long as one has used proportional force in order to defend themselves or someone else or anyone's property, under Articles 336, 337 and 339 of the [[Portuguese Civil Code]] ([[self defense]], [[necessity (tort)|necessity]] and alike), and as long as there is an impossibility to resort to [[law enforcement]]. The main requirement of [[principle of proportionality|proportionality]] is that one does not give way to property rights over personal rights, the latter prevailing at all costs. There is also an exception to the proportionality principle which applies when, even though the defensive violence was excessive, it was triggered by a legitimate fear of the offended.

With regards to the criminal aspects of the citizen's arrest, Article 255 of the Portuguese Code of Criminal Procedure gives any person the right to detain another [[in flagrante delicto]] if and only if the latter's conduct in question is punishable with [[imprisonment]] by law and the criminal procedure does not require private complaint, and no law enforcement authority is available in due time. The arrester must immediately bring the detainee into the custody of law enforcement.

=== Russia ===
In [[Russia]], any person is allowed to arrest someone in the act of committing a crime pursuant to articles 37 and 38 of the [[Criminal Code of Russia]] and the Ruling of the Plenum of the [[Supreme Court of Russia]] of 27 September 2012 if the person performing the arrest is certain that the arrestee has committed a crime. The arrest must be carried out with applying as little force as required for the apprehension and the arrestee should be surrendered to the [[Police of Russia|police]] without delay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rg.ru/2012/10/03/plenum-dok.html|title=Постановление Пленума ВС РФ о применении судами законодательства о необходимой обороне и причинении вреда при задержании лица, совершившего преступление|website=Российская газета|language=ru|access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref>

===Serbia===
In Serbia anybody can arrest somebody in the act of committing a crime that the arrested would otherwise be pursued after in official capacity, provided that the police are notified.

=== Spain ===
In [[Spain]], any person is allowed to arrest someone in the act of committing a crime or a fugitive as described in article 490 of the [[Criminal Code (Spain)|Criminal Code of Spain]].

===Sweden===
In [[Sweden]], any person may arrest someone in the act of committing a crime, or fleeing from the crime scene, if the crime committed is punishable by imprisonment. A person wanted by the police, for whom there is an arrest warrant, can be arrested by anyone at any time. After the arrest, the police must be contacted as soon as possible.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 January 1999|title=The Swedish Code of Criminal Procedure, Ch 24 Sect 7|url=https://www.government.se/49e41c/contentassets/a1be9e99a5c64d1bb93a96ce5d517e9c/the-swedish-code-of-judicial-procedure-ds-1998_65.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831101826/https://www.government.se/49e41c/contentassets/a1be9e99a5c64d1bb93a96ce5d517e9c/the-swedish-code-of-judicial-procedure-ds-1998_65.pdf |archive-date=2019-08-31 }}</ref>

Security guards and others working with preventing crime but are not police officers, have this law as justification to arrest thieves and other they encounter.

===Switzerland===
According to the Swiss Criminal Procedure Code §&nbsp;218,<ref>[https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/20052319/index.html#a218 Swiss Criminal Procedure Code §&nbsp;218].</ref> citizens have the right to arrest a person when there is insufficient time to obtain police assistance, provided that
{{Ordered list |list_style_type=lower-alpha
| they have caught the person in the act of committing a felony or misdemeanour or they have encountered the person immediately after committing such an offence; or
|the public have been requested to assist in tracing of the person concerned.
}}

When making an arrest, private individuals may only use force as a last resort and any force used must be reasonable. Arrested persons must be handed over to the police as quickly as possible.

===Taiwan===
An arrest without a warrant is explicitly forbidden by the Article 8 in the [[Constitution of the Republic of China]], "except in case of flagrante delicto as provided by law", as shown below:

{{poemquote|
'''The Code of Criminal Procedure'''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawSearchNo.aspx?PC=C0010001&DF=&SNo=88 | title=Error Message - Laws & Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan) }}</ref>
''Article 88: Arrest without a Warrant''
{{unbulleted list
|A person in flagrante delicto may be arrested without a warrant by any person.
|A person in flagrante delicto is a person who is discovered in the act of committing an offense or immediately thereafter.
|A person is considered to be in flagrante delicto under one of the following circumstances:
{{unbulleted list
|'''(1)''' One is pursued with cries that he is an offender;
|'''(2)''' One is found in possession of a weapon, stolen property, or other items sufficient to warrant a suspicion that he is an offender or his body, clothes and the like show traces of the commission of an offense sufficient to warrant such suspicion.
}}
}}
}}

However, the first additional circumstance, i.e. "pursued with cries" has been considered ambiguous in recent years, leading to many ongoing discussions and controversies of whether this would cause an infringement of the personal freedom.

===Turkey===

[[Turkey|Turkish]] Criminal Procedure Code states:<ref>[http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/4257/file/Turkey_CPC_2009_en.pdf Turkish Criminal Procedure Code]</ref>

{{blockquote|
'''Article 90''' – (1) In the instances listed below, any individual is entitled to make an arrest of another person temporarily without a warrant:
{{unbulleted list
|a) If the other person was seen committing an offense,
|b) If the other person was under pursuit after committing an offense, if there is the possibility of escape of the person under pursuit after committing an offense or, if the establishment of his identity right away is not possible.}}
}}

===United Kingdom===

====England and Wales====
A citizen's arrest can be lawfully carried out on any person under section 24A of the [[Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984]] for an [[indictable offence]], including [[either way]] offences (in this section referred to simply as "an offence"), but with some exceptions listed below. A few examples of [[indictable]] and [[either way]] offences are [[theft]], [[criminal damage]], [[burglary]], [[assault]] occasioning [[actual bodily harm]], possession of an [[offensive weapon]] in a public place, [[possession of a controlled substance]].<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217713/offence-classifications.xls Offence classifications] gov.uk</ref>
It is thus permissible for any person to arrest without warrant:<ref name="S24A PACE">{{cite web |title=section 24A, Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/60/section/24A |website=[[legislation.gov.uk]] |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref>

*anyone who is in the act of committing an offence, or whom the arrestor has reasonable grounds for suspecting to be in the act of committing an offence, or
*where an offence has been committed, anyone who is guilty of that offence or whom the arrestor has reasonable grounds for suspecting to be guilty of it

However, both of following two conditions must also be satisfied:<ref name="S24A PACE" />

*it appears to the person making the arrest that it is not reasonably practicable for a police constable to make the arrest instead, and
*the arrestor has reasonable grounds for believing that the arrest is ''necessary'' to prevent one or more of the following:
**the person causing physical injury to themself or others,
**the person suffering physical injury,
**the person causing loss of or damage to property, or
**the person absconding before a constable can assume responsibility for them

Where an arrest is made ''after'' an offence has been committed, the person who makes the arrest must actually ''know'', not simply ''suspect'' that an offence has actually been committed. If it later turns out that an offence had not been committed, such an arrest would be unlawful.<ref>R v Self [1992] 3 All ER 476</ref>

"Any person" powers can be used to arrest ''before'' an offence occurs as long as the offence in question falls within the [[Criminal Attempts Act 1981]]. This act creates the offence of an ''attempted'' offence, as long as the offence being attempted is an [[indictable]]. For this to apply, the offence must actually be in the process of being attempted&mdash;preparatory steps are not sufficient. Furthermore, the definition of what constitutes a "crime" was clarified in ''R v Jones (Margaret)''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldjudgmt/jd060329/jones-3.htm|title = House of Lords - R v. Jones (Appellant) (On Appeal from the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)) (Formerly R v. J (Appellant)), Etc}}</ref> which stated under the S3 CLA1967 meaning, it was held to be any domestic crime in England/Wales. Kent Police have released a brief yet comprehensive [http://library.college.police.uk/docs/APPref/use-of-force-briefing.pdf guide] on reasonable force.<ref>[http://library.college.police.uk/docs/APPref/use-of-force-briefing.pdf Use of force briefing] police.uk</ref>

A citizen's arrest cannot be made:
*inside a [[polling station]], on a person who commits or is suspected of committing an offence of [[personation]] (that is, pretending to be someone else in order to vote) in elections,<ref>{{cite web |title=section 71, Electoral Administration Act 2006 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/22/section/71 |website=[[legislation.gov.uk]] |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> or
*in relation to an offence of [[Hate speech laws in the United Kingdom|stirring up racial hatred]] or stirring up religious hatred under the [[Public Order Act 1986]].<ref name="S24A PACE" />
*by someone of their own husband, wife or civil partner for the offences of theft or criminal damage where they are the victim.<ref>{{cite web |title=section 30, Theft Act 1968 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/60/section/30 |website=[[legislation.gov.uk]] |access-date=7 September 2022}}</ref>
Although a person cannot make a citizen's arrest before an offence takes place, they may use the power provided section 3 of the [[Criminal Law Act 1967]] to use [[reasonable force]] for the prevention of crime.<ref>{{cite web |title=section 3, Criminal Law Act 1967 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1967/58/section/3 |website=[[legislation.gov.uk]] |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> This would not allow a citizen's arrest before an offence takes place in this sense but would allow any person to use reasonable force to prevent an offence from occurring; for example, restraining a suspected offender who raised a brick in their hand in order to imminently smash a window. A citizen's arrest is a form of [[lawful custody]] and anyone attempting to flee would commit the offence of [[escape from lawful custody]]. Similarly, a person who uses force to resists a citizen's arrest would commit the offence of [[assault with intent to resist arrest]].

In addition to an arrest without a warrant, where an [[arrest warrant]] is issued by a court, the warrant may name people (other than police officers) who are able to use it to arrest the person against whom it has been issued.

===== Other powers =====
A citizen's arrest is a form of [[lawful custody]] and anyone attempting to flee may be guilty of attempting to [[escape from lawful custody]]. Furthermore, the offence of 'assault with intent to resist arrest or lawful apprehension or detainer of himself' may apply if the arrestee assaulted the arrestor under Section 38 of the [[Offences Against the Person Act 1861]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/24-25/100/section/38|title=Offences against the Person Act 1861}}</ref> Both assault with intent to resist arrest/lawful apprehension and escaping from lawful custody are indictable, the former being so by the mode of trial of the offence, the latter is a [[common law]] offence and therefore [[indictable]] only. Therefore, these offences—whether fully carried out or merely attempted—are citizen's arrestable in themselves.

A citizen's arrest may also be made technically for a warrant for an arrest if the offence listed is indictable as there is no law prohibiting a re-citizen's arrest or the number of times they may be arrested for it nor is there a time limit.{{cn|date=October 2022}} The warrant would satisfy the requirement for the arrester to have reasonable grounds to suspect the guilt of the arrestee. For example, if an offender failed to attend [[Crown Court]] this would satisfy two conditions for a lawful citizen's arrest at a later date – that the offence ''had'' taken place and that it was obviously indictable by way of being tried in Crown Court.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

Although not technically citizen's arrest powers, any person also has the power to arrest for a [[common law]] [[breach of the peace]] which also provides any person with a [[power of entry]]. Section 3 [[Criminal Justice Act 1967]] also provides any person the power to apprehend a person [[unlawfully at large]] e.g. an offender on a recall to prison or in the circumstances where someone has managed to [[escape from lawful custody]].

{{See also|Breach of the peace#England, Wales and Northern Ireland}}

Until 2006, there was an "any person" power of arrest under part of the [[Theft Act 1968]] in England and Wales that related to [[poaching]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/60/schedule/1|title=Paragraph 2(4) of Schedule 1 to the Theft Act 1968|website=www.legislation.gov.uk}}</ref> which was used by private [[water bailiff]]s (as opposed to [[Environment Agency]] bailiffs). This ceased to have effect as a result of a general repeal of such arrest powers by the [[Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005]].<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/15/schedule/7/paragraph/38 Paragraph 38] of Schedule 7 to the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005; commenced by [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2005/3495/article/2/made#article-2-1-m article 2(m)] of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Commencement No. 4 and Transitory Provision) Order 2005</ref> An officer or agent of certain companies may seize and detain any person who has committed an offence against the provisions of the [http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/legResults.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&title=Companies+Clauses+Consolidation+Act+1845&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&activeTextDocId=1035033 Companies Clauses Consolidation Act 1845] whose name and residence shall be but unknown to such officer or agent, and take them before a [[justice of the peace]], who "shall proceed with all convenient dispatch to the hearing and determining of the complaint against such offender".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&title=Companies+Clauses+Consolidation+Act+1845&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=1035033&ActiveTextDocId=1035211&filesize=772 |title=Companies Clauses Consolidation Act 1845 (c.16) – Statute Law Database |publisher=Statutelaw.gov.uk |access-date=24 April 2010}}</ref>

Under the [[Parliamentary procedure|Standing Orders]] of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]], the [[Serjeant at Arms of the British House of Commons|Serjeant at Arms]] has the power to take into custody any member of the public who is in a Members-only area of the House, or who misconducts themselves, or who fails to leave when the House sits in private.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmstords/539/539.pdf|title=Standing Order 161 of the House of Commons}}</ref>

Court security officers in [[England and Wales]] have the additional power to restrain and remove persons from court buildings under s53 [[Courts Act 2003]] as well as powers of search and seizure of certain articles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/39/section/53|title=Courts Act 2003|website=www.legislation.gov.uk}}</ref>

====Northern Ireland====
Similar provisions apply to Northern Ireland as to England and Wales, implemented through the Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (SI 1989/1341)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1989/uksi_19891341_en_1 |title=The Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date=25 April 2012 |access-date=20 August 2012}}</ref> as amended by the Police and Criminal Evidence (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order (SI 2007/288).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2007/uksi_20070288_en_1 |title=The Police and Criminal Evidence (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 2007 No. 288 (NI. 2) |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date=7 February 2007 |access-date=24 April 2010}}</ref>

====Scotland====
{{more citations needed|section|date=March 2020}}
While no statutory provision for citizen's arrest exists in [[Scots law]], there is a [[common law]] position that anyone committing an offence can be arrested using minimum force if necessary with consideration to what is reasonable in the relevant circumstances. The offence must be a serious one and not merely for a breach of the peace. The person exercising the power must have witnessed the offence occurring therefore they cannot act upon information from another person.

===United States of America===
In the [[United States]], a private person may [[arrest]] another without a [[arrest warrant|warrant]] for a crime occurring in their presence. However, the crimes for which this is permitted vary by state.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/08/magazine/how-to-make-a-citizens-arrest.html|title=How to Make a Citizen's Arrest|last=Wollan|first=Malia|date=6 May 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=26 April 2018|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This procedure was criticized in the state of Georgia for the potential of abuse and racial bias after the [[murder of Ahmaud Arbery]]. As a result, Georgia repealed its citizen's arrest law.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2021/05/11/995835333/in-ahmaud-arberys-name-georgia-repeals-citizens-arrest-law In Ahmaud Arbery's Name, Georgia Repeals Citizen's Arrest Law]</ref>

====Common law====
Most states have codified the common law rule that a warrantless arrest may be made by a private person for a felony, misdemeanor, or "breach of peace".<ref>{{cite web|last=Daily, JD|first=James|title=Superheroes and Citizen's Arrest|url=http://lawandthemultiverse.com/2011/03/07/superheroes-and-citizens-arrest/|work=Law and the Multiverse}}</ref> "[[Breach of the peace|Breach of peace]]" covers a multitude of violations in which the Supreme Court has even included a misdemeanor seatbelt violation punishable only by a
fine. The term historically included theft, "[[Nightwalker statute|nightwalking]]", prostitution, and playing card and dice games.<ref name="SCOTUS-Atwater">{{cite web|title=Atwater v. Lago Vista (No. 99-1408)|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/99-1408|publisher=Supreme Court of the United States}}</ref> Texas courts have defined and interpreted the term "[[breach of the peace]]" to mean an act that disturbs or threatens to disturb the tranquility enjoyed by the citizens.<ref>Ross v. State, 802
4S.W.2d 308,314-15 (Tex.App. Dallas 1990,no pet.)</ref><ref>[https://www.txcourts.gov/All_Archived_Documents/14thCOA/Case/Opinions/110900/981070f.pdf Court document] txcourts.gov</ref>

====State statutes====
Consider, for an example of this codification, California Penal Code section 837:

{{blockquote|
837. A private person may arrest another:
# For a public offense committed or attempted in his/her presence.
# When the person arrested has committed a felony, although not in his/her presence.
# When a felony has been in fact committed, and he or she has reasonable cause for believing the person arrested to have committed it.
}}

"Public offense" is read similarly as breach of peace in this case and includes felonies, misdemeanors, and infractions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://law.onecle.com/california/penal/16.html|title=California Penal Code Section 16 - California Attorney Resources - California Laws|website=law.onecle.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=People v. Landis|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/ca-superior-court/1050756.html|publisher=Appellate Division, Superior Court,Orange County.|quote="Public offenses" include infractions.  (Pen.Code § 16; People v. Tennessee (1970) 4 Cal.App.3d 788, 791, 84 Cal.Rptr. 697.}}</ref> Note that there is generally no provision for an investigative detention by a private person under the law. With certain exceptions (see below), an arrest must be made. "Holding them until the police get there" is simply a form of arrest. The officer is accepting the arrest and processing the prisoner on behalf of the private person.<ref>{{cite web|title=Citizens' Arrest |url=http://le.alcoda.org/publications/point_of_view/files/Citizen.pdf |publisher=Alameda County District Attorney's Office }}</ref>

In the case of felonies, a private person may make an arrest for a felony occurring outside their presence, but the rule is that a felony must have, in fact, been committed. For example, consider a suspect that has been seen on surveillance video vandalizing a building to the extent that the arrestor believes it rises to a felony due to the damage. If they find the suspect and make the arrest but it later turns out that it was misdemeanor damage, the arrestor is liable for [[false arrest]] because a felony had not, in fact, been committed.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

Because most states have codified their arrest laws, there are many variations. For example, in Pennsylvania, the
courts have been clear that a non-law enforcement officer cannot make an arrest for a "summary offense".<ref>{{cite web|last=Legg |first=Jason |title=From the Desk of the DA |url=http://www.susquehannacounty-da.org/PDF/pdf2008/16may08.pdf |work=Susquehanna County Office of the District Attorney |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903083247/http://www.susquehannacounty-da.org/PDF/pdf2008/16may08.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2014 }}</ref> In North Carolina, there is no de jure "citizen's arrest". Although it is essentially the same, North Carolina law refers to it as a "detention".<ref>{{cite web|title=Detention of offenders by private persons. |url=http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_15A/GS_15A-404.html |work=North Carolina General Statutes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115092943/http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_15A/GS_15A-404.html |archive-date=15 November 2012 }}</ref>

Other states seem to allow only arrests in cases of felonies, but court decisions have ruled more broadly. For example, in Virginia, the statute appears to only permit warrantless arrests by officers listed in the Code.<ref>{{cite web|title=§19.2-81 Arrest Without a Warrant|url=http://law.justia.com/codes/virginia/2006/toc1902000/19.2-81.html|work=Code of Virginia}}</ref> However, Virginia courts have upheld warrantless arrests by non-law enforcement personnel for breach of the peace misdemeanors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Edward Thomas WILSON v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/va-court-of-appeals/1175015.html|publisher=Court of Appeals of Virginia, Richmond.}}</ref> Other non-police persons are granted arrest authority by statute, in the case of those who are state-certified, armed security officers: "A registered armed security officer of a private security services business while at a location which the business is contracted to protect shall have the power to effect an arrest for an offense occurring (i) in his presence on such premises or (ii) in the presence of a merchant, agent, or employee of the merchant the private security business has contracted to protect" and "For the purposes of § 19.2-74, a registered armed security officer of a private security services business shall be considered an arresting officer."

====Use of force====
In general, a private person is justified in using non-deadly force upon another if they reasonably believe that: (1) such other person is committing a felony, or a misdemeanor amounting to a breach of the peace; and (2) the force used is necessary to prevent further commission of the offense and to apprehend the offender. The force must be reasonable under the circumstances to restrain the individual arrested. This includes the nature of the offense and the amount of force required to overcome resistance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Use of Force for Law Enforcement Purposes|url=http://www.lexisnexis.cfom/lawschool/study/outlines/html/crim/crim11.htm|work=Criminal Law Capsule Summary|publisher=LexisNexis}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Flynn|first=Michael W.|title=Citizen's Arrest |url=http://legallad.quickanddirtytips.com/citizens-arrest-2.aspx|work=Legal Lad}}</ref> In Texas, a civilian may use reasonable force, including deadly force if reasonable, to prevent an escape from a lawful citizen's arrest.<ref>Texas Penal Code 9.51(b)</ref><ref>Texas Penal Code 9.51(d)</ref>

==== Shopkeeper's (merchant's) privilege ====
In some states of the United States, the courts recognize a common law [[shopkeeper's privilege]] under which a shopkeeper is allowed to detain a suspected [[shoplifting|shoplifter]] on store property for a reasonable period of time, so long as the shopkeeper has cause to believe that the person detained in fact committed, or attempted to commit, theft of store property. The purpose of this detention is to recover the property and make an arrest if the merchant desires.<ref>W. Page, Keeton et al., ''Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts'' § 22, at 142 (5th ed. 1984)</ref>

==== Differing liability from police ====
Private persons are occasionally granted immunity from civil or criminal liability, like the police are, when arresting others.<ref>[http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/ByArticle/Chapter_15A/Article_20.pdf Enacted Legislation] ncga.state.nc.us {{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref> While the powers to arrest are similar, police are entitled to mistake of fact in most cases, while civilians can be held to a stricter liability depending on the individual state. Police can also detain anyone upon reasonable suspicion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Terry v. Ohio (392 U.S. 1 (1968)) |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/392/1/case.html |publisher=Supreme Court of the United States}}</ref> However, ordinary citizens cannot claim "[[qualified immunity]]" to attempt to defend against a civil complaint for false arrest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/qualified_immunity|title = Qualified immunity}}</ref>

==See also==
*''[[R. v. Asante-Mensah]]''
*[[Shopkeeper's privilege]]
*[[Individuals with powers of arrest]]
*[[Powers of the police in England and Wales]]
*[[Breach of the peace#England, Wales and Northern Ireland|Breach of the peace (England/Wales)]]
*[[Neighborhood watch]]
*[[Hue and cry]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Citizen's Arrest}}
[[Category:Criminal law]]
[[Category:Criminal procedure]]
[[Category:Legal terminology]]
[[Category:Vigilantism]]

[[de:Festnahme#Jedermann-Festnahme]]

Revision as of 20:17, 22 September 2023

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