Mixtec: Difference between revisions
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| align="center" colspan="6"|'''2nd Tilantongo |
| align="center" colspan="6"|'''2nd Tilantongo dynasty''' |
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|align="center"|'''[[Lord 4 Dog ''Coyote Hunter''|Lord 4 Dog<br>''Coyote Hunter'']]''' |
|align="center"|'''[[Lord 4 Dog ''Coyote Hunter''|Lord 4 Dog<br>''Coyote Hunter'']]''' |
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|align="center"| ?<br><small>Daughter of [[Lord 12 House ''Fire Serpent Flying in the Sky''|Lord 12 House]] and [[Lady 11 Alligator ''Quetzal Jewel''|Lady 11 Alligator]]</small> |
|align="center"| ?<br><small>Daughter of [[Lord 12 House ''Fire Serpent Flying in the Sky''|Lord 12 House]] and [[Lady 11 Alligator ''Quetzal Jewel''|Lady 11 Alligator]]</small> |
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| align="center" colspan="6"|'''Zaachila |
| align="center" colspan="6"|'''Zaachila-Teozacoalco dynasty''' |
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|align="center"|'''[[Lord 2 Dog ''Rope and Knives''|Lord 2 Dog<br>''Rope and Knives'']]''' |
|align="center"|'''[[Lord 2 Dog ''Rope and Knives''|Lord 2 Dog<br>''Rope and Knives'']]''' |
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|align="center"| 1409<br>[[Teozacoalco]]<br><small>Son of [[Lord 6 Deer ''Sacred Rain''|Lord 6 Deer]] and [[Lady 13 Wind ''Seed of the Broken Mountain'' of Jaltepec|Lady 13 Wind of Jaltepec]]</small> |
|align="center"| 1409<br>[[Teozacoalco]]<br><small>Son of [[Lord 6 Deer ''Sacred Rain''|Lord 6 Deer]] and [[Lady 13 Wind ''Seed of the Broken Mountain'' of Jaltepec|Lady 13 Wind of Jaltepec]]</small> |
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|align="center"| ?-after 1438 |
|align="center"| ?-after 1438 |
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|align="center"| after 1438 |
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|align="center"| [[Lady 7 Vulture ''Quetzal Fan'' of Etlatongo|Lady 7 Vulture of Etlatongo,<br>''Quetzal Fan'']]<br>seven children || Probably during his reign, the capital of the dual kingdom of Teozacoalco-Tilantongo may have returned to Tilantongo, but this fact isn't certain. |
|align="center"| [[Lady 7 Vulture ''Quetzal Fan'' of Etlatongo|Lady 7 Vulture of Etlatongo,<br>''Quetzal Fan'']]<br>seven children || Probably during his reign, the capital of the dual kingdom of Teozacoalco-Tilantongo may have returned to Tilantongo, but this fact isn't certain. |
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Revision as of 17:40, 4 August 2023
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2013) |
 Mixtec king and warlord Eight Deer Jaguar Claw (right) Meeting with Four Jaguar, in a depiction from the pre-Columbian Codex Zouche-Nuttall. | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| Approximately 830,000[1][2] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
Mexico ( Oaxaca, Puebla,  Guerrero,  Chiapas) | |
| Languages | |
| Mixtec, Spanish | |
| Religion | |
| Roman Catholicism with elements of traditional beliefs | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Zapotecs, Trique |
The Mixtecs (/ˈmiːstɛks, ˈmiːʃtɛks/),[3] or Mixtecos, are indigenous Mesoamerican peoples of Mexico inhabiting the region known as La Mixteca of Oaxaca and Puebla as well as La Montaña Region and Costa Chica Regions of the state of Guerrero. The Mixtec culture was the main Mixtec civilization, which lasted from around 1500 BC until being conquered by the Spanish in 1523.
The Mixtec region is generally divided into three subregions based on geography: the Mixteca Alta (Upper Mixtec or Ñuu Savi Sukun), the Mixteca Baja (Lower Mixtec or Ñuu I'ni), and the Mixteca Costa (Coastal Mixtec or Ñuu Andivi). The Alta is drier with higher elevations, while the Baja is lower in elevation, hot but dry, and the Coasta also low in elevation but much more humid and tropical. The Alta has seen the most study by archaeologists, with evidence for human settlement going back to the Archaic and Early Formative periods.[4] The first urbanized sites emerged here. Long considered to be part of the larger Mixteca region, groups living in the Baja were probably more culturally related to neighboring peoples in Eastern Guerrero than they were to the Mixtecs of the Alta.[5] They even had their own hieroglyphic writing system called ñuiñe.[6] The Costa only came under control of the Mixtecs during the military campaigns of the Mixtec cultural hero Eight Deer Jaguar Claw. Originally from Tilantongo in the Alta, Eight Deer and his armies conquered several major and minor kingdoms on their way to the coast, establishing the capital of Tututepec in the Lower Río Verde valley. Previously, the Costa had been primarily occupied by the Chatinos.
In pre-Columbian times, a number of Mixtec kingdoms competed and allied with each other and with Zapotec kingdoms in the Central Valleys. Like the rest of the indigenous peoples of Mexico, the Mixtec were conquered by the Spanish invaders and their indigenous allies in the 16th century. Pre-Columbian Mixtecs numbered around 1.5 million.[7] Today there are approximately 800,000 Mixtec people in Mexico, and there are also large populations in the United States. The Mixtec languages form a major branch of the Oto-Manguean language family.
Nomenclature and etymology
The term Mixtec (Mixteco in Spanish) comes from the Nahuatl word mixtecah [miʃˈtekaʔ], "cloud people". There are many names that the Mixtecs have for naming themselves: ñuù savi, nayívi savi, ñuù davi, nayivi davi.[pronunciation?] etc. All these denominations can be translated as 'the land of the rain'.[8] The historic homeland of Mixtec people is La Mixteca, called in Mixtec language Ñuu Savi,[pronunciation?] Ñuu Djau,[pronunciation?] Ñuu Davi,[pronunciation?] etc., depending on the local variant. They call their language sa'an davi,[pronunciation?] da'an davi[pronunciation?] or tu'un savi.[pronunciation?]
Overview
In pre-Columbian times, the Mixtec were one of the major civilizations of Mesoamerica. Important ancient centers of the Mixtec include the ancient capital of Tilantongo, as well as the sites of Achiutla, Cuilapan, Huajuapan, Mitla, Tlaxiaco, Tututepec, Juxtlahuaca, and Yucuñudahui. The Mixtec also made major constructions at the ancient city of Monte Albán (which had originated as a Zapotec city before the Mixtec gained control of it). The work of Mixtec artisans who produced work in stone, wood, and metal was well regarded throughout ancient Mesoamerica.
According to West, "the Mixtec of Oaxaca...were the foremost goldsmiths of Mesoamerica," which included the "lost-wax casting of gold and its alloys."[9]
At the height of the Aztec Empire, many Mixtecs paid tribute to the Aztecs, but not all Mixtec towns became vassals. They put up resistance to Spanish rule until they were subdued by the Spanish and their central Mexican allies led by Pedro de Alvarado.
Mixtecs have migrated to various parts of both Mexico and the United States. In recent years a large exodus of indigenous peoples from Oaxaca, such as the Zapotec and Triqui, has seen them emerge as one of the most numerous groups of Amerindians in the United States. As of 2011, an estimated 150,000 Mixteco people were living in California, and 25,000 to 30,000 in New York City.[10] Large Mixtec communities exist in the border cities of Tijuana, Baja California, San Diego, California and Tucson, Arizona. Mixtec communities are generally described as trans-national or trans-border because of their ability to maintain and reaffirm social ties between their native homelands and diasporic community. (See: Mixtec transnational migration.)
Mixtecs in the colonial era
There is considerable documentation in the Mixtec (Ñudzahui) native language for the colonial era, which has been studied as part of the New Philology. Mixtec documentation indicates parallels between many indigenous social and political structures with those in the Nahua areas, but published research on the Mixtecs does not primarily focus on economic matters. There is considerable Mixtec documentation for land issues, but sparse for market activity, perhaps because indigenous cabildos did not regulate commerce or mediate economic disputes except for land.[11] Long-distance trade existed in the prehispanic era and continued in indigenous hands in the early colonial. In the second half of the colonial period, there were bilingual Mixtec merchants, dealing in both Spanish and indigenous goods, who operated regionally. However, in the Mixteca “by the eighteenth century, commerce was dominated by Spaniards in all but the most local venues of exchange, involving the sale of agricultural commodities and indigenous crafts or the resale of imported goods.”.[12]
Despite the development of a local exchange economy, a number of Spaniards with economic interests in Oaxaca, including “[s]ome of the Mixteca priests, merchants, and landowners maintained permanent residence in Puebla, and labor for the obrajes (textile workshops) of the city of Puebla in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was sometimes recruited from peasant villages in the Mixteca."[13] There is evidence of community litigation against Mixtec caciques who leased land to Spaniards and the growth of individually contracted wage labor. Mixtec documentation from the late eighteenth century indicates that "most caciques were simply well-to-do investors in Spanish-style enterprises"; some married non-Indians; and in the late colonial era had little claim to hereditary authority.[14]
Geography
The Mixtec area, both historically and currently, corresponds roughly to the western half of the state of Oaxaca, with some Mixtec communities extending into the neighboring state of Puebla to the north-west and also the state of Guerrero. The Mixtec people and their homelands are often subdivided into three geographic areas: The Mixteca Alta or Highland Mixtec living in the mountains in, around, and to the west of the Valley of Oaxaca; the Mixteca Baja or Lowland Mixtec living to the north and west of these highlands, and the Mixteca de la Costa or Coastal Mixtec living in the southern plains and the coast of the Pacific Ocean. For most of Mixtec history, the Mixteca Alta was the dominant political force, with the capitals of the Mixtec nation located in the central highlands. The valley of Oaxaca itself was often a disputed border region, sometimes dominated by the Mixtec and sometimes by their neighbors to the east, the Zapotec.
An ancient Coixtlahuaca Basin cave site known as the Colossal Natural Bridge is an important sacred place for the Mixtec.
Mixtec rulers
- The names of the rulers are composed by the day of the birth + nickname;
- For the sake of a simpler list, minor settlements will be joined with major ones if there are family connections between their rulers;
- Some Zapotec/Toltec kingdoms are included here, because of the many marital connections between the Mixtec and Zapotec royal lineages;
- The dynasty never breaks while a member of the family rules: the line goes through women if they ruled as queen regnants. However, if a son inherits the different kingdoms of the two reigning parents, the paternal line will be favoured.
- A family tree of some of the rulers is available in this link.
In Mixteca Costa
Acatepec, Yucu Yoo
- 1090-1097: Lady 6 Monkey War Quexquemitl (usurper, deposed),
- Sub-rulers Lord 3 Aligator and Lord 1 Movement
- 1097-1115: Lord 8 Deer Jaguar Claw (usurper)
Tututepec, Yucu Dzaa
- ?: Nizainzo Huidzo
- c.357: Mzatzin
- 1084-1097: Lord 8 Deer Jaguar Claw (usurper)
- to Tilantongo
Zacatepec, Yucu Chatuta
- 1120-?: Lord 11 Jaguar Tlaloc Fire Wall
In Mixteca Alta
Achiutla, Ñuu Ndecu
Pedernales-Achiutla dynasty
- ?: Lord 11 Flower Cloud Xicolli, with Lady 13 Wind Cloud Hair (siblings and spouses, children of Lord 4 Wind, King of Nuu Yuchi)
- ?: Lord 10 Aligator Digging Stick (father-in-law of Lord 2 Wind, King of Tlaxiaco)
- ?: Lord 8 Wind Smoked Claw (brother-in-law of Lord 12 Deer, King of Tlaxiaco)
- ?: Lord 7 Movement Blood Shedding Rain (son-in-law of 11 Wind, King of Tlaxiaco)
- ?: Lord 9 Wind Sun Fire Serpent
- ?: Lord 10 Aligator Jaguar with Claws like Flints (son of the previous)
Water Rubber Ball (Chacahua? Manialtepec?)
- ?: Lord 9 Serpent (deposed)
- ?-1115: Lord 8 Deer Jaguar Claw (usurper)
Andua
- c.887: Lord 12 Vulture Golden Eagle
- ?: Lord 3 Monkey Mexican Jaguar
Bulto de Xipe/Huachino
- ?: Lord 10 Movement
- ?: Lord 12 Lizard
- ?-1101: Lord 11 Wind Blood Jaguar (son of the previous)
- To Tilantongo (1101-1115) and Nuu Yuchi (1115-1164)
- ?: Lord 6 Vulture Jaguar with Knife (son of Lord 9 Rain of Tlaxiaco)[15]
Chalcatongo, Nuu Ndaya
- ?: Lord 8 Aligator Bloody Coyote
- ?: Lord 3 Dog (son-in-law of Lord 8 Alligator, in the settlement of Santa Catarina Yuxia, Yuu Usa)
- ?: Lord 13 Jaguar War Beard (descendant)
Cholula
- ?: Lord 1 Lizard Serpent-Decorated Shield, with Lady 11 Serpent Jewel Mouth (wife)
- c.1096: Lord 4 Jaguar Night Face
Hill of the Mask
| Name | Born | Reign | Death | Consort (s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tlaxiaco dynasty[15] | |||||
| Lord 8 Jaguar Bloody Coyote |
1113 Tlaxiaco |
? | ? | Lady 2 Vulture Jewel Fan two children |
King at Tlaxiaco, partition from Teozacoalco. His children possibly divided the realm. |
| Lord 4 Grass Sun Face |
? Son of Lord 8 Jaguar |
? | ? | Lady 6 Reed Venus Face one child |
Also king at Sosola (Acuchi). |
| Lord 1 Movement Fire Serpent with Feathers |
? Son of Lord 4 Grass and Lady 6 Reed |
? | ? | Lady 2 House Precious Quexquemitl one child |
Possibly survived his son, and was succeeded by his grandson. |
| Lord 7 Serpent Eagle |
? Son of Lord 4 House, Prince of Hill of the Mask and Lady 3 House |
? | ? | Lady 3 Jaguar War Quexquemitl one child Lady 4 Serpent one child |
Possibly survived his son (given the son's absence of nickname), and was succeeded by his grandson. |
| Lord 7 Rain Ascending Flame |
? Son of Lord 7 Serpent and Lady 4 Serpent |
?-1338 | 1338 Hill of the Mask |
Lady 4 Monkey of Tilantongo, Precious Fire Serpent no children |
|
| Hill of the Mask annexed to Teozacoalco | |||||
Jaltepec, Añute
Juquila, Nuu Sitoho
- ?: Lord 1 Death Sun Serpent, with Lady 11 Serpent Flower Quetzal Feathers (wife)
"Monkey"
- ?: Lord 7 Grass Bloody Jaguar
Mitlatongo, Dzandaya
- ?: Lord 1 Monkey
Flower Mountain, Yucu Ita
- ?: Lord 11 Jaguar
Broken Mountain
- ?: Lady 1 Death
Place of Flints/Pedernales, Nuu Yuchi
| Name | Born | Reign | Death | Consort (s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pedernales-Achiutla dynasty | |||||
| Lord 4 Wind Fire Serpent |
1092 Huachino Son of Lord 11 Wind, King of Huachino and Lady 6 Monkey, Queen of Jaltepec |
1115-1164 | 1164 Pedernales aged 71–72 |
Lady 10 Flower of Tilantongo, Rain Spiderweb 1124 one child Lady 5 Lizard of Deep Valley, Zacate-Pulque Vase 1124 or 1125 three children Lady 5 Wind of Tilantongo, Jade and Fur Ornament 1125 no children |
First known ruler of the settlement, which seems to have been separated either from Tilantongo or Jaltepec. |
| Lady 13 Flower Precious Bird |
? Daughter of Lord 4 Wind and Lady 10 Flower of Tilantongo |
1164-? | ? | Prince Lord 4 Alligator of Tilantongo, Sacred Serpent c.1138 ten children |
|
| Lord 7 Eagle Flames |
1138 Pedernales First son of Lord Lord 4 Alligator of Tilantongo and Lady 13 Flower |
? | ? | Lady 3 Serpent of Achiutla, Sacred Jewel no children |
Left no children and was succeeded by his brother. |
| Lord 4 Jaguar War Jaguar |
1144 Pedernales Second son of Lord Lord 4 Alligator of Tilantongo and Lady 13 Flower |
? | ? | Lady 8 Jaguar of Achiutla, Serpent Jewel at least one child |
Nephew of his predecessors. |
| Lord 1 Eagle Rain |
c.1160 Son of Lord 4 Water, prince of Pedernales and Lady 1 Grass of Achiutla |
?-after 1171 | After 1171 | Unmarried | |
| Lord 7 Reed Pheasant |
? Son of Lord 13 Serpent, Prince of Pedernales and Lady 11 Deer, Princess of Pedernales |
? | ? | ? | Cousin of his predecessor. |
| Pedernales annexed to Teozacoalco | |||||
Quetzal
- ?: Lord 4 Stone Face with Quetzal Feathers
Río de la Serpiente
- ?: Lord 3 Eagle
San Pedro Cántaros, Nuu Naha
Teozacoalco dynasty
- ?: Lord 1 House Jaguar Sky Assassin (son of Lord 8 Rabbit, King of Teozacoalco)
- ?: Lord 6 Death Sun Rain (descendant, brother-in-law of Lord 6 Deer, King of Teozacoalco)
- ?: Lord 3 Dog (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 3 Monkey (grandson of the previous)
Place of the Drum (Soyaltepec) (?)
- ?: Lord 4 Jaguar Serpent War Snare
Suchixtlán, Chiyo Yuhu
| Name | Born | Reign | Death | Consort (s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jaltepec dynasty | |||||
| Lord 8 Wind Stone Eagle/ Twenty Eagles |
? Son or descendant of Lord 3 Rain, King of Jaltepec |
?-1027 | 1027 Suchixtlán or Jaltepec |
Lady 10 Deer Jaguar Quexquemitl 1009 seven children |
Also ruler at Jaltepec. |
| Hiatus with no known rulers | |||||
| Zaachila Zapotec dynasty/2nd Teozacoalco dynasty | |||||
| Lord 13 Eagle Bloody Jaguar |
? | ? | ? | Lady 12 Flower, Queen of Tilantongo four children |
|
| Lord 6 Deer Sacred Rain |
1393 Son of Lord 13 Eagle and Lady 12 Flower |
? | ? | Lady 13 Wind of Jaltepec, Seed of the Broken Mountain two children |
Also king in Teozacoalco. |
| Lord 4 Death War Venus |
? Son of Lord 6 Deer and Lady 13 Wind of Jaltepec |
? | ? | Lady 11 Monkey Jade Web one child |
|
| Lord 8 Monkey | ? Son of Lord 4 Flower, King of Teozacoalco and Lady 7 Vulture of Etlatongo |
? | ? | ? | Nephew of the former. |
Teita
- ?: Lord 10 Rabbit Heart
- ?: Lord 13 Jaguar War Eagle
Teozacoalco, Chiyo Cahnu
| Name | Born | Reign | Death | Consort (s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd Tilantongo dynasty | |||||
| Lord 4 Dog Coyote Hunter |
1110 Teozacoalco Son of Lord 8 Deer and Lady 13 Serpent of Huachino |
1115-after 1132 | after 1132 | Lady 4 Death ''Jewel'' (born 1115) 1125 two children |
|
| Lord 13 Dog Venus Eagle |
1132 Teozacoalco Son of Lord 4 Dog and Lady 4 Death |
?-after 1149 | after 1149 | Two princesses one child |
|
| Lord 7 Water Red Eagle |
1149 Teozacoalco Son of Lord 13 Dog |
? | ? | ? one child |
|
| Lord 13 Eagle Sacred Rain |
Son of Lord 7 Water |
?-after 1189 | after 1189 | Lady 8 Reed ''Precious Girl'' one child |
|
| Lord 8 Rabbit Fire of Tlaxiaco |
1189 Teozacoalco Son of Lord 13 Eagle and Lady 8 Reed |
? | ? | Lady 6 Grass of Tilantongo, Transparent Butterfly three children |
|
| Lord 12 House Fire Serpent Flying in the Sky |
? Son of Lord 8 Rabbit and Lady 6 Grass of Tilantongo |
? | ? | five children | Sibling-spouses, ruled jointly.
|
| Lady 11 Alligator Quetzal Jewel |
? Daughter of Lord 8 Rabbit and Lady 6 Grass of Tilantongo |
? | |||
| Lord 9 Movement Precious Water |
? Son of Lord 12 House and Lady 11 Alligator |
?-1321[15] | 1321 Teozacoalco |
no children | Sibling-spouses, ruled jointly. Left no children. |
| Lady 2 Jaguar ''Jade Spiderweb'' | ? Daughter of Lord 12 House and Lady 11 Alligator | ||||
| Zaachila-Teozacoalco dynasty | |||||
| Lord 2 Dog Rope and Knives |
? Son of Lord 5 Flower, King of Zaachila and Lady 4 Rabbit of Teozacoalco |
1321[15]-after 1323 | ? | Lady 6 Reed of Tilantongo, Plumed Serpent three children |
|
| Lord 9 House Mexican Jaguar |
1323 Teozacoalco Son of Lord 2 Dog and Lady 6 Reed of Tilantongo |
?-after 1357 | after 1357 | Lady 3 Rabbit of Tlaxiaco, Divine Flame (born 1345) no children |
First King of the united Tilantongo-Teozacoalco. |
| Lord 2 Water Fire Serpent |
1357 Teozacoalco Son of Lord 9 House and Lady 3 Rabbit of Tlaxiaco |
?-after 1402 | after 1402 | Lady 2 Vulture of Monkey, Flower Jewel one child Lady 3 Alligator of Zaachila, Jade Fan six children Lady 12 Flint of Monkey one child Lady 4 Reed Twenty Jaguars no children |
After his death his inheritance is divided: His eldest daughter received Tilantongo; his first son got Teozacoalco, and his second son eventually inherited his mother's realm of Zaachila. |
| Lord 5 Rain Water Falling from the Sky |
1402? Son of Lord 2 Water and Lady 3 Alligator of Zaachila |
?-after 1416 | after 1416 | Lady 5 Flower of Tlaxiaco, Quetzal Sun 1416 four children |
His children succeeded in his wife's realm. |
| Lord 6 Deer Sacred Rain |
1393 Son of Lord 13 Eagle, King of Suchixtlán and Lady 12 Flower, Queen of Tilantongo |
? | ? | Lady 13 Wind of Jaltepec, Seed of the Broken Mountain two children |
Nephew of the predecessor. |
| Lord 4 Flower Pheasant |
1409 Teozacoalco Son of Lord 6 Deer and Lady 13 Wind of Jaltepec |
?-after 1438 | after 1438 | Lady 7 Vulture of Etlatongo, Quetzal Fan seven children |
Probably during his reign, the capital of the dual kingdom of Teozacoalco-Tilantongo may have returned to Tilantongo, but this fact isn't certain. |
| Lord 10 Rain Sun Rain |
1438 Teozacoalco Son of Lord 4 Flower and Lady 7 Vulture of Etlatongo |
?-after 1476 | after 1476 | Lady 5 Wind of Suchixtlán, Cocoa Flower four children |
|
| Lord 4 Deer Eagle of Tlaxiaco |
1476 Teozacoalco Son of Lord 10 Rain and Lady 5 Wind of Suchixtlán |
?-1521 | 1521 Teozacoalco aged 44–45 |
Lady 11 Serpent Lady 12 Vulture of Jaltepec, Sun Fan (born 1484) one child in total |
His kingdom fell to the Spanish, and may have died during the invasion. Probably because of this same invasion, the kingdom lost its status: his son may have succeeded only in the maternal kingdom of Jaltepec. |
| Teozacoalco occupied by the Spanish | |||||
Tilantongo, Ñuu Tnoo
| Name | Born | Reign | Death | Consort (s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Tilantongo dynasty | |||||
| Lord 10 House Jaguar |
? | ? | ? | Lady 1 Grass ''Puma'' one child |
|
| Lord 3 Eagle Eagle of the Serpent Place |
? Son of Lord 10 House and Lady 1 Grass |
?-after 942 | after 942 | Lady 4 Rabbit of Mitlatongo, Quexquemitl two children |
|
| Lord 9 Wind Stone Skull |
942 Tilantongo Son of Lord 3 Eagle and Lady 4 Rabbit of Mitlatongo |
?-after 992 | after 992 | Lady 5 Reed of Monte Albán c.990 three children |
|
| Lord 10 Flower Burnt-Eyed Jaguar |
992 Tilantongo Son of Lord 9 Wind and Lady 5 Reed of Monte Albán |
?-after 1013 | after 1013 | Lady 2 Serpent of Suchixtlán, Plumed Serpent 1013 six children |
Many of his relatives are known to have sit exclusively in some throness:
|
| Lord 12 Lizard Arrow Feet |
c.1013 Son of Lord 10 Flower and Lady 2 Serpent of Suchixtlán |
?-1080 | 1080 Tilantongo aged around 66-67 |
Lady 4 Flint of Topiltepec, Face Quetzal Feathers Lady 4 Alligator of Topiltepec, Jewel Face four children in total |
Married his nieces, daughters of his sister. |
| Lord 5 Movement Smoked Sky |
? Son of Lord 12 Lizard and Lady 4 Flint or Lady 4 Alligator of Topiltepec |
1080-? | ? | Lady 2 Grass 1073 one child |
|
| Lord 12 Rain Twenty Jaguars |
1075 Tilantongo Son of Lord 5 Movement and Lady 2 Grass |
?-18 June 1097 | 18 June 1097 Tilantongo aged 21–22 |
Unmarried | Died assassinated. His great-aunt, Lady 4 Rabbit ''Precious Quetzal'' (sister of king 12 Lizard), was the probable heiress, as, before usurping the throne, Lord 8 Deer had bowed to her. |
| 2nd Tilantongo dynasty | |||||
| Lord 8 Deer Jaguar Claw |
1063 Tilantongo Son of Lord 5 Alligator Sun Rain, Priest and Lady 11 Water ''Jewel Bird'' |
18 June 1097 – 1115 | 1115 Tilantongo aged 51–52 |
Lady 13 Serpent of Huachino, Flowered Serpent 1103 five children Lady 6 Eagle of Chacaltongo, Jaguar Web 1105 one child Lady 10 Vulture Shining Quexquemitl 1105 two children Lady 11 Serpent of Cholula, Jaguar Flower Turquoise Teeth 1105 two children Lady 6 Wind of Cuyotepeji no children |
Usurper and founder of a new royal line at Tilantongo. After his death the influence in Mixtec realms passed to Pedernales, but the succession continued in Tilantongo. Lord 8 Deer was related to other settlements:
|
| Lord 6 House Jaguar Falling from Heaven |
1109 Tilantongo Son of Lord 8 Deer and Lady 6 Eagle of Chacaltongo |
1115-? | ? | Lady 9 Movement of Juquila, Heart one child |
|
| Lord 5 Water Stone Jaguar Heaven |
? Son of Lord 6 House and Lady 9 Movement of Juquila |
? | ? | Lady 10 Reed of Tilantongo, Quetzal Jewel eight children |
Married his cousin, daughter of his father's half-brother. |
| Lord 8 Reed Pheasant |
? Son of Lord 5 Water and Lady 10 Reed of Tilantongo |
? | ? | two children | Sibling-spouses, ruled jointly. |
| Lady 5 Rabbit Jewel |
? Daughter of Lord 5 Water and Lady 10 Reed of Tilantongo |
? | |||
| Lord 2 Movement Serpent with Markings |
? Son of Lord 8 Reed and Lady 5 Rabbit |
?-1206 | 1206 Tilantongo |
Lady 10 Reed of Tilantongo, Quetzal Jewel eight children |
Apparently survived his own sons and heirs, Lord 8 Grass ''Coyote Sacrificer'' and Lord 1 Lizard ''Bloody Jaguar'', and was succeeded by his grandchildren. |
| Lord 12 Reed Coyote Sun |
? Son of Lord 1 Lizard Bloody Jaguar, Prince of Tilantongo and Lady 6 Reed ''Jewel'' |
1206-? | ? | three children | Sibling-spouses, ruled jointly. |
| Lady 3 Jaguar Precious Butterfly Sun |
? Daughter of Lord 1 Lizard Bloody Jaguar, Prince of Tilantongo and Lady 6 Reed ''Jewel'' |
? | |||
| Lord 5 Rain Sun Movement |
? Son of Lord 12 Reed and Lady 3 Jaguar |
? | ? | Lady 13 Lizard of Puma, Truly Precious Butterfly one child |
Lord 5 Rain was related to other settlements:
|
| Lord 13 Wind Fire Serpent |
? Son of Lord 5 Rain and Lady 13 Lizard of Puma |
? | ? | Lady 1 Water of Teozacoalco, Venus Quexquemitl 1277 one child |
|
| Lord 9 Serpent Jaguar War Illuminator |
? Son of Lord 13 Wind and Lady 1 Water of Teozacoalco |
? | ? | Lady 8 Flint Lady 7 Flower four children in total |
|
| Lord 4 Water Bloody Eagle |
? Son of Lord 9 Serpent and Lady 8 Flint or Lady 7 Flower |
?-1341 | 1341 Tilantongo |
Lady 6 Water Quetzal Jewel of Flower War no children |
Left no children, and his dynasty came to an end. It's possible that his own widow had succeeded him for a while, before the full occupation by her original kingdom. |
| Zaachila-Teozacoalco dynasty | |||||
| Lady 6 Water of Teozacoalco, Quetzal Jewel of Flower War |
? Daughter of Lord 2 Dog, King of Teozacoalco and Lady 6 Reed of Tilantongo |
1341-after 1345 | after 1345 | Lord 4 Water Bloody Eagle no children Prince Lord 4 Death of Tlaxiaco, War Venus 1343 four children |
Widow and niece of the previous. As the eldest child of the only sister of her uncle (and husband) that effetively had children, she inheried the kingdom not as widow of her husband, but as a rightful heir of her uncle. |
| Lady 3 Rabbit of Tlaxiaco, Divine Flame |
1345 Tilantongo Daughter of Lord 2 Dog, King of Teozacoalco and Lady 6 Reed of Tilantongo |
after 1345-after 1372 | after 1372 | 1353 six children |
Heiress of Tilantongo, she married her own uncle (her mother's brother), keeping the kingdom in the family. |
| Lord 9 House Mexican Jaguar |
1323 Teozacoalco Son of Lord 2 Dog, King of Teozacoalco and Lady 6 Reed of Tilantongo |
||||
| Lord 2 Water Fire Serpent |
1357 Teozacoalco Son of Lord 9 House and Lady 3 Rabbit |
? | ? | Lady 2 Vulture of Monkey, Flower Jewel one child Lady 3 Alligator of Zaachila, Jade Fan six children Lady 12 Flint of Monkey one child Lady 4 Reed Twenty Jaguars no children |
After his death his inheritance is divided: His eldest daughter received Tilantongo; his first son got Teozacoalco, and his second son eventually inherited his mother's realm of Zaachila. |
| Lady 12 Flower Broken Mountain Butterfly |
? Daughter of Lord 2 Water and Lady 2 Vulture of Monkey |
? | ? | Lord 3 Eagle, King of Suchixtlan, Bloody Jaguar no children |
First separate ruler of Tilantongo since 1341, and also its last. However, in compensation for the extinction of her kingdom, her children became the inheritors of the main Teozacoalco; the children of her brother (the actual ruler of Teozacoalco), would rule in Tlaxiaco (with whose heiress her brother had actually married). |
| Tilantongo annexed to Teozacoalco | |||||
Tlaxiaco, Ndisi Nuu
Totomihuacan
- ?: Lord 5 Eagle
Tula (Toltec)
- c.1096: Lord 4 Jaguar Night Face
Deep Valley
- ?: Lord 12 Dog Eagle, with Lady 5 Lizard Pulque-Zacate Vase (wife)
Yanhuitlán
- c.1320: Lord 6 Water Multicolored Feathers
- c.1500?: Lady 1 Flower Jaguar Quexquemitl, with Lord 8 Death Fire Serpent (husband; son of Lord 10 Rain, King of Teozacualco)
Zaachila, Tocuisi (Zapotec)
In Mixteca Baja
Acatlan
- ?: Lord 1 Rain
- ?: Lord 9 Reed (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 6 Deer (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 4 Dog (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 8 Flint (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 8 Alligator (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 7 Monkey (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 8 Movement (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 9 Flint (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 6 Water (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 4 Eagle (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 10 Reed (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 4 Flower (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 4 House (son of the previous)
- ?-1519/20: Unknown (son of the previous)
- To the Spanish
Chila
- ?: Lord 10 Flint
- ?: Lord 4 Deer (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 1 Eagle (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 13 Dog (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 13 Reed (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 2 Monkey (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 10 Monkey (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 10 Movement (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 3 House (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 8 Wind (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 6 Rabbit (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 13 Death (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 1 House (son of the previous)
- ?: Lord 5 Monkey (son of the previous)
- ?-1519/20: Lord 4 Dog (son of the previous)
- To the Spanish
Language, codices, and artwork
The Mixtecan languages (in their many variants) were estimated to be spoken by about 300,000 people at the end of the 20th century, although the majority of Mixtec speakers also had at least a working knowledge of the Spanish language. Some Mixtecan languages are called by names other than Mixtec, particularly Cuicatec (Cuicateco), and Triqui (or Trique).
The Mixtec are well known in the anthropological world for their Codices or phonetic pictures in which they wrote their history and genealogies in deerskin in the "fold-book" form. The best-known story of the Mixtec Codices is that of Lord Eight Deer, named after the day in which he was born, whose personal name is Jaguar Claw, and whose epic history is related in several codices, including the Codex Bodley and Codex Zouche-Nuttall. He successfully conquered and united most of the Mixteca region.
They were also known for their exceptional mastery of jewelry and mosaic, among which gold and turquoise figure prominently. Products by Mixtec goldsmiths formed an important part of the tribute the Mixtecs paid to the Aztecs during parts of their history.[16][unreliable source?] Turquoise mosaic masks also played an important role in both political and religious functions.[17] These masks were used as gifts to form political alliances, in ceremonies during which the wearer of the mask impersonated a god, and were fixed to funerary bundles that were seen as oracles.[18]
References
- ^ Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indios (CDI) (2000): Lenguas indígenas de México. Viewed 30 November 2006.
- ^ Instituto de los Mexicanos en el Exterior: Lazos. Síntesis informativa Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, 24 January 2005. Viewed 30 November 2006
- ^ "Mixtec". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ Joyce, Arthur (2009). Mixtecs, Zapotecs, and Chatinos: Ancient Peoples of Southern Mexico. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0631209782.
- ^ Gutiérrez, Gerardo (7 February 2017). "Classic and Postclassic Archaeological Features of the Mixteca-Tlapaneca-Nahua region of Guerrero: Why Didn't Anyone Tell Me the Classic was Over". After Monte Albán: Transformation and Negotiation in Oaxaca, Mexico. University Press of Colorado. pp. 367–362. ISBN 978-1-60732-597-0.
- ^ Lind, Michael (2008). "Arqueología de la Mixteca" (PDF). Desacatos. 27: 13–32.
- ^ archaeology.about.com › ... › Archaeology 101 › Glossary › M Terms
- ^ "About". San Diego State University. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
- ^ West, Robert. Early Silver Mining in New Spain, 1531–1555 (1997). Bakewell, Peter (ed.). Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas. Aldershot: Variorum, Ashgate Publishing Limited. p. 48.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Claudia Torrens (28 May 2011). "Some NY immigrants cite lack of Spanish as a barrier". UTSanDiego.com. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ Kevin Terraciano, ‘’The Mixtecs of Colonial Oaxaca: Ñudzahui History, Sixteen through Eighteenth Centuries’’. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2001, 248–49.
- ^ Terraciano, ibid. p. 251
- ^ William B. Taylor, "Town and Country in the Valley of Oaxaca", ‘’The Provinces of Early Mexico’’, Ida Altman and James Lockhart, eds. Los Angeles, UCLA Latin American Center 1976, p. 74.
- ^ Kevin Terraciano, "The Colonial Mixtec Community," Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 80, Feb. 2000 p. 39
- ^ a b c d e f g h Pérez Jiménez & Jansen 2010, p.407-461
- ^ "Ancient Scripts: Mixtec". www.ancientscripts.com. Archived from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2006.
- ^ McEwan, Colin; et al. (2006). Turquoise Mosaics from Mexico. Durham: Duke University Press.
- ^ Headrick, Annabeth (1999). "The Street of the Dead ... It Really Was: Mortuary bundles at Teotihuacan". Ancient Mesoamerica. 10 (1): 69–85. doi:10.1017/S0956536199101044. JSTOR 26307065. S2CID 162410036.
Further reading
- Kevin Terraciano (2004). The Mixtecs of Colonial Oaxaca: Nudzahui History, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804751049.
- Pérez Jiménez, Gabina Aurora; Jansen, Marteen (2010). The Mixtec Pictorial Manuscripts - Time, Agency and Memory in Ancient Mexico. ISBN 978-90-04-19358-1.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
Media related to Mixtec at Wikimedia Commons
| More than 100,000 people | ||
|---|---|---|
| 20,000 – 100,000 people | ||
| 1,000 – 20,000 people | ||
| Less than 1,000 people | ||
