Stade Roland Garros: Difference between revisions

Stade Roland Garros
	Nikolay Davydenko serves to David Nalbandian on Court Suzanne Lenglen, 2006 French Open
Location	16th arrondissement, Paris, France
Public transit	Porte d'Auteuil ; Michel-Ange–Molitor
Capacity	15,000 (Court Philippe Chatrier); 10,068 (Court Suzanne Lenglen); 5,000 (Court Simonne Mathieu)
Surface	"Clay" (see text)
Opened	1928
Tenants
	Fédération Française de Tennis

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Stade Roland Garros (French pronunciation: [stad ʁɔlɑ̃ ɡaʁos]; "Roland Garros Stadium") is a complex of tennis courts, including stadiums, located in Paris that hosts the French Open. That tournament, also known as Roland Garros, is a Grand Slam tennis championship played annually in late May and early June. The complex is named after Roland Garros (1888–1918), a pioneering French aviator, and was constructed in 1928 to host France's first defence of the Davis Cup. The 13.5-hectare (34-acre) complex contains twenty courts,^[1] including three large-capacity stadiums; Les Jardins de Roland Garros, a large restaurant and bar complex;^[2] Le Village, the press and VIP area; France's National Training Centre (CNE); and the Tenniseum, a bilingual, multimedia museum of the history of tennis.

Dedication

The facility is named after Roland Garros, a pilot who completed the first solo flight across the Mediterranean Sea,^[3] engineer (inventor of the first forward-firing aircraft machine gun),^[4] and World War I hero who shot down four enemy aircraft (though popularly believed to be five).^[5] Garros was killed in aerial combat in October 1918.

History

France was an important power in tennis during the first half of the 20th century due to the dominance of Suzanne Lenglen during the 1910s and 1920s, and les Quatre Mousquetaires ("the Four Musketeers")—Jacques "Toto" Brugnon, Jean Borotra (the "Bouncing Basque"), Henri Cochet (the "Magician"), and René Lacoste (the "Crocodile")—in the 1920s and 1930s. In 1927, France defeated the United States to win the Davis Cup, due largely to the Musketeers' efforts. Stade Roland Garros was constructed as a venue for France's successful defense the following year.^[6] France retained the Cup until 1933, again largely because of the Musketeers. A monument to France's six Cup championships stands at the center of Place des Mousquetaires, a circular courtyard near the venue's entrance.^[7]

In October 1939, shortly after the outbreak of World War II, the facility was used as a detention centre where "indésirables"—mostly Hungarians, Russians, Italians, Poles, and citizens suspected of being communists—were held pending imprisonment.^[8] Journalist and former communist Arthur Koestler reported that at the time of his detention, posters advertising the last match prior to the outbreak of war, between Cochet and Borotra, were still in place.^[9]

Playing surface

While the Stade Roland Garros surface is invariably characterized as "red clay", the courts are in fact surfaced with white limestone covered with a few millimeters of powdered red brick dust. Beneath the 3-inch (7.6 cm) layer of porous limestone is 6 inches (15 cm) of volcanic rock, followed by 3 feet (91 cm) of sand, all of which rests on a slab of concrete. Crushed brick is pressed onto the limestone surface with rollers, then drenched in water. The process is repeated several times until a thin, compact layer coats each court. The crushed brick is deep enough to allow footprints and ball marks, but shallow enough to avoid making the court spongy or slippery. In tournament situations workers smooth the surface before matches and between sets by dragging rectangular lengths of chain-link across it. The red brick dust is replenished as needed (daily during major tournaments).^[10]

The surface was a state-of-the art solution, in 1928, to the biggest problem with natural clay courts: poor drainage. At the time it was not unusual for clay surfaces to be unplayable for two to three days after even short periods of precipitation. The limestone/crushed brick combination, originally developed in Great Britain, played and looked similar to clay without clay's drainage issues, thus rendering natural clay obsolete as a tennis court surface.^[11] Since then a multitude of other "fast-dry" and synthetic clay surfaces have been developed. Courts surfaced with these materials play much like natural clay surfaces and are collectively classified as "clay courts", despite the fact that few if any true clay courts have been built for almost a century. The diversity in composition of various "clay" surfaces around the world explains the extraordinary variability in their playing characteristics. “All clay courts are different”, Venus Williams has said. “None play the same. [Roland Garros] plays the best”.^[10]

Stadium courts

Court Philippe Chatrier

Court Philippe Chatrier was built in 1928 as Stade Roland Garros's centerpiece and remains its principal venue. It seats 15,225 spectators as of a 2019 renovation.^[12] The stadium was known simply as "Court Central" until 2001 when it was renamed for the long-time president of the Fédération Française de Tennis (FFT) who helped restore tennis as a Summer Olympics sport in 1988.^[13]

The four main spectator grandstands are named for les Quatre Mousquetaires—Brugnon, Borotra, Cochet, and Lacoste—in honor of their Davis Cup success, which prompted construction of the facility, and the stadium.^[6] As a further tribute, the trophy awarded each year to the French Open men's singles champion is known as La Coupe des Mousquetaires.^[7]

After the completion of the 2018 tournament, the stadium was demolished down to its foundations and rebuilt with steeper grandstands in time for the 2019 tournament.^[14] A retractable roof and floodlights were added in time for the 2020 tournament, which was delayed to September of that year due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.^[15]^[16]

Court Suzanne Lenglen

Built in 1994 and originally designated "Court A", Court Suzanne Lenglen is the secondary stadium with a capacity of 10,068 spectators.^[17] Its namesake, an international celebrity and the first true star of women's tennis, won 31 major tournaments, including six French Open titles and six Wimbledon championships, between 1914 and 1926. Known as La Divine (Divine One) and La Grand Dame (Great Lady) of French tennis, she won two Olympic gold medals in Antwerp in 1920. A bronze bas relief of Lenglen by the Italian sculptor Vito Tongiani stands over the east tunnel-entrance to the stadium. The trophy awarded each year to the French Open women's singles champion is named La Coupe Suzanne Lenglen in her honor. The court has an underground irrigation system, the first of its kind, to control moisture levels within its surface.^[7]

In 1994, the walkway between Court Chatrier and Court Lenglen was named Allée Marcel Bernard in honor of the 1940s-era French champion who died that year.^[7]

Court Simonne Mathieu

Stade Roland Garros's new 5,000-seat tertiary venue was completed in March 2019 on the grounds of the Jardin des Serres d'Auteuil.^[18]^[19] Its namesake was the 1938 and 1939 women's singles champion who is also remembered as a leader of the French Resistance during the Second World War.^[20] The court was constructed four meters below ground level with greenhouses on all four sides. It was built to replace Court 1, which was demolished.^[21]

Court 1

Court 1, once the facility's tertiary venue and nicknamed the "Bullring" because of its circular shape, was demolished in 2019. Its architect, Jean Lovera, a former French junior champion, designed the 3,800-seat structure as a deliberate contrast to the adjacent, angular Court Philippe Chatrier. Built in 1980, the Bullring was a favorite among serious tennis fans because of its relatively small size and feeling of close proximity to the action.^[22] An unusual design feature was its press seating in the first row at court level behind the south baseline.^[23]

Court 1 was the scene of several memorable French Open upsets, such as unseeded Gustavo Kuerten's third-round victory over fifth-seeded former champion Thomas Muster in 1997, on his way to his first of three Open titles;^[24] and third-seeded Gabriela Sabatini's defeat — after a 6–1, 5–1 lead and five match points — to Mary Joe Fernandez in the 1993 quarterfinals.^[25] It was also the site of Marat Safin's famous "dropped pants" match against Félix Mantilla in 2004.^[26]

Demolition of Court 1 began shortly after conclusion of the 2019 tournament and inauguration of the new tertiary venue, Court Simonne Mathieu. In its place, a greatly enlarged Place des Mousquetaires was constructed, where spectators can watch matches on a large video screen.^[20]^[27]

Tenniseum

Known officially as the Museum of the French Federation of Tennis, the Tenniseum was designed by the French architect Bruno Moinard and opened in May 2003. It is housed in a former groundsman's cottage, and comprises a multimedia center, media library, and permanent and temporary exhibits dedicated to the history of tennis in general, and the French Open in particular. Permanent exhibits include a display of the French Open perpetual trophies, including La Coupe des Mousquetaires and La Coupe Suzanne Lenglen; a narrative and photographic history of Stade Roland Garros; displays documenting the evolution of tennis attire through the years; a comprehensive collection of tennis racquets dating back to the mid-19th century; and a large exhibition of tennis-related photographs and paintings.^[28]

The media library houses a diverse collection of documents, posters, books, and magazines, as well as a database of tennis information, statistics, trivia, and match summaries of all French Open tournament matches since 1928. The bilingual (French/English) multimedia center contains over 4,000 hours of digitized video, including documentaries, interviews with many of the sport's legendary players, and film archives dating from 1897 to the present. Tours are conducted daily. (Two per day at 11:00am and 3:00pm, are in English.) During the French Open, the normal entry fee is waived for tournament ticket-holders.^[29]

Expansion project

Original plans

In 2009 the FFT announced that it had commissioned the French architect Marc Mimram to design a significant expansion of Stade Roland Garros. On the current property, the proposal called for the addition of lights and a retractable roof over Court Philippe Chatrier. At the nearby Georges Hébert municipal recreation area, east of Stade Roland Garros at Porte d'Auteuil, a fourth stadium was planned with a retractable roof and 14,600 seating capacity, along with two smaller show courts with seating for 1,500 and 750.^[30]

In 2010, faced with opposition to the proposed expansion from factions within the Paris City Council, the FFT announced that it was considering an alternate plan to move the French Open to a new, 55-court venue outside of Paris city limits. The three sites under consideration were Marne-la-Vallée, the northern Paris suburb of Gonesse, and a vacant army base near Versailles.^[31] Amid charges of bluffing and brinkmanship, a spokesman explained that because Stade Roland Garros was less than half the size of the other three Grand Slam venues and had no covered courts, the French Open was at risk of losing its Grand Slam status to Madrid—which has a long clay court tradition and larger facilities—or the Gulf countries.^[32]^[33]

In February 2011, the FFT voted to keep the tournament at Stade Roland Garros, citing the prohibitive expense ($630 million to $1 billion) of building a new venue from scratch versus a projected $370 million to carry out the proposed expansion.^[34] Further details of the plan were announced in May 2013, including a complete rebuild of the Chatrier court on its existing foundations in addition to the new roof and lights, and a larger Place des Mousquetaires in the area occupied by Court 1. The new stadium at Porte d'Auteuil would be built below ground level, with greenhouses surrounding it on all four sides. Project deadlines were pushed back from 2016 to 2018. Local residents, wildlife enthusiasts and municipal authorities continued to voice opposition to the plan, which would increase the Stade Roland Garros grounds from 21 acres (8.5 hectares) to about 33.8 acres (13.5 hectares).^[35]

Environmental concerns and delays

In February 2015 the Ministry of Ecology issued a negative report, and the project was placed on hold pending completion of a new land use study for the City Council.^[36]^[37] In June, Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo announced that construction permits had been signed, with a new cost estimate of $450 million and completion delayed to 2019.^[38] Opponents, who objected to the demolition of 2.5 acres (1 hectare) of greenhouses and biological gardens at the Jardin des Serres d'Auteuil on the eastern border of the current ground,^[39] proposed an alternate, northward expansion into the Bois de Boulogne that would require covering a portion of the A13 highway.^[40]^[41] Proponents of the eastward expansion argued that further delays would jeopardize Paris's bid for the 2024 Olympic games.^[42]

In December 2015, the Paris Administrative Court ordered suspension of reclamation work involving the Auteuil botanical garden greenhouses. In a statement, the FFT responded that the greenhouses would not be destroyed, and would, in fact, be embellished. FFT also noted that opponents of the eastward expansion "[did] not have good alternatives from the operational, legal and environmental point of view", and added that expansion into the Bois de Boulogne was impossible.^[43] In February 2017, the last of the legal challenges were resolved and work resumed on the original eastward expansion plan.^[44]

Resumption

The new tournament organization building and Village, new courts 7 and 9, the expanded Place des Mousquetaires, and a new show court in the Fond des Princes area west of Court Lenglen were completed in time for the 2018 Open. The Court des Serres, renamed Court Simonne Mathieu, was opened in March 2019, ready for the 2019 tournament, as was the rebuilt Court Chatrier, with the retractable roof completed in time for the 2020 tournament.^[32]^[45]^[46]

In 2021, the redevelopment of courts 2 and 3 and the renovation work at the Place des Mousquetaires were finished.^[47] This included the inauguration of statues to Rafael Nadal (who has won the French Open singles title a record 14 times), Roland Garros, and the "Four Musketeers" (Borotra, Brugnon, Cochet, and Lacoste).^[48] In the same year, the tournament introduced night sessions on Court Philippe Chatrier for the first time in its history.^[49] Court Suzanne Lenglen will have a retractable roof completed on time for the 2024 Summer Olympics.^[50]

Location

Stade Roland Garros is located at the western side of Paris, at the southern boundary of the Bois de Boulogne in Paris's 16th arrondissement. The triangular property is bounded by Avenue Porte d'Auteuil and A13 autoroute on the north and Boulevard d'Auteuil on the south. The eastern boundary is Avenue Gordon Bennett and the adjacent Jardin des Serres d'Auteuil.

Transportation

The closest Métro stations are Porte d'Auteuil (Line 10) and Michel-Ange–Molitor (Line 9, Line 10), to the north- and southeast respectively.

Bus: Routes 22, 32, 52, 62, 72, 123, 241 and PC1
Vélib': Stations 16 034, 16 035 and 16 036

A special Stade Roland Garros taxi stand operates in May and June during the French Open on the southeast corner of the venue grounds, at the corner of Robert Schuman Avenue and Auteuil Boulevard.

References

^ "Roland Garros – Paris". Archived from the original on 30 May 2010.
^ Eating Your Way Through Roland Garros. Gem Tennis. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
^ Who's Who—Roland Garros. FirstWorldWar.com Retrieved 2011-08-03
^ "Early Developments" WWIAviation.com Archived 14 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2011-08-03
^ Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank W. (1992). Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918. Grub Street. ISBN 978-0-948817-54-0..
^ ^a ^b A Visit to Roland Garros. Colleen's Paris Retrieved 2010-08-16.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Stade Roland Garros Venues. rolandgarros.com Archived 1 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2010-08-17.
^ Koestler, Arthur (1941). Scum of the Earth. London: Eland. pp. 61–91. ISBN 978-0-907871-49-1.
^ Koestler, Arthur (1941). Scum of the Earth. London: Eland. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-907871-49-1.
^ ^a ^b Branch, John (28 May 2010). "Some Rouge Dresses Up Courts at Roland Garros". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
^ Lavallee, Andrew R. "Clay Courts: What Are They Anyway?". XSports.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
^ "French Open in numbers". Reuters. 25 September 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
^ "Philippe-Chatrier Court". Roland-Garros. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
^ "Roland Garros renovation entering 'money time' before French Open". France 24. 21 February 2019.
^ "French Open lights up as another tradition dies". tennishead.net. 21 September 2020.
^ Christopher Clarey (27 September 2020). "New for This Pandemic French Open: Fall Weather and Lights". The New York Times.
^ Event Guide / Map and Directions Archived 1 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Roland Garros – French Open
^ Eric Bruna (21 March 2019). "Roland-Garros : découvrez le nouveau court Simonne-Mathieu". Le Parisien (in French).
^ Paul Myers (19 April 2019). "French Open courts glory of Simonne Mathieu". Radio France Internationale.
^ ^a ^b "Court Simonne-Mathieu stunning new addition to Roland Garros". The Independent. 26 May 2019. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
^ Eric Le Mitouard (7 February 2019). "Roland-Garros : le court des serres est prêt pour le prochain tournoi". Le Parisien (in French).
^ Tignor, Steve (27 May 2010): Nothing Compares to Tennis in the Bullring. NBC Sports Archived 1 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2010-08-17.
^ Clarey, Christopher "At Roland Garros, an Olé! for the Bullring" New York Times, 29 May 2010
^ Robin Finn (31 May 1997). "Sampras and Muster Exit in Paris". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
^ Fernandez Turns Rout into Rousing Comeback (2 June 1993). New York Times Retrieved 2010-08-19.
^ "Safin on mooning crowd: 'What's bad about it?". ESPN. 29 May 2004. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
^ Steve Tignor (5 June 2018). "Au revoir, Court 1: memorializing Roland Garros' exhilarating bullring". Tennis.com.
^ "Tenniseum website". Archived from the original on 25 August 2010.
^ "Tenniseum website". Archived from the original on 25 August 2010.
^ Meeting Modern Demands. Stade Roland Garros official web site. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
^ John Martin (22 May 2010). "French Officials Consider Relocation Options for the Open". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
^ ^a ^b Expansion of Roland Garros Aims to Preserve Parisian Style. Newsweek (25 May 2017), retrieved 31 May 2017.
^ "French Open May Have to leave Paris". June 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
^ "French Open staying at Roland Garros". ESPN. 13 February 2011.
^ Clarey C (28 May 2013): "Renovation Plans in Limbo, Roland Garros Faces Future". NYTimes.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013
^ "Moderization Project Threatened". Retrieved 29 March 2015.
^ "The Misunderstanding of the French Tennis Federation". Retrieved 29 March 2015.
^ "Roland Garros Revamp Gets Green Light". NDTV. 10 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
^ Nerves Fray Over New French Open Stadium Plans (22 May 2015). New York Times archive. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
^ Roland-Garros : A Counter-Proposal by the Associations. The Art Tribune. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
^ Clarey, Christopher (26 May 2010). "Roland Garros Deals With Growing Pains". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
^ "Roland Garros renovation on hold". 18 March 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
^ "French Federation to Appeal against Roland Garros´ Modernization suspension!". Tennis World. 26 March 2016.
^ Christopher Clarey (25 May 2017). "The new Roland Garros is on its way". The New York Times.
^ Roland Garros Expansion, Roof over Chatrier Set to Proceed Tennis Now (3 February 2017), retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ New Stadium Project. RolandGarros.com, retrieved 31 May 2017.
^ "Travaux d'extension à Roland-Garros : livraison en 2021". Le Dauphiné libéré (in French). 23 May 2018.
^ "STATUE IN HONOUR OF RAFA UNVEILED AT RG". rolandgarros.com. Paris. 27 May 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
^ Cambers, Simon (31 May 2021). "2021 French Open: Serena Williams lights up tournament's first-ever night session". ESPN. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
^ "ROLAND-GARROS 2024: A RETRACTABLE ROOF ON COURT SUZANNE-LENGLEN". rolandgarros.com. Paris. 1 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.

External links

Preceded by Germantown Cricket Club Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	Davis Cup Final Venue 1928 • 1929 • 1930 • 1931 • 1932 • 1933	Succeeded by Centre Court, Wimbledon London
Preceded by Blau-Weiss T.C. West Berlin	Fed Cup Final Venue 1968	Succeeded by Athens Tennis Club Athens

48°50′50″N 2°14′47″E / 48.84722°N 2.24639°E / 48.84722; 2.24639

[1] "Roland Garros – Paris". Archived from the original on 30 May 2010.

[2] Eating Your Way Through Roland Garros. Gem Tennis. Retrieved 2010-08-17.

[3] Who's Who—Roland Garros. FirstWorldWar.com Retrieved 2011-08-03

[4] "Early Developments" WWIAviation.com Archived 14 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2011-08-03

[5] Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank W. (1992). Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918. Grub Street. ISBN 978-0-948817-54-0..

[auto-6] A Visit to Roland Garros. Colleen's Paris Retrieved 2010-08-16.

[SRG-7] Stade Roland Garros Venues. rolandgarros.com Archived 1 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2010-08-17.

[Scum_of_the_Earth_p61-8] Koestler, Arthur (1941). Scum of the Earth. London: Eland. pp. 61–91. ISBN 978-0-907871-49-1.

[Scum_of_the_Earth_p85-9] Koestler, Arthur (1941). Scum of the Earth. London: Eland. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-907871-49-1.

[NY_Times-10] Branch, John (28 May 2010). "Some Rouge Dresses Up Courts at Roland Garros". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 June 2015.

[11] Lavallee, Andrew R. "Clay Courts: What Are They Anyway?". XSports.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2015.

[12] "French Open in numbers". Reuters. 25 September 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.

[13] "Philippe-Chatrier Court". Roland-Garros. Retrieved 11 June 2015.

[14] "Roland Garros renovation entering 'money time' before French Open". France 24. 21 February 2019.

[15] "French Open lights up as another tradition dies". tennishead.net. 21 September 2020.

[16] Christopher Clarey (27 September 2020). "New for This Pandemic French Open: Fall Weather and Lights". The New York Times.

[17] Event Guide / Map and Directions Archived 1 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Roland Garros – French Open

[18] Eric Bruna (21 March 2019). "Roland-Garros : découvrez le nouveau court Simonne-Mathieu". Le Parisien (in French).

[19] Paul Myers (19 April 2019). "French Open courts glory of Simonne Mathieu". Radio France Internationale.

[Mathieu-20] "Court Simonne-Mathieu stunning new addition to Roland Garros". The Independent. 26 May 2019. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2019.

[21] Eric Le Mitouard (7 February 2019). "Roland-Garros : le court des serres est prêt pour le prochain tournoi". Le Parisien (in French).

[22] Tignor, Steve (27 May 2010): Nothing Compares to Tennis in the Bullring. NBC Sports Archived 1 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2010-08-17.

[cclareynyt-23] Clarey, Christopher "At Roland Garros, an Olé! for the Bullring" New York Times, 29 May 2010

[24] Robin Finn (31 May 1997). "Sampras and Muster Exit in Paris". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 June 2015.

[25] Fernandez Turns Rout into Rousing Comeback (2 June 1993). New York Times Retrieved 2010-08-19.

[26] "Safin on mooning crowd: 'What's bad about it?". ESPN. 29 May 2004. Retrieved 11 June 2015.

[27] Steve Tignor (5 June 2018). "Au revoir, Court 1: memorializing Roland Garros' exhilarating bullring". Tennis.com.

[28] "Tenniseum website". Archived from the original on 25 August 2010.

[29] "Tenniseum website". Archived from the original on 25 August 2010.

[30] Meeting Modern Demands. Stade Roland Garros official web site. Retrieved 14 July 2015.

[31] John Martin (22 May 2010). "French Officials Consider Relocation Options for the Open". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 June 2015.

[Newsweek-32] Expansion of Roland Garros Aims to Preserve Parisian Style. Newsweek (25 May 2017), retrieved 31 May 2017.

[33] "French Open May Have to leave Paris". June 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2015.

[34] "French Open staying at Roland Garros". ESPN. 13 February 2011.

[35] Clarey C (28 May 2013): "Renovation Plans in Limbo, Roland Garros Faces Future". NYTimes.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013

[36] "Moderization Project Threatened". Retrieved 29 March 2015.

[37] "The Misunderstanding of the French Tennis Federation". Retrieved 29 March 2015.

[38] "Roland Garros Revamp Gets Green Light". NDTV. 10 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.

[39] Nerves Fray Over New French Open Stadium Plans (22 May 2015). New York Times archive. Retrieved 11 June 2015.

[40] Roland-Garros : A Counter-Proposal by the Associations. The Art Tribune. Retrieved 11 June 2015.

[41] Clarey, Christopher (26 May 2010). "Roland Garros Deals With Growing Pains". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 March 2015.

[42] "Roland Garros renovation on hold". 18 March 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.

[43] "French Federation to Appeal against Roland Garros´ Modernization suspension!". Tennis World. 26 March 2016.

[nyt2017-44] Christopher Clarey (25 May 2017). "The new Roland Garros is on its way". The New York Times.

[45] Roland Garros Expansion, Roof over Chatrier Set to Proceed Tennis Now (3 February 2017), retrieved 30 May 2017.

[46] New Stadium Project. RolandGarros.com, retrieved 31 May 2017.

[ledauphine-47] "Travaux d'extension à Roland-Garros : livraison en 2021". Le Dauphiné libéré (in French). 23 May 2018.

[48] "STATUE IN HONOUR OF RAFA UNVEILED AT RG". rolandgarros.com. Paris. 27 May 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.

[49] Cambers, Simon (31 May 2021). "2021 French Open: Serena Williams lights up tournament's first-ever night session". ESPN. Retrieved 2 June 2021.

[50] "ROLAND-GARROS 2024: A RETRACTABLE ROOF ON COURT SUZANNE-LENGLEN". rolandgarros.com. Paris. 1 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.

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@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 | image = [[File:ND DN 2006FO.jpg|frameless]]
 | caption = [[Nikolay Davydenko]] serves to [[David Nalbandian]] on Court Suzanne Lenglen, [[2006 French Open]]
-| location = [[16th arrondissement of Paris|16th arrondissement]], [[Paris]], France
+| location = [[16th arrondissement of Paris|16th arrondissement]], Paris, France
 | broke_ground =
 | opened = 1928
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 }}
-'''Stade Roland Garros''' ({{IPA-fr|stad ʁɔlɑ̃ ɡaʁos}}; "Roland Garros Stadium")  is a complex of tennis courts, including stadiums, located in [[Paris]] that hosts the [[French Open]]. That tournament, also known as ''Roland Garros'', is a [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] tennis championship played annually in late May and early June. The complex is named after [[Roland Garros (aviator)|Roland Garros]] (1888–1918), a pioneering French [[aviator]], and was constructed in 1928 to host France's first defence of the [[Davis Cup]]. The 13.5-hectare (34-acre) complex contains twenty courts,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fft.fr/rolandgarros/images/plan-RG-2008.jpg|title=Roland Garros – Paris|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530092110/http://www.fft.fr/rolandgarros/images/plan-RG-2008.jpg|archive-date=30 May 2010}}</ref> including three large-capacity stadiums; ''Les Jardins de Roland Garros'', a large restaurant and bar complex;<ref>Eating Your Way Through Roland Garros. [http://www.gemtennis.com/2010/05/26/roland-garros-special-eating-your-way-through-roland-garros/ Gem Tennis.] Retrieved 2010-08-17.</ref> ''Le Village'', the press and VIP area; France's National Training Centre (CNE); and the [[Tenniseum]], a bilingual, multimedia museum of the history of tennis.
+'''Stade Roland Garros''' ({{IPA-fr|stad ʁɔlɑ̃ ɡaʁos}}; "Roland Garros Stadium") is a complex of tennis courts, including stadiums, located in [[Paris]] that hosts the [[French Open]]. That tournament, also known as Roland Garros, is a [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] tennis championship played annually in late May and early June. The complex is named after [[Roland Garros (aviator)|Roland Garros]] (1888–1918), a pioneering French [[aviator]], and was constructed in 1928 to host France's first defence of the [[Davis Cup]]. The 13.5-hectare (34-acre) complex contains twenty courts,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fft.fr/rolandgarros/images/plan-RG-2008.jpg|title=Roland Garros – Paris|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530092110/http://www.fft.fr/rolandgarros/images/plan-RG-2008.jpg|archive-date=30 May 2010}}</ref> including three large-capacity stadiums; Les Jardins de Roland Garros, a large restaurant and bar complex;<ref>Eating Your Way Through Roland Garros. [http://www.gemtennis.com/2010/05/26/roland-garros-special-eating-your-way-through-roland-garros/ Gem Tennis.] Retrieved 2010-08-17.</ref> Le Village, the press and VIP area; France's National Training Centre (CNE); and the [[Tenniseum]], a bilingual, multimedia museum of the history of tennis.
 ==Dedication==
-The facility is named after [[Roland Garros (aviator)|Roland Garros]], a pilot who completed the first solo flight across the [[Mediterranean Sea]],<ref>Who's Who—Roland Garros. [http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/garros.htm FirstWorldWar.com] Retrieved 2011-08-03</ref> engineer (inventor of the first forward-firing aircraft machine gun),<ref>"Early Developments" [http://www.wwiaviation.com/early_dev.html WWIAviation.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814234123/http://www.wwiaviation.com/early_dev.html |date=14 August 2017 }} Retrieved 2011-08-03</ref> and [[World War I]] hero who shot down four enemy aircraft (though popularly believed to be five).<ref>{{cite book | first1=Norman | last1=Franks | first2=Frank W. | last2=Bailey | title=Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918 | publisher=Grub Street | year=1992 | isbn=978-0-948817-54-0}}.</ref>  Garros was killed in aerial combat in October 1918.
+The facility is named after [[Roland Garros (aviator)|Roland Garros]], a pilot who completed the first solo flight across the Mediterranean Sea,<ref>Who's Who—Roland Garros. [http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/garros.htm FirstWorldWar.com] Retrieved 2011-08-03</ref> engineer (inventor of the first forward-firing aircraft machine gun),<ref>"Early Developments" [http://www.wwiaviation.com/early_dev.html WWIAviation.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814234123/http://www.wwiaviation.com/early_dev.html |date=14 August 2017 }} Retrieved 2011-08-03</ref> and World War I hero who shot down four enemy aircraft (though popularly believed to be five).<ref>{{cite book | first1=Norman | last1=Franks | first2=Frank W. | last2=Bailey | title=Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918 | publisher=Grub Street | year=1992 | isbn=978-0-948817-54-0}}.</ref> Garros was killed in aerial combat in October 1918.
 ==History==
-[[File:Davis Cup Roland Garros trim.jpg|thumb|Monument in ''Place des Mousquetaires'' to France's string of Davis Cup victories (1927–1933).  Stade Roland Garros was constructed to provide a venue for France's first successful Cup defense in 1928.]]
+[[File:Davis Cup Roland Garros trim.jpg|thumb|Monument in Place des Mousquetaires to France's string of Davis Cup victories (1927–1933). Stade Roland Garros was constructed to provide a venue for France's first successful Cup defense in 1928.]]
-France was an important power in tennis during the first half of the 20th century due to the dominance of [[Suzanne Lenglen]] during the 1910s and 1920s, and ''les Quatre Mousquetaires'' ("the Four Musketeers")—[[Jacques Brugnon|Jacques "Toto" Brugnon]], [[Jean Borotra]] (the "Bouncing Basque"), [[Henri Cochet]] (the "Magician"), and [[René Lacoste]] (the "Crocodile")—in the 1920s and 1930s.  In 1927, France defeated the United States to win the [[Davis Cup]], due largely to the Musketeers' efforts. Stade Roland Garros was constructed as a venue for France's successful defense the following year.<ref name="auto">A Visit to Roland Garros. [http://www.colleensparis.com/Colleens_Paris_rolandgarros.php Colleen's Paris] Retrieved 2010-08-16.</ref>  France retained the Cup until 1933, again largely because of the Musketeers.  A monument to France's six Cup championships stands at the center of  ''Place des Mousquetaires'', a circular courtyard near the venue's entrance.<ref name="SRG" />
+France was an important power in tennis during the first half of the 20th century due to the dominance of [[Suzanne Lenglen]] during the 1910s and 1920s, and les Quatre Mousquetaires ("the Four Musketeers")—[[Jacques Brugnon|Jacques "Toto" Brugnon]], [[Jean Borotra]] (the "Bouncing Basque"), [[Henri Cochet]] (the "Magician"), and [[René Lacoste]] (the "Crocodile")—in the 1920s and 1930s. In 1927, France defeated the United States to win the [[Davis Cup]], due largely to the Musketeers' efforts. Stade Roland Garros was constructed as a venue for France's successful defense the following year.<ref name="auto">A Visit to Roland Garros. [http://www.colleensparis.com/Colleens_Paris_rolandgarros.php Colleen's Paris] Retrieved 2010-08-16.</ref> France retained the Cup until 1933, again largely because of the Musketeers. A monument to France's six Cup championships stands at the center of Place des Mousquetaires, a circular courtyard near the venue's entrance.<ref name="SRG" />
-In October 1939, shortly after the outbreak of [[World War II]], the facility was used as a detention centre where "indésirables"—mostly Hungarians, Russians, Italians, Poles, and citizens suspected of being communists—were held pending imprisonment.<ref name="Scum of the Earth p61">{{cite book|last1=Koestler|first1=Arthur|title=Scum of the Earth|date=1941|publisher=Eland|location=London|isbn=978-0-907871-49-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/scumofearth00koes/page/61 61–91]|url=https://archive.org/details/scumofearth00koes/page/61}}</ref>  Journalist and former communist [[Arthur Koestler]] reported that at the time of his detention, posters advertising the last match prior to the outbreak of war, between Cochet and Borotra, were still in place.<ref name="Scum of the Earth p85">{{cite book|last1=Koestler|first1=Arthur|title=Scum of the Earth|date=1941|publisher=Eland|location=London|isbn=978-0-907871-49-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/scumofearth00koes/page/85 85]|url=https://archive.org/details/scumofearth00koes/page/85}}</ref>
+In October 1939, shortly after the outbreak of World War II, the facility was used as a detention centre where "indésirables"—mostly Hungarians, Russians, Italians, Poles, and citizens suspected of being communists—were held pending imprisonment.<ref name="Scum of the Earth p61">{{cite book|last1=Koestler|first1=Arthur|title=Scum of the Earth|date=1941|publisher=Eland|location=London|isbn=978-0-907871-49-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/scumofearth00koes/page/61 61–91]|url=https://archive.org/details/scumofearth00koes/page/61}}</ref> Journalist and former communist [[Arthur Koestler]] reported that at the time of his detention, posters advertising the last match prior to the outbreak of war, between Cochet and Borotra, were still in place.<ref name="Scum of the Earth p85">{{cite book|last1=Koestler|first1=Arthur|title=Scum of the Earth|date=1941|publisher=Eland|location=London|isbn=978-0-907871-49-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/scumofearth00koes/page/85 85]|url=https://archive.org/details/scumofearth00koes/page/85}}</ref>
 ==Playing surface==
-While the Stade Roland Garros surface is invariably characterized as "red clay", the courts are in fact surfaced with white limestone covered with a few millimeters of powdered red brick dust. Beneath the {{convert|3|in|cm|adj=on}} layer of porous limestone is {{convert|6|in|cm}} of volcanic rock, followed by {{convert|3|ft|cm}} of sand, all of which rests on a slab of concrete.  Crushed brick is pressed onto the limestone surface with rollers, then drenched in water.  The process is repeated several times until a thin, compact layer coats each court. The crushed brick is deep enough to allow footprints and ball marks, but shallow enough to avoid making the court spongy or slippery. In tournament situations workers smooth the surface before matches and between sets by dragging rectangular lengths of chain-link across it.  The red brick dust is replenished as needed (daily during major tournaments).<ref name="NY Times">{{cite news|last=Branch|first=John|date=28 May 2010|title=Some Rouge Dresses Up Courts at Roland Garros|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/30/sports/tennis/30clay.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=11 June 2015}}</ref>
+While the Stade Roland Garros surface is invariably characterized as "red clay", the courts are in fact surfaced with white limestone covered with a few millimeters of powdered red brick dust. Beneath the {{convert|3|in|cm|adj=on}} layer of porous limestone is {{convert|6|in|cm}} of volcanic rock, followed by {{convert|3|ft|cm}} of sand, all of which rests on a slab of concrete. Crushed brick is pressed onto the limestone surface with rollers, then drenched in water. The process is repeated several times until a thin, compact layer coats each court. The crushed brick is deep enough to allow footprints and ball marks, but shallow enough to avoid making the court spongy or slippery. In tournament situations workers smooth the surface before matches and between sets by dragging rectangular lengths of chain-link across it. The red brick dust is replenished as needed (daily during major tournaments).<ref name="NY Times">{{cite news|last=Branch|first=John|date=28 May 2010|title=Some Rouge Dresses Up Courts at Roland Garros|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/30/sports/tennis/30clay.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=11 June 2015}}</ref>
 The surface was a state-of-the art solution, in 1928, to the biggest problem with natural clay courts: poor drainage. At the time it was not unusual for clay surfaces to be unplayable for two to three days after even short periods of precipitation. The limestone/crushed brick combination, originally developed in Great Britain, played and looked similar to clay without clay's drainage issues, thus rendering natural clay obsolete as a tennis court surface.<ref>{{cite web
@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127102553/http://xsports.com/clay.html
 | archive-date=27 November 2013
-| access-date=11 June 2015}}</ref>  Since then a multitude of other "fast-dry" and synthetic clay surfaces have been developed.  Courts surfaced with these materials play much like natural clay surfaces and are collectively classified as "clay courts", despite the fact that few if any true clay courts have been built for almost a century.  The diversity in composition of various "clay" surfaces around the world explains the extraordinary variability in their playing characteristics.  “All clay courts are different”, [[Venus Williams]] has said. “None play the same. [Roland Garros] plays the best”.<ref name="NY Times" />
+| access-date=11 June 2015}}</ref> Since then a multitude of other "fast-dry" and synthetic clay surfaces have been developed. Courts surfaced with these materials play much like natural clay surfaces and are collectively classified as "clay courts", despite the fact that few if any true clay courts have been built for almost a century. The diversity in composition of various "clay" surfaces around the world explains the extraordinary variability in their playing characteristics. “All clay courts are different”, [[Venus Williams]] has said. “None play the same. [Roland Garros] plays the best”.<ref name="NY Times" />
 ==Stadium courts==
 ===Court Philippe Chatrier===
 [[File:Roland Garros Stadium in 2007.jpg|thumb|Court Philippe Chatrier prior to 2019 refurbishment]]
-Court [[Philippe Chatrier]] was built in 1928 as Stade Roland Garros's centerpiece and remains its principal venue.  It seats [[List of tennis stadiums by capacity|15,225 spectators]] as of a 2019 renovation.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/instant-article/idUSKCN26G1W0 | title=French Open in numbers | date=25 September 2020 | work=Reuters | access-date=28 September 2020}}</ref>  The stadium was known simply as "Court Central" until 2001, when it was renamed for the long-time president of the [[Fédération Française de Tennis]] (FFT) who helped restore tennis as a [[Summer Olympics]] sport in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|title=Philippe-Chatrier Court|url=http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/content/rg_spirit/philippe_chatrier_court.html|publisher=Roland-Garros|access-date=2015-06-11}}</ref>
+Court [[Philippe Chatrier]] was built in 1928 as Stade Roland Garros's centerpiece and remains its principal venue. It seats [[List of tennis stadiums by capacity|15,225 spectators]] as of a 2019 renovation.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/instant-article/idUSKCN26G1W0 | title=French Open in numbers | date=25 September 2020 | work=Reuters | access-date=28 September 2020}}</ref> The stadium was known simply as "Court Central" until 2001 when it was renamed for the long-time president of the [[Fédération Française de Tennis]] (FFT) who helped restore tennis as a [[Summer Olympics]] sport in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|title=Philippe-Chatrier Court|url=http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/content/rg_spirit/philippe_chatrier_court.html|publisher=Roland-Garros|access-date=2015-06-11}}</ref>
-The four main spectator grandstands are named for ''les Quatre Mousquetaires''—Brugnon, Borotra, Cochet, and Lacoste—in honor of their Davis Cup success, which prompted construction of the facility, and the stadium.<ref name="auto" />  As a further tribute, the trophy awarded each year to the French Open men's singles champion is known as ''[[Coupe des Mousquetaires|La Coupe des Mousquetaires.]]''<ref name="SRG" />
+The four main spectator grandstands are named for les Quatre Mousquetaires—Brugnon, Borotra, Cochet, and Lacoste—in honor of their Davis Cup success, which prompted construction of the facility, and the stadium.<ref name="auto" /> As a further tribute, the trophy awarded each year to the French Open men's singles champion is known as [[Coupe des Mousquetaires|La Coupe des Mousquetaires.]]<ref name="SRG" />
-After the completion of the [[2018 French Open|2018 tournament]], the stadium was demolished down to its foundations and rebuilt with steeper grandstands in time for the [[2019 French Open|2019 tournament]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Roland Garros renovation entering 'money time' before French Open |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190221-roland-garros-renovation-entering-money-time-before-french-open |website=[[France 24]] |date=21 February 2019}}</ref> A retractable roof and floodlights were added in time for the [[2020 French Open|2020 tournament]], which was delayed to September of that year due to the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tennishead.net/french-open-lights-up-as-another-tradition-dies/|title=French Open lights up as another tradition dies|date=21 September 2020|work=tennishead.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/27/sports/tennis/french-open-preview.html|title=New for This Pandemic French Open: Fall Weather and Lights|work=The New York Times|date=27 September 2020|author=Christopher Clarey}}</ref>
+After the completion of the [[2018 French Open|2018 tournament]], the stadium was demolished down to its foundations and rebuilt with steeper grandstands in time for the [[2019 French Open|2019 tournament]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Roland Garros renovation entering 'money time' before French Open |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190221-roland-garros-renovation-entering-money-time-before-french-open |website=France 24 |date=21 February 2019}}</ref> A retractable roof and floodlights were added in time for the [[2020 French Open|2020 tournament]], which was delayed to September of that year due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tennishead.net/french-open-lights-up-as-another-tradition-dies/|title=French Open lights up as another tradition dies|date=21 September 2020|work=tennishead.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/27/sports/tennis/french-open-preview.html|title=New for This Pandemic French Open: Fall Weather and Lights|work=The New York Times|date=27 September 2020|author=Christopher Clarey}}</ref>
 ===Court Suzanne Lenglen===
 [[File:Suzanne Lenglen Court, Roland Garros, 2 June 2019.jpg|thumb|Court Suzanne Lenglen]]
-Built in 1994 and originally designated "Court A", Court [[Suzanne Lenglen]] is the secondary stadium with a capacity of 10,068 spectators.<ref>[http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/about/index.html Event Guide / Map and Directions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601083339/http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/about/index.html |date=1 June 2010 }} Roland Garros – French Open</ref>  Its namesake, an international celebrity and the first true star of women's tennis, won 31 major tournaments, including six French Open titles and six [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] championships, between 1914 and 1926.   Known as'' La Divine'' ("Divine One") and ''La Grand Dame'' ("Great Lady") of French tennis, she also won two [[Olympic gold medal]]s in [[Antwerp]] in 1920.  A bronze [[bas relief]] of Lenglen by the Italian sculptor Vito Tongiani stands over the east tunnel-entrance to the stadium.  The trophy awarded each year to the French Open women's singles champion is named ''La Coupe Suzanne Lenglen'' in her honor.  The court has an underground irrigation system, the first of its kind, to control moisture levels within its surface.<ref name="SRG">Stade Roland Garros Venues. [http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/about/index.html rolandgarros.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601083339/http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/about/index.html |date=1 June 2010 }} Retrieved 2010-08-17.</ref>
+Built in 1994 and originally designated "Court A", Court [[Suzanne Lenglen]] is the secondary stadium with a capacity of 10,068 spectators.<ref>[http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/about/index.html Event Guide / Map and Directions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601083339/http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/about/index.html |date=1 June 2010 }} Roland Garros – French Open</ref> Its namesake, an international celebrity and the first true star of women's tennis, won 31 major tournaments, including six French Open titles and six [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] championships, between 1914 and 1926. Known as La Divine (Divine One) and La Grand Dame (Great Lady) of French tennis, she won two [[Olympic gold medal]]s in Antwerp in 1920. A bronze [[bas relief]] of Lenglen by the Italian sculptor Vito Tongiani stands over the east tunnel-entrance to the stadium. The trophy awarded each year to the French Open women's singles champion is named La Coupe Suzanne Lenglen in her honor. The court has an underground irrigation system, the first of its kind, to control moisture levels within its surface.<ref name="SRG">Stade Roland Garros Venues. [http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/about/index.html rolandgarros.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601083339/http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/about/index.html |date=1 June 2010 }} Retrieved 2010-08-17.</ref>
-In 1994, the walkway between Court Chatrier and Court Lenglen was named ''Allée [[Marcel Bernard]]'', in honor of the 1940s-era French champion who died that year.<ref name="SRG" />
+In 1994, the walkway between Court Chatrier and Court Lenglen was named Allée [[Marcel Bernard]] in honor of the 1940s-era French champion who died that year.<ref name="SRG" />
 ===Court Simonne Mathieu===
 [[File:Court Simonne Mathieu.jpg|thumb|Court Simonne Mathieu]]
-Stade Roland Garros's new 5,000-seat tertiary venue was completed in March 2019 on the grounds of the [[Jardin des Serres d'Auteuil]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Eric Bruna |title=Roland-Garros : découvrez le nouveau court Simonne-Mathieu |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/sports/tennis/roland-garros-decouvrez-le-nouveau-court-simonne-mathieu-21-03-2019-8037027.php |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr |date=21 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Paul Myers |title=French Open courts glory of Simonne Mathieu |url=http://en.rfi.fr/sports/20190419-french-open-courts-glory-simonne-mathieu |website=[[Radio France Internationale|RFI]] |date=19 April 2019}}</ref>  Its [[Simonne Mathieu|namesake]] was the [[1938 French Championships – Women's Singles|1938]] and [[1939 French Championships – Women's Singles|1939]] women's singles champion who is also remembered as a leader of the [[French Resistance]] during the Second World War.<ref name="Mathieu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/french-open-2019-day-one-court-simonnemathieu-roland-garros-paris-new-court-a8931081.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/french-open-2019-day-one-court-simonnemathieu-roland-garros-paris-new-court-a8931081.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Court Simonne-Mathieu stunning new addition to Roland Garros|date=2019-05-26|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref>  The court was constructed four meters below ground level with greenhouses on all four sides. It was built to replace Court 1, which was demolished.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Eric Le Mitouard |title=Roland-Garros : le court des serres est prêt pour le prochain tournoi |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/roland-garros-le-court-des-serres-est-pret-pour-le-prochain-tournoi-07-02-2019-8006445.php |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr |date=7 February 2019}}</ref>
+Stade Roland Garros's new 5,000-seat tertiary venue was completed in March 2019 on the grounds of the [[Jardin des Serres d'Auteuil]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Eric Bruna |title=Roland-Garros : découvrez le nouveau court Simonne-Mathieu |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/sports/tennis/roland-garros-decouvrez-le-nouveau-court-simonne-mathieu-21-03-2019-8037027.php |website=Le Parisien |language=fr |date=21 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Paul Myers |title=French Open courts glory of Simonne Mathieu |url=http://en.rfi.fr/sports/20190419-french-open-courts-glory-simonne-mathieu |website=Radio France Internationale |date=19 April 2019}}</ref> Its [[Simonne Mathieu|namesake]] was the [[1938 French Championships – Women's Singles|1938]] and [[1939 French Championships – Women's Singles|1939]] women's singles champion who is also remembered as a leader of the [[French Resistance]] during the Second World War.<ref name="Mathieu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/french-open-2019-day-one-court-simonnemathieu-roland-garros-paris-new-court-a8931081.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/french-open-2019-day-one-court-simonnemathieu-roland-garros-paris-new-court-a8931081.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Court Simonne-Mathieu stunning new addition to Roland Garros|date=2019-05-26|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref> The court was constructed four meters below ground level with greenhouses on all four sides. It was built to replace Court 1, which was demolished.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Eric Le Mitouard |title=Roland-Garros : le court des serres est prêt pour le prochain tournoi |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/roland-garros-le-court-des-serres-est-pret-pour-le-prochain-tournoi-07-02-2019-8006445.php |website=Le Parisien |language=fr |date=7 February 2019}}</ref>
 ===Court 1===
 [[File:Court n°1, Roland Garros (4280166208).jpg|thumb|Court 1]]
-Court 1, once the facility's tertiary venue and nicknamed the "Bullring" because of its circular shape, was demolished in 2019. Its architect, [[Jean Lovera]], a former French junior champion, designed the 3,800-seat structure as a deliberate contrast to the adjacent, angular Court Philippe Chatrier.  Built in 1980, the Bullring was a favorite among serious tennis fans because of its relatively small size and feeling of close proximity to the action.<ref>Tignor, Steve (27 May 2010): Nothing Compares to Tennis in the Bullring. [http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/37385481/ns/sports-tennis/ NBC Sports] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701115535/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/37385481/ns/sports-tennis |date=1 July 2010 }} Retrieved 2010-08-17.</ref>  An unusual design feature was its press seating in the first row at court level behind the south baseline.<ref name="cclareynyt">Clarey, Christopher [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/29/sports/tennis/29iht-COURT.html?ref=sports "At Roland Garros, an Olé! for the Bullring"] ''New York Times'', 29 May 2010</ref>
+Court 1, once the facility's tertiary venue and nicknamed the "Bullring" because of its circular shape, was demolished in 2019. Its architect, [[Jean Lovera]], a former French junior champion, designed the 3,800-seat structure as a deliberate contrast to the adjacent, angular Court Philippe Chatrier. Built in 1980, the Bullring was a favorite among serious tennis fans because of its relatively small size and feeling of close proximity to the action.<ref>Tignor, Steve (27 May 2010): Nothing Compares to Tennis in the Bullring. [http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/37385481/ns/sports-tennis/ NBC Sports] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701115535/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/37385481/ns/sports-tennis |date=1 July 2010 }} Retrieved 2010-08-17.</ref> An unusual design feature was its press seating in the first row at court level behind the south baseline.<ref name="cclareynyt">Clarey, Christopher [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/29/sports/tennis/29iht-COURT.html?ref=sports "At Roland Garros, an Olé! for the Bullring"] ''New York Times'', 29 May 2010</ref>
-Court 1 was the scene of several memorable French Open upsets, such as unseeded [[Gustavo Kuerten]]'s third-round victory over fifth-seeded former champion [[Thomas Muster]] in 1997, on his way to his first of three Open titles;<ref>{{cite news|author1=Robin Finn|title=Sampras and Muster Exit in Paris|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/31/sports/sampras-and-muster-exit-in-paris.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2015-06-11|date=31 May 1997}}</ref> and third-seeded [[Gabriela Sabatini]]'s defeat — after a 6–1, 5–1 lead and five match points — to [[Mary Joe Fernandez]] in the [[1993 French Open – Women's Singles|1993 quarterfinals]].<ref>Fernandez Turns Rout Into Rousing Comeback (2 June 1993). [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/02/sports/tennis-fernandez-turns-rout-into-rousing-comeback.html?ref=mary_joe_fernandez New York ''Times''] Retrieved 2010-08-19.</ref>   It was also the site of [[Marat Safin]]'s famous "dropped pants" match against [[Félix Mantilla Botella|Félix Mantilla]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|title=Safin on mooning crowd: 'What's bad about it?|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french04/news/story?id=1811412|publisher=[[ESPN]]|access-date=2015-06-11|date=29 May 2004}}</ref>
+Court 1 was the scene of several memorable French Open upsets, such as unseeded [[Gustavo Kuerten]]'s third-round victory over fifth-seeded former champion [[Thomas Muster]] in 1997, on his way to his first of three Open titles;<ref>{{cite news|author1=Robin Finn|title=Sampras and Muster Exit in Paris|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/31/sports/sampras-and-muster-exit-in-paris.html|work=The New York Times|access-date=2015-06-11|date=31 May 1997}}</ref> and third-seeded [[Gabriela Sabatini]]'s defeat — after a 6–1, 5–1 lead and five match points — to [[Mary Joe Fernandez]] in the [[1993 French Open – Women's Singles|1993 quarterfinals]].<ref>Fernandez Turns Rout into Rousing Comeback (2 June 1993). [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/02/sports/tennis-fernandez-turns-rout-into-rousing-comeback.html?ref=mary_joe_fernandez New York ''Times''] Retrieved 2010-08-19.</ref> It was also the site of [[Marat Safin]]'s famous "dropped pants" match against [[Félix Mantilla Botella|Félix Mantilla]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|title=Safin on mooning crowd: 'What's bad about it?|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french04/news/story?id=1811412|publisher=ESPN|access-date=2015-06-11|date=29 May 2004}}</ref>
-Demolition of Court 1 began shortly after conclusion of the [[2019 French Open|2019 tournament]] and inauguration of the new tertiary venue, Court Simonne Mathieu. In its place, a greatly enlarged ''Place des Mousquetaires'' was constructed, where spectators can watch matches on a large video screen.<ref name="Mathieu" /><ref>{{cite web |author1=Steve Tignor |title=Au revoir, Court 1: memorializing Roland Garros' exhilarating bullring |url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2018/06/au-revoir-court-1-memorializing-roland-garrosexhilarating/74428/ |website=[[Tennis.com]] |date=5 June 2018}}</ref>
+Demolition of Court 1 began shortly after conclusion of the [[2019 French Open|2019 tournament]] and inauguration of the new tertiary venue, Court Simonne Mathieu. In its place, a greatly enlarged Place des Mousquetaires was constructed, where spectators can watch matches on a large video screen.<ref name="Mathieu" /><ref>{{cite web |author1=Steve Tignor |title=Au revoir, Court 1: memorializing Roland Garros' exhilarating bullring |url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2018/06/au-revoir-court-1-memorializing-roland-garrosexhilarating/74428/ |website=Tennis.com |date=5 June 2018}}</ref>
 ==Tenniseum==
-Known officially as the Museum of the French Federation of Tennis, the Tenniseum  was designed by the French architect Bruno Moinard and opened in May 2003.  It is housed in a former groundsman's cottage, and comprises a multimedia center, media library, and permanent and temporary exhibits dedicated to the history of tennis in general, and the French Open in particular.
+Known officially as the Museum of the French Federation of Tennis, the Tenniseum was designed by the French architect Bruno Moinard and opened in May 2003. It is housed in a former groundsman's cottage, and comprises a multimedia center, media library, and permanent and temporary exhibits dedicated to the history of tennis in general, and the French Open in particular.
-Permanent exhibits include a display of the French Open perpetual trophies, including ''La Coupe des Mousquetaires'' and ''La Coupe Suzanne Lenglen''; a narrative and photographic history of Stade Roland Garros; displays documenting the evolution of tennis attire through the years; a comprehensive collection of tennis racquets dating back to the mid-19th century; and a large exhibition of tennis-related photographs and paintings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fft.fr/site-tenniseum/en/|title=Tenniseum website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825023551/http://www.fft.fr/site-tenniseum/en/|archive-date=25 August 2010}}</ref>
+Permanent exhibits include a display of the French Open perpetual trophies, including La Coupe des Mousquetaires and La Coupe Suzanne Lenglen; a narrative and photographic history of Stade Roland Garros; displays documenting the evolution of tennis attire through the years; a comprehensive collection of tennis racquets dating back to the mid-19th century; and a large exhibition of tennis-related photographs and paintings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fft.fr/site-tenniseum/en/|title=Tenniseum website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825023551/http://www.fft.fr/site-tenniseum/en/|archive-date=25 August 2010}}</ref>
 [[File:French Tennis Federation Museum, Roland Garros, Paris 03.jpg|thumb|left|French Tennis Federation Museum]]
-The media library houses a diverse collection of documents, posters, books, and magazines, as well as a database of tennis information, statistics, trivia, and match summaries of all French Open tournament matches since 1928.  The bilingual (French/English) multimedia center contains over 4,000 hours of digitized video including documentaries,  interviews with many of the sport's legendary players, and film archives dating from 1897 to the present.  Tours are conducted daily.  (Two per day, at 11:00am and 3:00pm, are in English.)  During the French Open the normal entry fee is waived for tournament ticket-holders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fft.fr/site-tenniseum/en/|title=Tenniseum website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825023551/http://www.fft.fr/site-tenniseum/en/|archive-date=25 August 2010}}</ref>
+The media library houses a diverse collection of documents, posters, books, and magazines, as well as a database of tennis information, statistics, trivia, and match summaries of all French Open tournament matches since 1928. The bilingual (French/English) multimedia center contains over 4,000 hours of digitized video, including documentaries, interviews with many of the sport's legendary players, and film archives dating from 1897 to the present. Tours are conducted daily. (Two per day at 11:00am and 3:00pm, are in English.) During the French Open, the normal entry fee is waived for tournament ticket-holders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fft.fr/site-tenniseum/en/|title=Tenniseum website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825023551/http://www.fft.fr/site-tenniseum/en/|archive-date=25 August 2010}}</ref>
 ==Expansion project==
 ===Original plans===
-[[File:Nadal photographié.jpg|thumb|[[Rafael Nadal]] displaying ''La Coupe des Mousquetaires'' after winning his second French Open title in 2006.]]
+[[File:Nadal photographié.jpg|thumb|[[Rafael Nadal]] displaying La Coupe des Mousquetaires after winning his second French Open title in 2006]]
 In 2009 the FFT announced that it had commissioned the French architect Marc Mimram to design a significant expansion of Stade Roland Garros. On the current property, the proposal called for the addition of lights and a [[retractable roof]] over Court Philippe Chatrier. At the nearby Georges Hébert municipal recreation area, east of Stade Roland Garros at Porte d'Auteuil, a fourth stadium was planned with a retractable roof and 14,600 seating capacity, along with two smaller show courts with seating for 1,500 and 750.<ref>Meeting Modern Demands. [http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/content/new_stadium/meeting_modern_demands.html Stade Roland Garros official web site]. Retrieved 14 July 2015.</ref>
-In 2010, faced with opposition to the proposed expansion from factions within the Paris City Council, the FFT announced that it was considering an alternate plan to move the French Open to a new, 55-court venue outside of Paris city limits. The three sites under consideration were [[Marne-la-Vallée]], the northern Paris suburb of [[Gonesse]], and a vacant army base near [[Versailles, Yvelines|Versailles]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=John Martin|title=French Officials Consider Relocation Options for the Open|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/23/sports/tennis/23tennis.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2015-06-11|date=22 May 2010}}</ref> Amid charges of bluffing and [[brinkmanship]], a spokesman explained that because Stade Roland Garros was less than half the size of the other three Grand Slam venues and had no covered courts, the French Open was at risk of losing its Grand Slam status to [[Madrid]]—which has a long clay court tradition and larger facilities—or the [[Gulf countries]].<ref name="Newsweek" /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.worldtennismagazine.com/archives/2398 | title=French Open May Have to leave Paris | date=June 2010 | access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref>
+In 2010, faced with opposition to the proposed expansion from factions within the Paris City Council, the FFT announced that it was considering an alternate plan to move the French Open to a new, 55-court venue outside of Paris city limits. The three sites under consideration were [[Marne-la-Vallée]], the northern Paris suburb of [[Gonesse]], and a vacant army base near [[Versailles, Yvelines|Versailles]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=John Martin|title=French Officials Consider Relocation Options for the Open|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/23/sports/tennis/23tennis.html|work=The New York Times|access-date=2015-06-11|date=22 May 2010}}</ref> Amid charges of bluffing and [[brinkmanship]], a spokesman explained that because Stade Roland Garros was less than half the size of the other three Grand Slam venues and had no covered courts, the French Open was at risk of losing its Grand Slam status to Madrid—which has a long clay court tradition and larger facilities—or the [[Gulf countries]].<ref name="Newsweek" /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.worldtennismagazine.com/archives/2398 | title=French Open May Have to leave Paris | date=June 2010 | access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref>
-In February 2011, the FFT voted to keep the tournament at Stade Roland Garros, citing the prohibitive expense ([[USD|$]]630 million to $1 billion) of building a new venue from scratch versus a projected $370 million to carry out the proposed expansion.<ref>{{cite web|title=French Open staying at Roland Garros|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=6118103|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=13 February 2011}}</ref>  Further details of the plan were announced in May 2013, including a complete rebuild of the Chatrier court on its existing foundations in addition to the new roof and lights, and a larger ''Place des Mousquetaires'' in the area occupied by Court 1. The new stadium at Porte d'Auteuil would be built below ground level, with greenhouses surrounding it on all four sides. Project deadlines were pushed back from 2016 to 2018. Local residents, wildlife enthusiasts and municipal authorities continued to voice opposition to the plan, which would increase the Stade Roland Garros grounds from 21 acres (8.5 hectares) to about 33.8 acres (13.5 hectares).<ref>Clarey C (28 May 2013): "Renovation Plans in Limbo, Roland Garros Faces Future".  [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/29/sports/tennis/renovation-plans-in-limbo-roland-garros-faces-future.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 NYTimes.com].  Retrieved 29 May 2013</ref>
+In February 2011, the FFT voted to keep the tournament at Stade Roland Garros, citing the prohibitive expense ([[USD|$]]630 million to $1 billion) of building a new venue from scratch versus a projected $370 million to carry out the proposed expansion.<ref>{{cite web|title=French Open staying at Roland Garros|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=6118103|publisher=ESPN|date=13 February 2011}}</ref> Further details of the plan were announced in May 2013, including a complete rebuild of the Chatrier court on its existing foundations in addition to the new roof and lights, and a larger Place des Mousquetaires in the area occupied by Court 1. The new stadium at Porte d'Auteuil would be built below ground level, with greenhouses surrounding it on all four sides. Project deadlines were pushed back from 2016 to 2018. Local residents, wildlife enthusiasts and municipal authorities continued to voice opposition to the plan, which would increase the Stade Roland Garros grounds from 21 acres (8.5 hectares) to about 33.8 acres (13.5 hectares).<ref>Clarey C (28 May 2013): "Renovation Plans in Limbo, Roland Garros Faces Future". [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/29/sports/tennis/renovation-plans-in-limbo-roland-garros-faces-future.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 NYTimes.com]. Retrieved 29 May 2013</ref>
 ===Environmental concerns and delays===
-In February 2015 the [[Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy|Ministry of Ecology]] issued a negative report, and the project was placed on hold pending completion of a new land use study for the City Council.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lequipe.fr/Tennis/Actualites/Le-projet-menace-par-le-ministere/537024&prev=search | title=Moderization Project Threatened | access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lequipe.fr/Tennis/Actualites/L-incomprehension-de-la-fft/536974&usg=ALkJrhgIRvsGsEvv1c4ES1DOkRStaCKilQ | title=The Misunderstanding of the French Tennis Federation | access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref> In June [[List of mayors of Paris|Paris Mayor]] [[Anne Hidalgo]] announced that construction permits had been signed, with a new cost estimate of $450 million and completion further delayed to 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Roland Garros Revamp Gets Green Light|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/243624-roland-garros-revamp-gets-green-light|publisher=NDTV|access-date=2015-06-11|date=10 June 2015}}</ref> Opponents, who objected to the demolition of 2.5 acres (1 hectare) of greenhouses and biological gardens at the [[Jardin des Serres d'Auteuil]] on the eastern border of the current ground,<ref>Nerves Fray Over New French Open Stadium Plans (22 May 2015). [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/23/sports/tennis/nerves-fray-over-new-french-open-stadium-plans.html?_r=0 ''New York Times'' archive]. Retrieved 11 June 2015.</ref> proposed an alternate, northward expansion into the [[Bois de Boulogne]] that would require covering a portion of the A13 highway.<ref>Roland-Garros : A Counter-Proposal by the Associations. [http://www.thearttribune.com/Roland-Garros-A-Counter-Proposal.html ''The Art Tribune''.] Retrieved 11 June 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/27/sports/tennis/27iht-ARENA.html | title=Roland Garros Deals With Growing Pains | newspaper=The New York Times | date=26 May 2010 | access-date=29 March 2015| last1=Clarey | first1=Christopher }}</ref> Proponents of the eastward expansion argued that further delays would jeopardize Paris's bid for the [[2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Olympic games]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/12507252/renovation-work-roland-garros-hold | title=Roland Garros renovation on hold | date=18 March 2015 | access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref>
+In February 2015 the [[Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy|Ministry of Ecology]] issued a negative report, and the project was placed on hold pending completion of a new land use study for the City Council.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lequipe.fr/Tennis/Actualites/Le-projet-menace-par-le-ministere/537024&prev=search | title=Moderization Project Threatened | access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lequipe.fr/Tennis/Actualites/L-incomprehension-de-la-fft/536974&usg=ALkJrhgIRvsGsEvv1c4ES1DOkRStaCKilQ | title=The Misunderstanding of the French Tennis Federation | access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref> In June, Paris Mayor [[Anne Hidalgo]] announced that construction permits had been signed, with a new cost estimate of $450 million and completion  delayed to 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Roland Garros Revamp Gets Green Light|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/243624-roland-garros-revamp-gets-green-light|publisher=NDTV|access-date=2015-06-11|date=10 June 2015}}</ref> Opponents, who objected to the demolition of 2.5 acres (1 hectare) of greenhouses and biological gardens at the [[Jardin des Serres d'Auteuil]] on the eastern border of the current ground,<ref>Nerves Fray Over New French Open Stadium Plans (22 May 2015). [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/23/sports/tennis/nerves-fray-over-new-french-open-stadium-plans.html?_r=0 ''New York Times'' archive]. Retrieved 11 June 2015.</ref> proposed an alternate, northward expansion into the [[Bois de Boulogne]] that would require covering a portion of the A13 highway.<ref>Roland-Garros : A Counter-Proposal by the Associations. [http://www.thearttribune.com/Roland-Garros-A-Counter-Proposal.html ''The Art Tribune''.] Retrieved 11 June 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/27/sports/tennis/27iht-ARENA.html | title=Roland Garros Deals With Growing Pains | newspaper=The New York Times | date=26 May 2010 | access-date=29 March 2015| last1=Clarey | first1=Christopher }}</ref> Proponents of the eastward expansion argued that further delays would jeopardize Paris's bid for the [[2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Olympic games]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/12507252/renovation-work-roland-garros-hold | title=Roland Garros renovation on hold | date=18 March 2015 | access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref>
-In December 2015, the Paris Administrative Court ordered suspension of reclamation work involving the Auteuil botanical garden greenhouses. In a statement, the FFT responded that the greenhouses would not be destroyed, and would, in fact, be embellished.  FFT also noted that opponents of the eastward expansion "[did] not have good alternatives from the operational, legal and environmental point of view", and added that expansion into the Bois de Boulogne was impossible.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tennisworldusa.org/French-Federation-to-Appeal-against-Roland-Garros-Modernization-suspension-articolo31293.html | title=French Federation to Appeal against Roland Garros´ Modernization suspension! |publisher=Tennis World|date=26 March 2016}}</ref> In February 2017, the last of the legal challenges were resolved and work resumed on the original eastward expansion plan.<ref name="nyt2017">{{cite web |author1=Christopher Clarey |title=The new Roland Garros is on its way |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/25/sports/tennis/the-new-roland-garros-is-on-its-way.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
+In December 2015, the Paris Administrative Court ordered suspension of reclamation work involving the Auteuil botanical garden greenhouses. In a statement, the FFT responded that the greenhouses would not be destroyed, and would, in fact, be embellished. FFT also noted that opponents of the eastward expansion "[did] not have good alternatives from the operational, legal and environmental point of view", and added that expansion into the Bois de Boulogne was impossible.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tennisworldusa.org/French-Federation-to-Appeal-against-Roland-Garros-Modernization-suspension-articolo31293.html | title=French Federation to Appeal against Roland Garros´ Modernization suspension! |publisher=Tennis World|date=26 March 2016}}</ref> In February 2017, the last of the legal challenges were resolved and work resumed on the original eastward expansion plan.<ref name="nyt2017">{{cite web |author1=Christopher Clarey |title=The new Roland Garros is on its way |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/25/sports/tennis/the-new-roland-garros-is-on-its-way.html |website=The New York Times |date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
 ===Resumption===
-The new tournament organization building and ''Village'', new courts 7 and 9, the expanded ''Place des Mousquetaires'', and a new show court in the Fond des Princes area west of Court Lenglen were completed in time for the [[2018 French Open|2018 Open]]. The Court des Serres, renamed Court Simonne Mathieu, was opened in March 2019, ready for the [[2019 French Open|2019 tournament]], as was the rebuilt Court Chatrier, with the retractable roof completed in time for the [[2020 French Open|2020 tournament]].<ref name="Newsweek">[http://www.newsweek.com/french-open-expansion-roland-garros-parisian-style-tennis-sport-615218 Expansion of Roland Garros Aims to Preserve Parisian Style]. ''Newsweek'' (25 May 2017), retrieved 31 May 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.tennisnow.com/News/2017/February-2017/Roland-Garros-Expansion,-Roof-over-Chatrier-Set-to.aspx Roland Garros Expansion, Roof over Chatrier Set to Proceed] ''Tennis Now'' (3 February 2017), retrieved 30 May 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/content/new_stadium/meeting_modern_demands.html New Stadium Project]. RolandGarros.com, retrieved 31 May 2017.</ref>
+The new tournament organization building and Village, new courts 7 and 9, the expanded Place des Mousquetaires, and a new show court in the Fond des Princes area west of Court Lenglen were completed in time for the [[2018 French Open|2018 Open]]. The Court des Serres, renamed Court Simonne Mathieu, was opened in March 2019, ready for the [[2019 French Open|2019 tournament]], as was the rebuilt Court Chatrier, with the retractable roof completed in time for the [[2020 French Open|2020 tournament]].<ref name="Newsweek">[http://www.newsweek.com/french-open-expansion-roland-garros-parisian-style-tennis-sport-615218 Expansion of Roland Garros Aims to Preserve Parisian Style]. ''Newsweek'' (25 May 2017), retrieved 31 May 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.tennisnow.com/News/2017/February-2017/Roland-Garros-Expansion,-Roof-over-Chatrier-Set-to.aspx Roland Garros Expansion, Roof over Chatrier Set to Proceed] ''Tennis Now'' (3 February 2017), retrieved 30 May 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/content/new_stadium/meeting_modern_demands.html New Stadium Project]. RolandGarros.com, retrieved 31 May 2017.</ref>
-In [[2021 French Open|2021]], the redevelopment of courts 2 and 3 and the renovation work at the Place des Mousquetaires were finished.<ref name="ledauphine">{{cite web|title=Travaux d'extension à Roland-Garros : livraison en 2021 |url=https://www.ledauphine.com/sport/2018/05/23/travaux-d-extension-a-roland-garros-livraison-en-2021 |website=[[Le Dauphiné libéré]] |date=23 May 2018|language=fr}}</ref> This included the inauguration of statues to [[Rafael Nadal]] (who has won the French Open singles title a record 14 times), Roland Garros, and the "Four Musketeers" (Borotra, Brugnon, Cochet, and Lacoste).<ref>{{cite web |title=STATUE IN HONOUR OF RAFA UNVEILED AT RG |url=https://www.rolandgarros.com/en-us/article/rafael-nadal-statue-unveiled-at-roland-garros |website=rolandgarros.com |access-date=2 June 2021 |location=Paris |language=en-US |date=27 May 2021}}</ref> In the same year, the tournament introduced night sessions on Court Philippe Chatrier for the first time in its history.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cambers |first1=Simon |title=2021 French Open: Serena Williams lights up tournament's first-ever night session |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/31543481/2021-french-open-serena-williams-lights-tournament-first-ever-night-session |access-date=2 June 2021 |work=ESPN |date=31 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>  Court Suzanne Lenglen will have a retractable roof completed on time for the 2024 Summer Olympics.<ref>{{cite web |title=ROLAND-GARROS 2024: A RETRACTABLE ROOF ON COURT SUZANNE-LENGLEN |url=https://www.rolandgarros.com/en-us/article/roland-garros-2024-retractable-roof-suzanne-lenglen-court |website=rolandgarros.com |access-date=2 June 2021 |location=Paris |language=en-US |date=1 June 2021}}</ref>
+In [[2021 French Open|2021]], the redevelopment of courts 2 and 3 and the renovation work at the Place des Mousquetaires were finished.<ref name="ledauphine">{{cite web|title=Travaux d'extension à Roland-Garros : livraison en 2021 |url=https://www.ledauphine.com/sport/2018/05/23/travaux-d-extension-a-roland-garros-livraison-en-2021 |website=Le Dauphiné libéré |date=23 May 2018|language=fr}}</ref> This included the inauguration of statues to [[Rafael Nadal]] (who has won the French Open singles title a record 14 times), Roland Garros, and the "Four Musketeers" (Borotra, Brugnon, Cochet, and Lacoste).<ref>{{cite web |title=STATUE IN HONOUR OF RAFA UNVEILED AT RG |url=https://www.rolandgarros.com/en-us/article/rafael-nadal-statue-unveiled-at-roland-garros |website=rolandgarros.com |access-date=2 June 2021 |location=Paris |language=en-US |date=27 May 2021}}</ref> In the same year, the tournament introduced night sessions on Court Philippe Chatrier for the first time in its history.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cambers |first1=Simon |title=2021 French Open: Serena Williams lights up tournament's first-ever night session |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/31543481/2021-french-open-serena-williams-lights-tournament-first-ever-night-session |access-date=2 June 2021 |work=ESPN |date=31 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Court Suzanne Lenglen will have a retractable roof completed on time for the 2024 Summer Olympics.<ref>{{cite web |title=ROLAND-GARROS 2024: A RETRACTABLE ROOF ON COURT SUZANNE-LENGLEN |url=https://www.rolandgarros.com/en-us/article/roland-garros-2024-retractable-roof-suzanne-lenglen-court |website=rolandgarros.com |access-date=2 June 2021 |location=Paris |language=en-US |date=1 June 2021}}</ref>
 ==Location==
-[[File:2019 French Open map-fr.svg|thumb|Map of ''Stade Roland Garros'' in 2019]]
+[[File:2019 French Open map-fr.svg|thumb|Map of Stade Roland Garros in 2019]]
 Stade Roland Garros is located at the western side of Paris, at the southern boundary of the [[Bois de Boulogne]] in Paris's [[16th arrondissement of Paris|16th arrondissement]]. The triangular property is bounded by Avenue Porte d'Auteuil and [[A13 autoroute]] on the north and Boulevard d'Auteuil on the south. The eastern boundary is Avenue [[James Gordon Bennett Sr.|Gordon Bennett]] and the adjacent [[Jardin des Serres d'Auteuil]].
@@ Line 120: / Line 120: @@
 {{succession box
   | title=[[Davis Cup]]<br /> Final Venue
-  | before=''[[Germantown Cricket Club]]''<br />''[[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]]''
+  | before=[[Germantown Cricket Club]]<br />Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
-  | after=''[[Centre Court|Centre Court, Wimbledon]]''<br />''[[London]]''
+  | after=[[Centre Court|Centre Court, Wimbledon]]<br />London
   | years='''[[1928 International Lawn Tennis Challenge|1928]] • [[1929 International Lawn Tennis Challenge|1929]] • [[1930 International Lawn Tennis Challenge|1930]] • [[1931 International Lawn Tennis Challenge|1931]] • [[1932 International Lawn Tennis Challenge|1932]] • [[1933 International Lawn Tennis Challenge|1933]]'''
 }}
 {{succession box
 | title=[[Fed Cup]]<br /> Final Venue
-| before=[[Blau-Weiss T.C.]]<br />[[West Berlin]]
+| before=[[Blau-Weiss T.C.]]<br />West Berlin
-| after=[[Athens Tennis Club]]<br />[[Athens]]
+| after=[[Athens Tennis Club]]<br />Athens
 | years='''[[1968 Federation Cup (tennis)|1968]]'''
 }}

v t e 16th arrondissement of Paris
Neighbourhoods	Auteuil Chaillot Passy Trocadéro
Primary and secondary schools	Lycée Claude-Bernard Lycée Janson-de-Sailly Lycée Jean-Baptiste-Say Lycée Molière Lycée La Fontaine Lycée Octave-Feuillet École Pascal Lycée René-Cassin École normale israélite orientale Institut de l'Assomption Cours privé Beauséjour École d'esthétique Yves Rocher Institut de La Tour International School of Paris Russian Embassy School in Paris Établissement Gerson Ipécom Paris Lycée Moria-Diane Benvenuti Lycée Notre-Dame des Oiseaux Lycée Passy-Saint-Honoré Saint-Jean de Passy Lycée Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague Lycée Sainte-Thérèse Kingsworth International School
Universities	Paris Dauphine University
Landmarks	Arc de Triomphe (partial) Bois de Boulogne Guimet Museum Louis Vuitton Foundation Mona Bismarck American Center Maison de Balzac Maison la Roche Musée Arménien de France Musée d'Art Dentaire Pierre Fauchard Musée Baccarat Musée Clemenceau Musée de la Contrefaçon Palais de Tokyo Parc des Princes Pavillon de l'eau Passy Cemetery Piscine Molitor (swimming pool) Place Charles de Gaulle Place Diana Russian Embassy in Paris Stade Jean-Bouin Stade Roland Garros Tenniseum
Paris Métro stations	Argentine Boissière Chardon Lagache Charles de Gaulle – Étoile Église d'Auteuil Exelmans Iéna Jasmin Kléber La Muette Michel-Ange – Auteuil Michel-Ange – Molitor Mirabeau Passy Porte d'Auteuil Porte Dauphine Porte de Saint-Cloud Porte Maillot Porte Molitor Ranelagh Rue de la Pompe Trocadéro Victor Hugo
Paris RER stations	Charles de Gaulle–Étoile
The École Japonaise de Paris (Japanese School of Paris) was in Trocadéro until 1990

v t e Grand Slam tournament venues
Australian Open	Melbourne Park Rod Laver Arena John Cain Arena Margaret Court Arena Kia Arena 1573 Arena Court 3
French Open	Stade Roland Garros Court Philippe Chatrier Court Suzanne Lenglen Court Simonne Mathieu
Wimbledon	All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club Centre Court No. 1 Court No. 2 Court No. 3 Court
US Open	USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center Arthur Ashe Stadium Louis Armstrong Stadium Grandstand

v t e Tourism in Paris
Landmarks	Arc de Triomphe Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel Arènes de Lutèce Bourse Catacombs Conciergerie Eiffel Tower Gare d'Austerlitz Gare de l'Est Gare de Lyon Gare du Nord Gare Montparnasse Gare Saint-Lazare Grand Palais and Petit Palais Institut de France Jeanne d'Arc Les Invalides Louvre Pyramid Luxor Obelisk Odéon Opéra Bastille Opéra Garnier Panthéon Philharmonie de Paris Place Diana Flame of Liberty Porte Saint-Denis Porte Saint-Martin Sorbonne Tour Montparnasse
Museums (list)	Army Museum Bibliothèque nationale Carnavalet Centre Pompidou Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume Louis Vuitton Foundation Musée des Arts décoratifs Musée des Arts et Métiers Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris Maison de Balzac Musée Bourdelle Musée de la Cinémathèque Musée Cognacq-Jay Musée Grévin Musée Guimet Maison de Victor Hugo Musée Jacquemart-André Musée du Louvre Musée Marmottan Monet Musée de Montmartre Musée National d'Art Moderne Musée national Eugène Delacroix Musée national Gustave Moreau Musée national des Monuments Français Muséum national d'histoire naturelle Musée de Cluny – Musée national du Moyen Âge Musée de l'Orangerie Musée d'Orsay Musée Pasteur Musée Picasso Musée du Quai Branly Musée Rodin Palais de la Légion d'Honneur Musée de la Légion d'honneur Musée de la Vie romantique
Religious buildings	Alexander Nevsky Cathedral American Cathedral American Church Armenian Cathedral of St. John the Baptist Chapelle expiatoire Grand Mosque Grand Synagogue Synagogue de Nazareth La Madeleine Notre-Dame de Paris Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle Notre-Dame-de-Lorette Notre-Dame-des-Victoires Sacré-Cœur Saint Ambroise Saint-Augustin Saint-Étienne-du-Mont Saint-Eustache Saint-François-Xavier Saint-Germain-des-Prés Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais Tour Saint-Jacques Saint-Jean de Montmartre Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis Saint-Pierre de Montmartre Saint-Roch Saint-Sulpice Saint-Vincent-de-Paul Sainte-Chapelle Sainte-Clotilde Sainte-Trinité Temple du Marais Val-de-Grâce
Hôtels particuliers and palaces	Élysée Palace Hôtel de Beauvais Hôtel de Charost Hôtel de Crillon Hôtel d'Estrées Hôtel de la Païva Hôtel de Pontalba Hôtel de Sens Hôtel de Soubise Hôtel de Sully Hôtel de Ville Hôtel Lambert Hôtel Matignon Luxembourg Palace Petit Luxembourg Palais Bourbon Palais de Justice Palais de la Cité Palais-Royal
Bridges, streets, areas, squares and waterways	Avenue de l'Opéra Avenue Foch Avenue George V Boulevard de la Madeleine Boulevard de Sébastopol Canal de l'Ourcq Canal Saint-Martin Champ de Mars Champs-Élysées Covered passages Galerie Véro-Dodat Choiseul Panoramas Galerie Vivienne Havre Jouffroy Brady Latin Quarter Le Marais Montmartre Montparnasse Place Diana Place Dauphine Place de la Bastille Place de la Concorde Place de la Nation Place de la République Place des Émeutes-de-Stonewall Place des États-Unis Place des Pyramides Place des Victoires Place des Vosges Place du Carrousel Place du Châtelet Place du Tertre Place Saint-Michel Place Vendôme Pont Alexandre III Pont d'Iéna Pont de Bir-Hakeim Pont des Arts Pont Neuf Port du Louvre Rive Gauche Rue Basse Rue Bonaparte Rue Charlemagne Rue d'Argenteuil Rue de la Ferronnerie Rue de la Paix Rue de la Sourdière Rue de Montmorency Rue de Richelieu Rue de Rivoli Rue de Vaugirard Rue des Francs-Bourgeois Rue des Lombards Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré Rue Elzévir Rue Foyatier Rue Molière Rue Montorgueil Rue Radziwill Rue Rambuteau Rue Mondétour Rue Pastourelle Rue des Rosiers Rue Saint-Honoré Rue Saint-Denis Rue Sainte-Anne Saint-Germain-des-Prés Trocadéro Viaduc d'Austerlitz
Parks and gardens	Bois de Boulogne Jardin d'Acclimatation Bois de Vincennes Parc floral Jardin du Luxembourg Parc André-Citroën Parc Clichy-Batignolles Parc de Belleville Parc de Bercy Parc de la Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge Parc des Buttes Chaumont Parc Georges-Brassens Parc Monceau Parc Montsouris Tuileries Garden Coulée verte René-Dumont
Sport venues	Accor Arena Auteuil Hippodrome Halle Georges Carpentier Longchamp Hippodrome Parc des Princes Piscine Molitor Porte de La Chapelle Arena Stade Jean Bouin Stade Pershing Stade Pierre de Coubertin Stade Roland Garros Stade Sébastien Charléty Vélodrome de Vincennes Vincennes Hippodrome
Cemeteries	Montmartre Cemetery Montparnasse Cemetery Passy Cemetery Père Lachaise Cemetery Oscar Wilde's tomb Picpus Cemetery
Région parisienne	Basilica of Saint-Denis Château d'Écouen Château de Chantilly Château de Fontainebleau Château de Malmaison Château de Rambouillet Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye Château de Sceaux Château and Gardens of Versailles (Grand Trianon and Petit Trianon, including the Fresh pavilion) Château de Vincennes La Défense Grande Arche Paris La Défense Arena Disneyland Paris Disneyland Park Walt Disney Studios Park Exploradôme Fort Mont-Valérien Mémorial de la France combattante Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial France Miniature Musée de l'air et de l'espace Musée Fragonard d'Alfort Parc Astérix Parc de Saint-Cloud Provins La Roche-Guyon Sèvres – Cité de la céramique Stade de France Vaux-le-Vicomte
Culture and events	Bastille Day military parade Dîner en Blanc Fête de la Musique Nuit Blanche Paris Air Show Paris Fashion Week Paris-Plages Republican Guard Solidays
Other	Axe historique Bateau-Lavoir Bateaux Mouches Café des 2 Moulins Café Procope Folies Bergère Fountains in Paris La Ruche Les Deux Magots Maxim's Moulin de la Galette Moulin Rouge Paris Métro entrances Montmartre Funicular Paris Musées Paris syndrome Paris Zoological Park Pyramide inversée World Heritage Centre
Related	List of tourist attractions in Paris Art in Paris Paris syndrome

v t e Venues of the 2024 Summer Olympics (Paris)
Grand Paris Zone	Arena Paris Nord and Villepinte PMC Range Le Bourget Urban Sports Park Paris Aquatic Centre Paris La Défense Arena Porte de La Chapelle Arena Stade de France Stade Yves-du-Manoir
Paris Centre Zone	Bercy Arena Eiffel Tower Stadium Champ de Mars Grand Palais Éphémère Les Invalides Hôtel de Ville Paris Expo Porte de Versailles Place de la Concorde Pont Alexandre III Stade Roland Garros Court Philippe Chatrier Court Suzanne Lenglen Court Simonne-Mathieu Trocadéro (Pont d'Iéna)
Versailles Zone	Élancourt Hill Le Golf National Palace of Versailles Vélodrome National
Stand-alone venues	National Shooting Centre, Châteauroux National Olympic Nautical Stadium of Île-de-France, Vaires-sur-Marne Roucas Blanc Olympic Marina, Marseille Stade Pierre-Mauroy, Lille Teahupoʻo, Tahiti
Football stadia	Allianz Riviera, Nice Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Parc des Princes Parc Olympique Lyonnais, Lyon–Décines-Charpieu Stade de la Beaujoire, Nantes Stade Geoffroy-Guichard, Saint-Étienne Stade Vélodrome, Marseille
Non-competitive venues	Jardins du Trocadéro Paris Congress Centre Le Bourget Exhibition Centre and Media Village Polygone de Vincennes Seine Tuileries Garden