User:Madunn99/Endosymbiont: Difference between revisions
Added the lead section |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 67: | Line 67: | ||
=== Proposed Change === |
=== Proposed Change === |
||
Symbiogenesis explains the origins of [[Eukaryote|eukaryotes]], whose cells contain two major kinds of organelle: mitochondria and chloroplasts. The theory proposes the process through which these organelles evolved within the ancestors of eukaryotic organisms through the formation of an endosymbiotic relationship between a [[bacteria]] and an [[archaea]] This idea is that the ancient Archaean organism engulfed a bacteria that possessed aerobic capabilities. This initial endosymbiotic relationship is believed to have arisen between an ''[[Asgard (archaea)|Asgard]] |
Symbiogenesis explains the origins of [[Eukaryote|eukaryotes]], whose cells contain two major kinds of organelle: mitochondria and chloroplasts. The theory proposes the process through which these organelles evolved within the ancestors of eukaryotic organisms through the formation of an endosymbiotic relationship between a [[bacteria]] and an [[archaea]] This idea is that the ancient Archaean organism engulfed a bacteria that possessed aerobic capabilities. This initial endosymbiotic relationship is believed to have arisen between an ''[[Asgard (archaea)|Asgard]]'' superphylum archaea and an ancient bacteria related to the ''[[Rickettsiales]]'' lineage. The bacterial endosymbiont would have been used for its metabolic capabilities, and is believed to have eventually developed into the [[Mitochondrion|mitochondria]] that is found in eukaryotic cells. Evidence pointing to this theory involves the evolutionary history of the two groups and their DNA structure. Eukaryotes are believed to have arisen from a common ancestor they possess with archaeans, which also points to archaeans being more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria. When looking at the DNA found in the nucleus of a cells and the mitochondria. the nuclear DNA of a eukaryote more closely resembles the DNA of an organism belonging to the domain Archaea, while the mitochondrial DNA is more closely related in structure to the DNA of a bacteria organism. The chloroplast is theorized to have arisen from a eukaryotic cell already possessing a mitochondria enveloping and taking in a cyanobacteria that possessed photosynthetic capabilities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koonin |first=Eugene V. |date=2015-09-26 |title=Origin of eukaryotes from within archaea, archaeal eukaryome and bursts of gene gain: eukaryogenesis just made easier? |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4571572/ |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=370 |issue=1678 |pages=20140333 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2014.0333 |issn=0962-8436 |pmc=4571572 |pmid=26323764}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glansdorff |first=Nicolas |last2=Xu |first2=Ying |last3=Labedan |first3=Bernard |date=2008-07-09 |title=The Last Universal Common Ancestor: emergence, constitution and genetic legacy of an elusive forerunner |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2478661/ |journal=Biology Direct |volume=3 |pages=29 |doi=10.1186/1745-6150-3-29 |issn=1745-6150 |pmc=2478661 |pmid=18613974}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boguszewska |first=Karolina |last2=Szewczuk |first2=Michał |last3=Kaźmierczak-Barańska |first3=Julia |last4=Karwowski |first4=Bolesław T. |date=2020-06-21 |title=The Similarities between Human Mitochondria and Bacteria in the Context of Structure, Genome, and Base Excision Repair System |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7356350/ |journal=Molecules |volume=25 |issue=12 |pages=2857 |doi=10.3390/molecules25122857 |issn=1420-3049 |pmc=7356350 |pmid=32575813}}</ref> |
||
== Endosymbiosis in Vertebrates- Information updated and changed == |
== Endosymbiosis in Vertebrates- Information updated and changed == |
||
Revision as of 18:33, 27 February 2023
 | This is the sandbox page where you will draft your initial Wikipedia contribution.
If you're starting a new article, you can develop it here until it's ready to go live. If you're working on improvements to an existing article, copy only one section at a time of the article to this sandbox to work on, and be sure to use an edit summary linking to the article you copied from. Do not copy over the entire article. You can find additional instructions here. Remember to save your work regularly using the "Publish page" button. (It just means 'save'; it will still be in the sandbox.) You can add bold formatting to your additions to differentiate them from existing content. |
Outline of Article
-Symbiogenesis and organelles
-Bacterial endosymbionts of invertebrates
-Bacterial endosymbionts of invertebrates
-Endosymbionts of insects
-Primary endosymbionts
-Secondary endosymbionts
-Endosymbionts of ants
-Bacteriocyte-associated symbionts
-Endosymbionts of marine invertebrates
-Dinoflagellate endosymbionts
-Endosymbionts of phytoplankton
-Endosymbionts of protists
-Endosymbionts of vertebrates. This one is listed as a subheading under endosymbionts of invertebrates, but needs to be its own heading because its talking about vertebrates
Endosymbionts of plants- this section redefines endosymbiosis as it does in the beginning of article, it should be cut down to remove repeated information
-Endophytes
-Fungi as plant endosymbionts
-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)
-Endophytic Fungi
-Endophytic Bacteria- needs some more information.
-Archaea as plant endosymbionts
Endosymbionts of bacteria
Endosymbionts of fungi
Virus-host associations
See also
References
Lead Section
An endosymbiont or endobiont[1] is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism most often, though not always, in a mutualistic relationship. (The term endosymbiosis is from the Greek: ἔνδον endon "within", σύν syn "together" and βίωσις biosis "living".) Examples are nitrogen-fixing bacteria (called rhizobia), which live in the root nodules of legumes, single-cell algae inside reef-building corals and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to insects.[2][3]
The history behind the concept of endosymbiosis stems from the postulates of the endosymbiotic theory. The endosymbiotic theory(Symbiogenesis) pushes the notion of bacteria living exclusively due to eukaryotic organisms engulfing them. This is popular with the concept of organelle development observed with eukaryotes. Two major types of organelle in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and plastids such as chloroplasts, are considered to be bacterial endosymbionts.[4]
There are two types of symbiont transmissions. In horizontal transmission, each new generation acquires free living symbionts from the environment. An example is the nitrogen-fixing bacteria in certain plant roots. Vertical transmission takes place when the symbiont is transferred directly from parent to offspring.[5][6] It is also possible for both to be involved in a mixed-mode transmission, where symbionts are transferred vertically for some generation before a switch of host occurs and new symbionts are horizontally acquired from the environment.[7][8][9] In vertical transmissions, the symbionts often have a reduced genome and are no longer able to survive on their own. As a result, the symbiont depends on the host, resulting in a highly intimate co-dependent relationship. For instance, pea aphid symbionts have lost genes for essential molecules, now relying on the host to supply them with nutrients. In return, the symbionts synthesize essential amino acids for the aphid host.[10] Other examples include Wigglesworthia nutritional symbionts of tse-tse flies, or in sponges.[9] When a symbiont reaches this stage, it begins to resemble a cellular organelle, similar to mitochondria or chloroplasts.
Many instances of endosymbiosis are obligate; that is, either the endosymbiont or the host cannot survive without the other, such as the gutless marine worms of the genus Riftia, which get nutrition from their endosymbiotic bacteria. The most common examples of obligate endosymbioses are mitochondria and chloroplasts. Some human parasites, e.g. Wuchereria bancrofti and Mansonella perstans, thrive in their intermediate insect hosts because of an obligate endosymbiosis with Wolbachia spp.[citation needed] They can both be eliminated from hosts by treatments that target this bacterium.[11] However, not all endosymbioses are obligate and some endosymbioses can be harmful to either of the organisms involved.
Symbiogenesis and organelles
Symbiogenesis explains the origins of eukaryotes, whose cells contain two major kinds of organelle: mitochondria and chloroplasts. The theory proposes that these organelles evolved from certain types of bacteria that eukaryotic cells engulfed through phagocytosis. These cells and the bacteria trapped inside them entered an endosymbiotic relationship, meaning that the bacteria took up residence and began living exclusively within the eukaryotic cells.[12][13][14][15]
Proposed Change
Symbiogenesis explains the origins of eukaryotes, whose cells contain two major kinds of organelle: mitochondria and chloroplasts. The theory proposes the process through which these organelles evolved within the ancestors of eukaryotic organisms through the formation of an endosymbiotic relationship between a bacteria and an archaea This idea is that the ancient Archaean organism engulfed a bacteria that possessed aerobic capabilities. This initial endosymbiotic relationship is believed to have arisen between an Asgard superphylum archaea and an ancient bacteria related to the Rickettsiales lineage. The bacterial endosymbiont would have been used for its metabolic capabilities, and is believed to have eventually developed into the mitochondria that is found in eukaryotic cells. Evidence pointing to this theory involves the evolutionary history of the two groups and their DNA structure. Eukaryotes are believed to have arisen from a common ancestor they possess with archaeans, which also points to archaeans being more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria. When looking at the DNA found in the nucleus of a cells and the mitochondria. the nuclear DNA of a eukaryote more closely resembles the DNA of an organism belonging to the domain Archaea, while the mitochondrial DNA is more closely related in structure to the DNA of a bacteria organism. The chloroplast is theorized to have arisen from a eukaryotic cell already possessing a mitochondria enveloping and taking in a cyanobacteria that possessed photosynthetic capabilities.[16][17][18]
Endosymbiosis in Vertebrates- Information updated and changed
Endosymbiotic relationships can be difficult to develop in vertebrates, largely due to the immune capabilities found within the class of organisms. The bacteria that constitute the microbiome of the human are not considered endosymbiotic but rather an example of ectosymbiosis. The digestive tract is considered to be an external surface and thus the organisms that inhabit it are not endosymbionts.[19]
Endosymbionts of marine invertebrates
Elysia chlorotica forms this relationship intracellularly with the chloroplasts from the algae. These chloroplast retain their photosynthetic capabilities and structures for several months after being taken into the cells of the slug.[20]
Endophytic Bacteria
The most common genera of endophytic bacterial community isolated from forest trees include Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Actinobacteria, Sphingomonas and some genera belong to the Enterobacteriacae family (Pirttila and Frank, 2011). Endophytic bacteria mostly colonize the leaf tissues from plant roots. Endophytic bacteria can also enter the plant through the leaves from the phyllosphere via leaf stomata (Senthilkumar et al., 2011).
References
- ^ Margulis L, Chapman MJ (2009). Kingdoms & domains an illustrated guide to the phyla of life on Earth (4th ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press/Elsevier. p. 493. ISBN 978-0-08-092014-6.
- ^ Mergaert P (April 2018). "Role of antimicrobial peptides in controlling symbiotic bacterial populations". Natural Product Reports. 35 (4): 336–356. doi:10.1039/c7np00056a. PMID 29393944.
- ^ Little AF, van Oppen MJ, Willis BL (June 2004). "Flexibility in algal endosymbioses shapes growth in reef corals". Science. 304 (5676): 1492–1494. Bibcode:2004Sci...304.1491L. doi:10.1126/science.1095733. PMID 15178799. S2CID 10050417.
- ^ Moore KR, Magnabosco C, Momper L, Gold DA, Bosak T, Fournier GP (2019). "An Expanded Ribosomal Phylogeny of Cyanobacteria Supports a Deep Placement of Plastids". Frontiers in Microbiology. 10: 1612. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01612. PMC 6640209. PMID 31354692.
- ^ McCutcheon JP (October 2021). "The Genomics and Cell Biology of Host-Beneficial Intracellular Infections". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 37 (1): 115–142. doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-024122. PMID 34242059. S2CID 235786110.
- ^ Callier V (8 June 2022). "Mitochondria and the origin of eukaryotes". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-060822-2. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
- ^ Wierz JC, Gaube P, Klebsch D, Kaltenpoth M, Flórez LV (2021). "Transmission of Bacterial Symbionts With and Without Genome Erosion Between a Beetle Host and the Plant Environment". Frontiers in Microbiology. 12: 715601. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.715601. PMC 8493222. PMID 34630349.
- ^ Ebert D (23 November 2013). "The Epidemiology and Evolution of Symbionts with Mixed-Mode Transmission". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 44 (1): 623–643. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-032513-100555. ISSN 1543-592X. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
- ^ a b Bright M, Bulgheresi S (March 2010). "A complex journey: transmission of microbial symbionts". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 8 (3): 218–230. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2262. PMC 2967712. PMID 20157340.
- ^ Shigenobu S, Watanabe H, Hattori M, Sakaki Y, Ishikawa H (September 2000). "Genome sequence of the endocellular bacterial symbiont of aphids Buchnera sp. APS". Nature. 407 (6800): 81–86. Bibcode:2000Natur.407...81S. doi:10.1038/35024074. PMID 10993077.
- ^ Warrell D, Cox TM, Firth J, Török E (2012-10-11). Oxford Textbook of Medicine: Infection. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-965213-6.
- ^ McCutcheon, JP (6 October 2021). "The Genomics and Cell Biology of Host-Beneficial Intracellular Infections". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 37 (1): 115–142. doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-024122. ISSN 1081-0706. PMID 34242059. S2CID 235786110. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
- ^ Callier, V (8 June 2022). "Mitochondria and the origin of eukaryotes". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-060822-2. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
- ^ Sagan L (March 1967). "On the origin of mitosing cells". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 14 (3): 255–74. Bibcode:1967JThBi..14..225S. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(67)90079-3. PMID 11541392.
- ^ Gabaldón, T (8 October 2021). "Origin and Early Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell". Annual Review of Microbiology. 75 (1): 631–647. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062213. ISSN 0066-4227. PMID 34343017. S2CID 236916203. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
- ^ Koonin, Eugene V. (2015-09-26). "Origin of eukaryotes from within archaea, archaeal eukaryome and bursts of gene gain: eukaryogenesis just made easier?". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 370 (1678): 20140333. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0333. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 4571572. PMID 26323764.
- ^ Glansdorff, Nicolas; Xu, Ying; Labedan, Bernard (2008-07-09). "The Last Universal Common Ancestor: emergence, constitution and genetic legacy of an elusive forerunner". Biology Direct. 3: 29. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-3-29. ISSN 1745-6150. PMC 2478661. PMID 18613974.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Boguszewska, Karolina; Szewczuk, Michał; Kaźmierczak-Barańska, Julia; Karwowski, Bolesław T. (2020-06-21). "The Similarities between Human Mitochondria and Bacteria in the Context of Structure, Genome, and Base Excision Repair System". Molecules. 25 (12): 2857. doi:10.3390/molecules25122857. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 7356350. PMID 32575813.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Burns, John A; Zhang, Huanjia; Hill, Elizabeth; Kim, Eunsoo; Kerney, Ryan (2017-05-02). Bhattacharya, Debashish (ed.). "Transcriptome analysis illuminates the nature of the intracellular interaction in a vertebrate-algal symbiosis". eLife. 6: e22054. doi:10.7554/eLife.22054. ISSN 2050-084X.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Mujer, C V; Andrews, D L; Manhart, J R; Pierce, S K; Rumpho, M E (1996-10-29). "Chloroplast genes are expressed during intracellular symbiotic association of Vaucheria litorea plastids with the sea slug Elysia chlorotica". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (22): 12333–12338. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 8901581.
10. Frank, A. C., & Pirttilä, A. M. (Eds.). (2018). Endophytes of forest trees: biology and applications. Springer International Publishing.