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A trigger law is a law that is unenforceable but may achieve enforceability if a key change in circumstances occurs.^{[citation needed]}

United States

Abortion

In the United States, thirteen states, Arkansas, Idaho, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Dakota, Oklahoma,^[1] South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas,^[2] Utah, and Wyoming,^[3] enacted trigger laws that would automatically ban abortion in the first and second trimesters if the landmark case Roe v. Wade were overturned.^[4]^[5]^[6] As Roe v. Wade was overturned on June 24, 2022,^[7] some of these laws are now in effect, and presumably enforceable.^[8] Other states' trigger laws will take effect 30 days after the overturn date, and others take effect upon certification by either the governor or attorney general.^[8] Illinois formerly had a trigger law (enacted in 1975) but repealed it in 2017.^[9]^[10]^[11]

Nine states, among them Alabama, Arizona, Michigan, West Virginia, and Wisconsin, as well as the already mentioned Arkansas, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Texas, still have their pre-Roe v. Wade abortion bans on the law books. However, Michigan's pre-Roe law is temporarily enjoined by court order.^[5] In North Carolina, a prohibition on abortions after 20 weeks (excepting medical emergencies) was passed in 1973, after Roe v. Wade, but was found unconstitutional in 2021 by a federal court, a decision uncertain after the overturning of Roe v. Wade by the Supreme Court.^[12]^[13] According to a 2019 Contraception Journal study, the reversal of Roe v. Wade and implementation of trigger laws (as well as other states considered highly likely to ban abortion), "In the year following a reversal, increases in travel distance are estimated to prevent 93,546 to 143,561 women from accessing abortion".^[14]

Medicaid

The Affordable Care Act allowed states to opt in to a program of health care expansion, which allowed more residents to qualify for Medicaid. The cost of this expansion was primarily borne by the federal government, but the percent paid by the federal government was scheduled to decrease each year, reaching 95% by 2017 and below 90% by 2021; the remainder would be assumed by the state. As of 2017, eight states had laws that would trigger an end to participation in Medicaid expansion, if federal funding fell below a particular level.^[15]^[16]^[17]^{[needs update]} Unlike abortion trigger laws prior to the overturning of Roe v. Wade, these are not unconstitutional at the moment and are only inactive because they rely on certain conditions to activate.

Same-sex marriage

In the 2015 Supreme Court decision Obergefell v. Hodges, all state constitutional and statutory bans of same-sex marriage were made null and void. However, if the precedent was overturned it would restore the bans in thirty-five states.^[18] In his concurring opinion in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas said the court should reconsider the Obergefell ruling.^[19] Nevada became the first state to repeal its amendment banning same-sex marriage and recognize it in the Nevada state constitution in 2020.^[20]

References

^ "Oklahoma governor signs bill to ban abortion if SCOTUS rules". Associated Press. 28 April 2021. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
^ Najmabadi, Shannon (16 June 2021). "Gov. Greg Abbott signs bill that would outlaw abortions if Roe v. Wade is overturned". The Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
^ Exchange, Wyoming Tribune Eagle via Wyoming News. "Gov. Gordon signs 'trigger ban' abortion bill". Cody Enterprise. Archived from the original on 2022-03-16. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
^ "What if Roe Fell?". Center for Reproductive Rights. February 21, 2019. Archived from the original on May 9, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Abortion Policy in the Absence of Roe". Guttmacher Institute. 2022-05-01. Archived from the original on 2022-05-06. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
^ Smith, Kate (April 22, 2019). "Abortion would automatically be illegal in these states if Roe v. Wade is overturned". CBS News. Archived from the original on 2019-05-14. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
^ "Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade; states can ban abortion". AP NEWS. 2022-06-24. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
^ ^a ^b "Abortion will soon be banned in 13 states. Here's which could be next". Washington Post. 2022-06-24. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
^ Sarah Mansur, Bill removes trigger from abortion law, but impact unclear Archived 2018-07-02 at the Wayback Machine, Chicago Daily Law Bulletin (May 1, 2017).
^ John Dempsey, Rauner signing of abortion bill angers conservatives Archived 2018-07-02 at the Wayback Machine, WLS-AM (September 29, 2017).
^ Note, Recent Legislation: Illinois Repeals Anti-Abortion Trigger Law, 131 Harv. L. Rev. 1836 (2018).
^ Thompson, Elizabeth; Hoban, Rose (2022-05-05). "In the wake of Supreme Court leak, NC advocates ponder the future of abortion in the state". North Carolina Health News. Archived from the original on 2022-05-05. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
^ Donnelly, Claire (2022-05-04). "Here's how abortion laws in North and South Carolina could change if Roe is overturned". WUNC North Carolina Public Radio. Archived from the original on 2022-05-04. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
^ Myers, Caitlin; Jones, Rachel; Upadhyay, Ushma (July 31, 2019). "Predicted changes in abortion access and incidence in a post-Roe world". Contraception. 100 (5): 367–373. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2019.07.139. ISSN 0010-7824. PMID 31376381.
^ Schencker, Lisa. "Medicaid expansion could end early in Illinois under Senate Obamacare replacement bill". chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on 2021-09-03. Retrieved 2021-09-03.
^ says, Mike. "NM Group Slams Obamacare Replacement Bill Ahead of Senate Debate - El Paso Herald Post". Archived from the original on 2021-09-03. Retrieved 2021-09-03.
^ Allen, Kristin (2020-11-11). "A Short-Term Path to Avoid ACA Uncertainty as the Pandemic Continues". Health Management Associates. Archived from the original on 2021-09-03. Retrieved 2021-09-03.
^ "Without Obergefell, Most States Would Have Same-Sex Marriage Bans". The Pew Charitable Trusts. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
^ Green, Mary. "Roe overturn sparks fears same-sex marriage protection could be repealed too". WRDW. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
^ "Nevada becomes first state to recognize gay marriage in state constitution". NBC News. Retrieved 24 August 2022.

[1] "Oklahoma governor signs bill to ban abortion if SCOTUS rules". Associated Press. 28 April 2021. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.

[2] Najmabadi, Shannon (16 June 2021). "Gov. Greg Abbott signs bill that would outlaw abortions if Roe v. Wade is overturned". The Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.

[3] Exchange, Wyoming Tribune Eagle via Wyoming News. "Gov. Gordon signs 'trigger ban' abortion bill". Cody Enterprise. Archived from the original on 2022-03-16. Retrieved 2022-03-22.

[4] "What if Roe Fell?". Center for Reproductive Rights. February 21, 2019. Archived from the original on May 9, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2019.

[Guttmacher-5] "Abortion Policy in the Absence of Roe". Guttmacher Institute. 2022-05-01. Archived from the original on 2022-05-06. Retrieved 2022-05-06.

[CBSnews-6] Smith, Kate (April 22, 2019). "Abortion would automatically be illegal in these states if Roe v. Wade is overturned". CBS News. Archived from the original on 2019-05-14. Retrieved 2019-05-09.

[7] "Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade; states can ban abortion". AP NEWS. 2022-06-24. Retrieved 2022-06-24.

[:0-8] "Abortion will soon be banned in 13 states. Here's which could be next". Washington Post. 2022-06-24. Retrieved 2022-06-24.

[9] Sarah Mansur, Bill removes trigger from abortion law, but impact unclear Archived 2018-07-02 at the Wayback Machine, Chicago Daily Law Bulletin (May 1, 2017).

[10] John Dempsey, Rauner signing of abortion bill angers conservatives Archived 2018-07-02 at the Wayback Machine, WLS-AM (September 29, 2017).

[11] Note, Recent Legislation: Illinois Repeals Anti-Abortion Trigger Law, 131 Harv. L. Rev. 1836 (2018).

[12] Thompson, Elizabeth; Hoban, Rose (2022-05-05). "In the wake of Supreme Court leak, NC advocates ponder the future of abortion in the state". North Carolina Health News. Archived from the original on 2022-05-05. Retrieved 2022-05-06.

[13] Donnelly, Claire (2022-05-04). "Here's how abortion laws in North and South Carolina could change if Roe is overturned". WUNC North Carolina Public Radio. Archived from the original on 2022-05-04. Retrieved 2022-05-06.

[14] Myers, Caitlin; Jones, Rachel; Upadhyay, Ushma (July 31, 2019). "Predicted changes in abortion access and incidence in a post-Roe world". Contraception. 100 (5): 367–373. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2019.07.139. ISSN 0010-7824. PMID 31376381.

[15] Schencker, Lisa. "Medicaid expansion could end early in Illinois under Senate Obamacare replacement bill". chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on 2021-09-03. Retrieved 2021-09-03.

[16] says, Mike. "NM Group Slams Obamacare Replacement Bill Ahead of Senate Debate - El Paso Herald Post". Archived from the original on 2021-09-03. Retrieved 2021-09-03.

[17] Allen, Kristin (2020-11-11). "A Short-Term Path to Avoid ACA Uncertainty as the Pandemic Continues". Health Management Associates. Archived from the original on 2021-09-03. Retrieved 2021-09-03.

[18] "Without Obergefell, Most States Would Have Same-Sex Marriage Bans". The Pew Charitable Trusts. Retrieved 24 August 2022.

[19] Green, Mary. "Roe overturn sparks fears same-sex marriage protection could be repealed too". WRDW. Retrieved 24 August 2022.

[20] "Nevada becomes first state to recognize gay marriage in state constitution". NBC News. Retrieved 24 August 2022.

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 {{legend|#f3a4a8|Pre-Roe laws in place}}]]
-In the United States, thirteen states, [[Abortion in Arkansas|Arkansas]], [[Abortion in Idaho|Idaho]], [[Abortion in Kentucky|Kentucky]], [[Abortion in Louisiana|Louisiana]], [[Abortion in Mississippi|Mississippi]], [[Abortion in Missouri|Missouri]], [[Abortion in North Dakota|North Dakota]], [[Abortion in Oklahoma|Oklahoma]],<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-of-the-united-states-oklahoma-bills-courts-supreme-courts-e1618c050c757894c0579b1fb9143e2a|title = Oklahoma governor signs bill to ban abortion if SCOTUS rules| website=[[Associated Press]] |date = 28 April 2021|access-date = 27 July 2021|archive-date = 27 July 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210727232219/https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-of-the-united-states-oklahoma-bills-courts-supreme-courts-e1618c050c757894c0579b1fb9143e2a|url-status = live}}</ref> [[Abortion in South Dakota|South Dakota]], [[Abortion in Tennessee|Tennessee]], [[Abortion in Texas|Texas]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Najmabadi |first1=Shannon |title=Gov. Greg Abbott signs bill that would outlaw abortions if Roe v. Wade is overturned |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2021/06/16/texas-abortion-law-roe-wade/ |website=The Texas Tribune |date=16 June 2021 |access-date=3 September 2021 |archive-date=3 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903171741/https://www.texastribune.org/2021/06/16/texas-abortion-law-roe-wade/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Abortion in Utah|Utah]], and [[Abortion in Wyoming|Wyoming]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Exchange |first=Wyoming Tribune Eagle via Wyoming News |title=Gov. Gordon signs 'trigger ban' abortion bill |url=https://www.codyenterprise.com/news/wyoming_news/article_3a82bc40-a558-11ec-9048-5351e074ecaa.html |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Cody Enterprise |language=en |archive-date=2022-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316190727/https://www.codyenterprise.com/news/wyoming_news/article_3a82bc40-a558-11ec-9048-5351e074ecaa.html |url-status=live }}</ref> enacted trigger laws that would automatically [[Abortion in the United States by state|ban (medically unnecessary) abortion]] in the first and second trimesters if the landmark case ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' were overturned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reproductiverights.org/what-if-roe-fell|title=What if Roe Fell?|work=[[Center for Reproductive Rights]]|date=February 21, 2019|access-date=May 9, 2019|archive-date=May 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509175533/https://www.reproductiverights.org/what-if-roe-fell|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Guttmacher">{{Cite web |last=<!-- Citation bot adds false information --> |date=2022-05-01 |title=Abortion Policy in the Absence of Roe |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/abortion-policy-absence-roe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506052025/https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/abortion-policy-absence-roe |archive-date=2022-05-06 |access-date=2022-05-06 |publisher=[[Guttmacher Institute]] |doi=<!-- Citation bot adds incorrect DOI -->}}</ref><ref name="CBSnews">{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Kate|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/new-abortion-law-abortion-clinic-automatically-illegal-roe-v-wade-overturned-2019-04-22|title=Abortion would automatically be illegal in these states if Roe v. Wade is overturned|work=[[CBS News]]|date=April 22, 2019|access-date=2019-05-09|archive-date=2019-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514212738/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/new-abortion-law-abortion-clinic-automatically-illegal-roe-v-wade-overturned-2019-04-22/|url-status=live}}</ref> As ''Roe v. Wade'' was overturned on June 24, 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-24 |title=Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade; states can ban abortion |url=https://apnews.com/article/abortion-supreme-court-decision-854f60302f21c2c35129e58cf8d8a7b0 |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> some of these laws are now in effect, and presumably enforceable.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-06-24 |title=Abortion will soon be banned in 13 states. Here's which could be next. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/06/24/abortion-state-laws-criminalization-roe/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en}}</ref> Other states' trigger laws will take effect 30 days after the overturn date, and others take effect upon certification by either the governor or attorney general.<ref name=":0" />  [[Abortion in Illinois|Illinois]] formerly had a trigger law (enacted in 1975) but repealed it in 2017.<ref>Sarah Mansur, [https://www.chicagolawbulletin.com/archives/2017/05/01/abortion-trigger-bill-5-1-17 Bill removes trigger from abortion law, but impact unclear] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702035513/https://www.chicagolawbulletin.com/archives/2017/05/01/abortion-trigger-bill-5-1-17 |date=2018-07-02 }}, ''Chicago Daily Law Bulletin'' (May 1, 2017).</ref><ref>John Dempsey, [http://www.wlsam.com/2017/09/29/rauner-signing-of-abortion-bill-angers-conservatives/ Rauner signing of abortion bill angers conservatives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702042508/http://www.wlsam.com/2017/09/29/rauner-signing-of-abortion-bill-angers-conservatives/ |date=2018-07-02 }}, WLS-AM (September 29, 2017).</ref><ref>{{Bluebook journal |first=|last=Note| title=Recent Legislation: Illinois Repeals Anti-Abortion Trigger Law| volume=131 | journal=[[Harvard Law Review|Harv. L. Rev.]] | page=1836 | url=https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/1836-1843_Online.pdf| year=2018}}</ref>
+In the United States, thirteen states, [[Abortion in Arkansas|Arkansas]], [[Abortion in Idaho|Idaho]], [[Abortion in Kentucky|Kentucky]], [[Abortion in Louisiana|Louisiana]], [[Abortion in Mississippi|Mississippi]], [[Abortion in Missouri|Missouri]], [[Abortion in North Dakota|North Dakota]], [[Abortion in Oklahoma|Oklahoma]],<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-of-the-united-states-oklahoma-bills-courts-supreme-courts-e1618c050c757894c0579b1fb9143e2a|title = Oklahoma governor signs bill to ban abortion if SCOTUS rules| website=[[Associated Press]] |date = 28 April 2021|access-date = 27 July 2021|archive-date = 27 July 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210727232219/https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-of-the-united-states-oklahoma-bills-courts-supreme-courts-e1618c050c757894c0579b1fb9143e2a|url-status = live}}</ref> [[Abortion in South Dakota|South Dakota]], [[Abortion in Tennessee|Tennessee]], [[Abortion in Texas|Texas]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Najmabadi |first1=Shannon |title=Gov. Greg Abbott signs bill that would outlaw abortions if Roe v. Wade is overturned |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2021/06/16/texas-abortion-law-roe-wade/ |website=The Texas Tribune |date=16 June 2021 |access-date=3 September 2021 |archive-date=3 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903171741/https://www.texastribune.org/2021/06/16/texas-abortion-law-roe-wade/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Abortion in Utah|Utah]], and [[Abortion in Wyoming|Wyoming]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Exchange |first=Wyoming Tribune Eagle via Wyoming News |title=Gov. Gordon signs 'trigger ban' abortion bill |url=https://www.codyenterprise.com/news/wyoming_news/article_3a82bc40-a558-11ec-9048-5351e074ecaa.html |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Cody Enterprise |language=en |archive-date=2022-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316190727/https://www.codyenterprise.com/news/wyoming_news/article_3a82bc40-a558-11ec-9048-5351e074ecaa.html |url-status=live }}</ref> enacted trigger laws that would automatically [[Abortion in the United States by state|ban abortion]] in the first and second trimesters if the landmark case ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' were overturned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reproductiverights.org/what-if-roe-fell|title=What if Roe Fell?|work=[[Center for Reproductive Rights]]|date=February 21, 2019|access-date=May 9, 2019|archive-date=May 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509175533/https://www.reproductiverights.org/what-if-roe-fell|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Guttmacher">{{Cite web |last=<!-- Citation bot adds false information --> |date=2022-05-01 |title=Abortion Policy in the Absence of Roe |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/abortion-policy-absence-roe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506052025/https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/abortion-policy-absence-roe |archive-date=2022-05-06 |access-date=2022-05-06 |publisher=[[Guttmacher Institute]] |doi=<!-- Citation bot adds incorrect DOI -->}}</ref><ref name="CBSnews">{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Kate|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/new-abortion-law-abortion-clinic-automatically-illegal-roe-v-wade-overturned-2019-04-22|title=Abortion would automatically be illegal in these states if Roe v. Wade is overturned|work=[[CBS News]]|date=April 22, 2019|access-date=2019-05-09|archive-date=2019-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514212738/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/new-abortion-law-abortion-clinic-automatically-illegal-roe-v-wade-overturned-2019-04-22/|url-status=live}}</ref> As ''Roe v. Wade'' was overturned on June 24, 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-24 |title=Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade; states can ban abortion |url=https://apnews.com/article/abortion-supreme-court-decision-854f60302f21c2c35129e58cf8d8a7b0 |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> some of these laws are now in effect, and presumably enforceable.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-06-24 |title=Abortion will soon be banned in 13 states. Here's which could be next. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/06/24/abortion-state-laws-criminalization-roe/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en}}</ref> Other states' trigger laws will take effect 30 days after the overturn date, and others take effect upon certification by either the governor or attorney general.<ref name=":0" />  [[Abortion in Illinois|Illinois]] formerly had a trigger law (enacted in 1975) but repealed it in 2017.<ref>Sarah Mansur, [https://www.chicagolawbulletin.com/archives/2017/05/01/abortion-trigger-bill-5-1-17 Bill removes trigger from abortion law, but impact unclear] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702035513/https://www.chicagolawbulletin.com/archives/2017/05/01/abortion-trigger-bill-5-1-17 |date=2018-07-02 }}, ''Chicago Daily Law Bulletin'' (May 1, 2017).</ref><ref>John Dempsey, [http://www.wlsam.com/2017/09/29/rauner-signing-of-abortion-bill-angers-conservatives/ Rauner signing of abortion bill angers conservatives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702042508/http://www.wlsam.com/2017/09/29/rauner-signing-of-abortion-bill-angers-conservatives/ |date=2018-07-02 }}, WLS-AM (September 29, 2017).</ref><ref>{{Bluebook journal |first=|last=Note| title=Recent Legislation: Illinois Repeals Anti-Abortion Trigger Law| volume=131 | journal=[[Harvard Law Review|Harv. L. Rev.]] | page=1836 | url=https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/1836-1843_Online.pdf| year=2018}}</ref>
 Nine states, among them [[Abortion in Alabama|Alabama]], [[Abortion in Arizona|Arizona]], [[Abortion in Michigan|Michigan]], [[Abortion in West Virginia|West Virginia]], and [[Abortion in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]], as well as the already mentioned Arkansas, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Texas, still have their pre-''Roe v. Wade'' abortion bans on the law books. However, Michigan's pre-Roe law is temporarily enjoined by court order.<ref name="Guttmacher" /> In [[Abortion in North Carolina|North Carolina]], a prohibition on abortions after 20 weeks (excepting medical emergencies) was passed in 1973, after ''Roe v. Wade'', but was found unconstitutional in 2021 by a federal court, a decision uncertain after the overturning of ''Roe v. Wade'' by the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Hoban |first2=Rose |date=2022-05-05 |title=In the wake of Supreme Court leak, NC advocates ponder the future of abortion in the state |language=en-US |work=North Carolina Health News |url=http://www.northcarolinahealthnews.org/2022/05/05/in-the-wake-of-supreme-court-leak-nc-advocates-ponder-the-future-of-abortion-in-the-state/ |url-status=live |access-date=2022-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505114519/https://www.northcarolinahealthnews.org/2022/05/05/in-the-wake-of-supreme-court-leak-nc-advocates-ponder-the-future-of-abortion-in-the-state/ |archive-date=2022-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Donnelly |first=Claire |date=2022-05-04 |title=Here's how abortion laws in North and South Carolina could change if Roe is overturned |work=[[WUNC (FM)|WUNC]] North Carolina Public Radio |url=https://www.wunc.org/news/2022-05-04/heres-how-abortion-laws-in-north-and-south-carolina-could-change-if-roe-is-overturned |url-status=live |access-date=2022-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504230534/https://www.wunc.org/news/2022-05-04/heres-how-abortion-laws-in-north-and-south-carolina-could-change-if-roe-is-overturned |archive-date=2022-05-04}}</ref> According to a 2019 ''Contraception Journal'' study, the reversal of ''Roe v. Wade'' and implementation of trigger laws (as well as other states considered highly likely to ban abortion), "In the year following a reversal, increases in travel distance are estimated to prevent 93,546 to 143,561 women from accessing abortion".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Myers|first1=Caitlin|last2=Jones|first2=Rachel|last3=Upadhyay|first3=Ushma|date=July 31, 2019|title=Predicted changes in abortion access and incidence in a post-Roe world|journal=Contraception|volume=100|issue=5|pages=367–373|doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2019.07.139|pmid=31376381|issn=0010-7824|doi-access=free}}</ref>