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{{Swedish language sidebar}}'''{{lang|sv|Gammalsvenska}}''' (locally {{lang|sv-UA|Gammölsvänsk}}; literally "Old Swedish") is an [[ |
{{Swedish language sidebar}}'''{{lang|sv|Gammalsvenska}}''' (locally {{lang|sv-UA|Gammölsvänsk}}; literally "Old Swedish") is an [[Estonian Swedish|Estonian Swedish dialect]] spoken in [[Gammalsvenskby]], [[Ukraine]]. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Revision as of 11:52, 19 January 2023
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| Gammalsvenska | |
|---|---|
| Gammölsvänsk | |
| Region | Gammalsvenskby, Zmiivka, Kherson Oblast, Ukraine |
Native speakers | 10 (2014)[1] |
Indo-European
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| Latin alphabet, medieval runes[2] | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| IETF | sv-UA |
| Part of a series on the |
| Swedish language |
|---|
| Topics |
| Advanced topics |
| Variants |
| Dialects |
|
| Teaching |
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Higher category: Language |
Gammalsvenska (locally Gammölsvänsk; literally "Old Swedish") is an Estonian Swedish dialect spoken in Gammalsvenskby, Ukraine.
History
It derives from the Estonian Swedish dialect of the late 1700s as spoken on the island of Dagö (Hiiumaa).[3] While rooted in Swedish, the dialect shows influence and borrowings from Estonian, German, Russian, and Ukrainian.[4]
Prior to 1929, Gammalsvenska remained the first language for the Ukrainian Swedes; however, the last generation of Swedish-first speakers were born just after World War II Sovietization policies. Marriage into non-Swedish families and social pressures diminished the teaching of Gammalsvenska by parents to their children.[5] Since the 1950s a Russian-Ukrainian surzhyk has been the dominant language in the village, although some Standard Swedish is taught in schools where it is seen as economically advantageous for jobs in local tourism and other employment opportunities.[5] Use of Gammalsvenska is restricted mostly to older ethnic Swedes born in the 1920s or 1930s.[4] As of 2014[update] only about 10 fluent Gammalsvenska speakers, all elderly women, were known in Ukraine.[1]
In Meadows, Manitoba, where most of the immigrants from Gammalsvenskby to Canada eventually settled, Gammalsvenska was retained into the early 1900s. However, as of 2014[update], only a handful of elderly speakers remain.[6]
| Gammalsvenska | Pattana | Katüflar | Pürkan | Kärpsar | Himmäl | Knjüt | Stövla | Boklezane[a] | Düllje[b] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estonian | Pardid | Kartulid | Porgandid | Kõrvitsad | Taevas | Sõlm | Saapad | Tomatid | Pirn |
| Swedish | Ankor | Potatisar | Morötter | Pumpor | Himmel | Knut | Stövlar | Tomater | Päron |
| German | Enten | Kartoffeln | Möhren | Kürbisse | Himmel | Knoten | Stiefel | Tomatoen | Birne |
| English | Ducks | Potatoes | Carrots | Pumpkins | Sky | Knot | Boots | Tomatoes | Pear |
Notes
References
- ^ a b c Mankov, Alexander E. (2014). "A Scandinavian Island in a Slavonic Linguistic Environment. The Dialect of Gammalsvenskby: Nouns (Paper 2)". Slověne: International Journal of Slavic Studies. 3 (1): 120–170.
- ^ Kotljarchuk, Andrej (2014). In the Forge of Stalin: Swedish Colonists of Ukraine in Totalitarian Experiments of the Twentieth Century (PDF) (Report). Stockholms Studies in History, 100. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm University. p. 67. ISBN 978-91-87235-96-2. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
- ^ "Gammölsvänsk". The Language Archive. Nijmegen, Netherlands: Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics. hdl:1839/00-0000-0000-0008-A981-0. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
- ^ a b c Mankov, Alexander E. (2018). "The dialect of Gammalsvenskby: Scandinavian-Slavonic language contact" (PDF). In Drude, Sebastian; Ostler, Nicholas; Moser, Marielle (eds.). Endangered languages and the land: Mapping landscapes of multilingualism. 22nd Annual Conference of the Foundation for Endangered Languages (FEL XXII/2018). London: FEL & EL Publishing. ISBN 978-1-9160726-0-2.
- ^ a b Forsman, Ludvig (June 2016). "Language shift from a nonspeaker perspective: Themes in the accounts of linguistic practices of first-generation non-Swedish speakers in Gammalsvenskby, Ukraine". Language in Society. 45 (3): 375–396. doi:10.1017/S0047404516000361. S2CID 147797560.
- ^ Rudling, Per Anders (2005). "Ukrainian Swedes in Canada: Gammalsvenskby in the Swedish-Canadian Press 1929-1931". Scandiavian–Canadian Studies/Études scandinaves au Canada. 15: 62–91.
External links
- "Hör hur man talade svenska i Gammelsvenskby i Ukraina - Historien om Gotlands 1900-tal" [Hear how Swedish was spoken in Gammelsvenskby in Ukraine - The story of Gotland's 20th century] (in Swedish). P4 Gotland. February 14, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2021.