Endemic (epidemiology): Difference between revisions
enriching the materials |
Ira Leviton (talk | contribs) m Fixed a PMC parameter in a citation. Please see Category:CS1 maint: PMC format. |
||
Line 12: | Line 12: | ||
In this way, the infection neither dies out nor does the number of infected people increase [[Exponential growth|exponentially]] but the infection is said to be in an endemic steady state. An infection that starts as an epidemic will eventually either die out (with the possibility of it resurging in a theoretically predictable cyclical manner) or reach the endemic steady state, depending on a number of factors, including the [[force of infection|virulence]] of the disease and its [[transmission (medicine)|mode of transmission]]. |
In this way, the infection neither dies out nor does the number of infected people increase [[Exponential growth|exponentially]] but the infection is said to be in an endemic steady state. An infection that starts as an epidemic will eventually either die out (with the possibility of it resurging in a theoretically predictable cyclical manner) or reach the endemic steady state, depending on a number of factors, including the [[force of infection|virulence]] of the disease and its [[transmission (medicine)|mode of transmission]]. |
||
If a disease is in an endemic steady state in a population, the relation above allows us to estimate the [[basic reproduction number|R<sub>0</sub>]] (an important [[parameter]]) of a particular infection. This in turn can be fed into a [[Mathematical modelling in epidemiology|mathematical model]] for the epidemic. Based on the reproduction number, we can define the epidemic waves, such as the first wave, second wave, etc. for COVID-19 in different regions and countries<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Stephen X. |last2=Marioli |first2=Francisco Arroyo |last3=Gao |first3=Renfei |last4=Wang |first4=Senhu |date=2021-09-13 |title=A Second Wave? What Do People Mean by COVID Waves? – A Working Definition of Epidemic Waves |url=https://www.dovepress.com/a-second-wave-what-do-people-mean-by-covid-waves--a-working-definition-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RMHP |journal=Risk Management and Healthcare Policy |language=English |volume=14 |pages=3775–3782 |doi=10.2147/RMHP.S326051 |pmc= |
If a disease is in an endemic steady state in a population, the relation above allows us to estimate the [[basic reproduction number|R<sub>0</sub>]] (an important [[parameter]]) of a particular infection. This in turn can be fed into a [[Mathematical modelling in epidemiology|mathematical model]] for the epidemic. Based on the reproduction number, we can define the epidemic waves, such as the first wave, second wave, etc. for COVID-19 in different regions and countries<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Stephen X. |last2=Marioli |first2=Francisco Arroyo |last3=Gao |first3=Renfei |last4=Wang |first4=Senhu |date=2021-09-13 |title=A Second Wave? What Do People Mean by COVID Waves? – A Working Definition of Epidemic Waves |url=https://www.dovepress.com/a-second-wave-what-do-people-mean-by-covid-waves--a-working-definition-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RMHP |journal=Risk Management and Healthcare Policy |language=English |volume=14 |pages=3775–3782 |doi=10.2147/RMHP.S326051 |pmc=8448159 |pmid=34548826}}</ref> . |
||
== See also == |
== See also == |
Revision as of 17:38, 26 September 2022
This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2012) |
In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic (from the Greek ἐν, en, "in, within" and δῆμος, demos, "people") in a population when that infection is constantly maintained at a baseline level in a geographic area without external inputs.[1] For example, chickenpox is endemic (steady state) in the United Kingdom, but malaria is not. Every year, there are a few cases of malaria reported in the UK, but these do not lead to sustained transmission in the population due to the lack of a suitable vector (mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles). While it might be common to say that AIDS is "endemic" in some countries, meaning found in an area, this is a use of the word in its etymological, rather than epidemiological or ecological, form.
For an infection that relies on person-to-person transmission, to be endemic, each person who becomes infected with the disease must pass it on to one other person on average. Assuming a completely susceptible population, that means that the basic reproduction number (R0) of the infection must equal one. In a population with some immune individuals, the basic reproduction number multiplied by the proportion of susceptible individuals in the population (S) must be one. This takes account of the probability of each individual to whom the disease may be transmitted being susceptible to it, effectively discounting the immune sector of the population. So, for a disease to be in an endemic steady state it is:
In this way, the infection neither dies out nor does the number of infected people increase exponentially but the infection is said to be in an endemic steady state. An infection that starts as an epidemic will eventually either die out (with the possibility of it resurging in a theoretically predictable cyclical manner) or reach the endemic steady state, depending on a number of factors, including the virulence of the disease and its mode of transmission.
If a disease is in an endemic steady state in a population, the relation above allows us to estimate the R0 (an important parameter) of a particular infection. This in turn can be fed into a mathematical model for the epidemic. Based on the reproduction number, we can define the epidemic waves, such as the first wave, second wave, etc. for COVID-19 in different regions and countries[2] .
See also
References
- ^ "Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice, Third Edition An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- ^ Zhang, Stephen X.; Marioli, Francisco Arroyo; Gao, Renfei; Wang, Senhu (13 September 2021). "A Second Wave? What Do People Mean by COVID Waves? – A Working Definition of Epidemic Waves". Risk Management and Healthcare Policy. 14: 3775–3782. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S326051. PMC 8448159. PMID 34548826.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
External links
- The dictionary definition of endemic at Wiktionary