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Coordinates: 57°2′27″N 3°13′48″W / 57.04083°N 3.23000°W / 57.04083; -3.23000
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The Balmoral [[Estate (land)|Estate]] has been added to by successive members of the royal family, and now covers an area of approximately {{convert|50000|acre|ha|abbr=off}}. It is a working estate, including [[red grouse|grouse moors]], forestry and farmland, as well as managed herds of deer, [[Highland cattle]], sheep and ponies.
The Balmoral [[Estate (land)|Estate]] has been added to by successive members of the royal family, and now covers an area of approximately {{convert|50000|acre|ha|abbr=off}}. It is a working estate, including [[red grouse|grouse moors]], forestry and farmland, as well as managed herds of deer, [[Highland cattle]], sheep and ponies.


Queen [[Queen Elizabeth II|Elizabeth II]] died peacefully at Balmoral Castle on September 8, 2022, in the 71st year of her reign.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-08 |title=Queen Elizabeth II has died, Buckingham Palace announces |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61585886 |access-date=2022-09-08}}</ref>
Queen [[Elizabeth II]] died peacefully at Balmoral Castle on September 8, 2022, in the 71st year of her reign.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-08 |title=Queen Elizabeth II has died, Buckingham Palace announces |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61585886 |access-date=2022-09-08}}</ref>


==Etymology==
==Etymology==

Revision as of 18:30, 8 September 2022

Balmoral Castle
File:Https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/832698639385624606/1017496095980519424/IMG 1672.jpg
Balmoral Castle from the south lawn
Map
General information
StatusCompleted
TypeRoyal residence
Architectural styleScots baronial revival
LocationAberdeenshire
AddressBalmoral Estate
Ballater
AB35 5TB
CountryScotland
Coordinates57°2′27″N 3°13′48″W / 57.04083°N 3.23000°W / 57.04083; -3.23000
Construction started1853; 171 years ago (1853)
Completed1856; 168 years ago (1856)
OwnerCharles, King of the United Kingdom
Height
Architectural30.48 m (100 ft 0 in) (Great Tower)
Technical details
MaterialGranite and slate
Floor countLargely two- and three-storey
Design and construction
Architect(s)William Smith (City Architect of Aberdeen)
DeveloperQueen Victoria and Prince Albert
Other designersJohn Thomas (Sculptor)
Main contractorM Stuart
Website
www.balmoralcastle.com
Listed Building – Category A
Official nameBalmoral Castle with Parterre and Terrace Walls
Designated12 March 2010
Reference no.LB51460[1]
Official nameBalmoral Castle
Designated1 July 1987
Reference no.GDL00045[2]

Balmoral Castle (/bælˈmɒrəl/) is a large estate house in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, which is a royal residence. It is near the village of Crathie, 9 miles (14 km) west of Ballater and 50 miles (80 km) west of Aberdeen.[2]

Balmoral has been one of the residences of the British royal family since 1852, when the estate and its original castle were bought from the Farquharson family by Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria. Soon afterwards the house was found to be too small and the current Balmoral Castle was commissioned. The architect was William Smith of Aberdeen, and his designs were amended by Prince Albert. Balmoral remains private property of the monarch and is not part of the Crown Estate.

The castle is an example of Scottish baronial architecture, and is classified by Historic Environment Scotland as a category A listed building.[1] The new castle was completed in 1856 and the old castle demolished shortly thereafter.

The Balmoral Estate has been added to by successive members of the royal family, and now covers an area of approximately 50,000 acres (20,000 hectares). It is a working estate, including grouse moors, forestry and farmland, as well as managed herds of deer, Highland cattle, sheep and ponies.

Queen Elizabeth II died peacefully at Balmoral Castle on September 8, 2022, in the 71st year of her reign.[3]

Etymology

Recorded first as Bouchmorale in 1451, the first element in the name Balmoral is the Scottish Gaelic both meaning "a hut".[4] The second part of the name is uncertain,[4] but may conserve a Pictish formation from *mor meaning "large", and *ial, "open space" (c.f. Welsh mawr-ial).[5]

History

After 1830, Sir Robert Gordon made major alterations to the original castle – lithograph by Josef Kriehuber, 1846

King Robert II of Scotland (1316–1390) had a hunting lodge in the area. Historical records also indicate that a house at Balmoral was built by Sir William Drummond in 1390.[6] The estate was later tenanted by Alexander Gordon, second son of the 1st Earl of Huntly. A tower house was built on the estate by the Gordons.[2]

In 1662, the estate passed to Charles Farquharson of Inverey, brother of John Farquharson, the "Black Colonel". The Farquharsons were Jacobite sympathisers, and James Farquharson of Balmoral was involved in both the 1715 and 1745 rebellions. He was wounded at the Battle of Falkirk in 1746. The Farquharson estates were forfeit, and passed to the Farquharsons of Auchendryne.[7] In 1798, James Duff, 2nd Earl Fife, acquired Balmoral and leased the castle. Sir Robert Gordon, a younger brother of the 4th Earl of Aberdeen, acquired the lease in 1830. He made major alterations to the original castle at Balmoral, including baronial-style extensions that were designed by John Smith of Aberdeen.[2]

Royal acquisition

Queen Victoria and Prince Albert first visited Scotland in 1842, five years after her accession to the throne and two years after their marriage. During this first visit they stayed at Edinburgh, and at Taymouth Castle in Perthshire, the home of the Marquess of Breadalbane.[2] They returned in 1844 to stay at Blair Castle and, in 1847, when they rented Ardverikie House by Loch Laggan.[8] Frequent rain during the latter trip led Sir James Clark, the queen's doctor, to recommend Deeside instead, for its healthier climate.[9]

Sir Robert Gordon died in 1847 and his lease on Balmoral reverted to Lord Aberdeen. In February 1848 an arrangement was made—that Prince Albert would acquire the remaining part of the lease on Balmoral, together with its furniture and staff—without having seen the property first.[10]: 5 

The royal couple arrived for their first visit on 8 September 1848.[11] Victoria found the house "small but pretty",[12] and recorded in her diary that: "All seemed to breathe freedom and peace, and to make one forget the world and its sad turmoils".[7] The surrounding hilly landscape reminded them of Thuringia, Albert's homeland in Germany.[10]: 5 

Balmoral Castle, 1860s, albumen print carte de visite

Quickly, the house was confirmed to be too small and, in 1848, John and William Smith were commissioned to design new offices, cottages, and other ancillary buildings.[13] Improvements to the woodlands, gardens, and estate buildings were also being made, with the assistance of the landscape gardener, James Beattie, and possibly by the painter, James Giles.[2]

Major additions to the old house were considered in 1849,[13] but by then negotiations were under way to purchase the estate from the trustees of the deceased Earl Fife. After seeing a corrugated iron cottage at the Great Exhibition of 1851, Prince Albert ordered a prefabricated iron building for Balmoral from E. T. Bellhouse & Co., to serve as a temporary ballroom and dining room.[14] It was in use by 1 October 1851, and would serve as a ballroom until 1856.[15]

The sale was completed in June 1852, the price being £32,000, and Prince Albert formally took possession that autumn.[2][10]: 8 [16] The neighbouring estate of Birkhall was bought at the same time, and the lease on Abergeldie Castle secured as well. To mark the occasion, the Purchase Cairn was erected in the hills overlooking the castle, the first of many.

Construction of the new house

Balmoral Castle – a principal keep similar to that of Craigievar Castle is the central feature of the castle, while a large turreted country house is attached

The growing family of Victoria and Albert, the need for additional staff, and the quarters required for visiting friends and official visitors such as cabinet members, however, meant that extension of the existing structure would not be sufficient and that a larger house needed to be built. In early 1852, this was commissioned from William Smith.[16] The son of John Smith (who designed the 1830 alterations of the original castle), William Smith was the city architect of Aberdeen from 1852. On learning of the commission, William Burn sought an interview with the prince, apparently to complain that Smith previously had plagiarised his work, however, Burn was unsuccessful in depriving Smith of the appointment.[17] William Smith's designs were amended by Prince Albert, who took a close interest in details such as turrets and windows.[18]

Balmoral Castle, painted by Queen Victoria in 1854 during its construction

Construction began during summer 1853, on a site some 100 yards (90 metres) northwest of the original building that was considered to have a better vista.[19] Another consideration was that whilst construction was ongoing, the family would still be able to use the old house.[10]: 9  Queen Victoria laid the foundation stone on 28 September 1853, during her annual autumn visit.[20] By the autumn of 1855, the royal apartments were ready for occupancy, although the tower was still under construction and the servants had to be lodged in the old house.[15] By coincidence, shortly after their arrival at the estate that autumn, news circulated about the fall of Sevastopol, ending the Crimean War, resulting in wild celebrations by royalty and locals alike. While visiting the estate shortly thereafter, Prince Frederick of Prussia asked for the hand of Princess Victoria.[10]: 11 

The new house was completed in 1856, and the old castle subsequently was demolished.[2] By autumn 1857, a new bridge across the Dee, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel linking Crathie and Balmoral was finished.[10]: 11 

Balmoral Castle is built from granite quarried at Invergelder on the estate.[21] It consists of two main blocks, each arranged around a courtyard. The southwestern block contains the main rooms, while the northeastern contains the service wings. At the southeast is an 80-foot-tall (24-metre) clock tower topped with turrets,[22] one of which has a balustrade similar to a feature at Castle Fraser.[23] Being similar in style to the demolished castle of the 1830s, the architecture of the new house is considered to be somewhat dated for its time when contrasted with the richer forms of Scots baronial being developed by William Burn and others during the 1850s.[22] As an exercise in Scots baronial, it is sometimes described as being too ordered, pedantic, and even Germanic as a consequence of Prince Albert's influence on the design.[23]

Balmoral Castle, painted by James Cassie

However, the purchase of a Scottish estate by Victoria and Albert and their adoption of a Scottish architectural style was influential for the ongoing revival of Highland culture. They decorated Balmoral with tartans and attended highland games at Braemar. Queen Victoria expressed an affinity for Scotland, even professing herself to be a Jacobite.[24] Added to the work of Sir Walter Scott, this became a major factor in promoting the adoption of Highland culture by Lowland Scots. Historian Michael Lynch comments that "the Scottishness of Balmoral helped to give the monarchy a truly British dimension for the first time".[25]

Victoria and Albert at Balmoral

Balmoral, c. 1890–1900

Even before the completion of the new house, the pattern of the life of the royal couple in the Highlands was soon established. Victoria took long walks of up to four hours daily and Albert spent many days hunting deer and game. In 1849, diarist Charles Greville described their life at Balmoral as resembling that of gentry rather than royalty.[26] Victoria began a policy of commissioning artists to record Balmoral, its surroundings, and its staff. Over the years, numerous painters were employed at Balmoral, including Edwin and Charles Landseer, Carl Haag, William Wyld, and William Henry Fisk.[27] The royal couple took great interest in their staff. They established a lending library.

Memorial cairn for Prince Albert, Balmoral Estate

During the 1850s, new plantations were established near the house and exotic conifers were planted on the grounds. Prince Albert had an active role in these improvements, overseeing the design of parterres, the diversion of the main road north of the river via a new bridge, and plans for farm buildings.[2] These buildings included a model dairy that he developed during 1861, the year of his death. The dairy was completed by Victoria. Subsequently, she also built several monuments to her husband on the estate. These include a pyramid-shaped cairn built a year after Albert's death, on top of Craig Lurachain. A large statue of Albert with a dog and a gun by William Theed, was inaugurated on 15 October 1867, the twenty-eighth anniversary of their engagement.[10]: 20–21 [28]

Following Albert's death, Victoria spent increasing periods at Balmoral, staying for as long as four months a year during early summer and autumn. Few further changes were made to the grounds, with the exception of some alterations to mountain paths, the erection of various cairns and monuments, and the addition of some cottages (Karim Cottage and Baile na Coille) built for senior staff.[2][10]: 18  It was during this period that Victoria began to depend on her servant, John Brown. He was a local ghillie from Crathie, who became one of her closest companions during her long mourning.[10]: 23 

Queen Victoria's Business Room at Balmoral

In 1887, Balmoral Castle was the birthplace of Victoria Eugenie, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. She was born to Princess Beatrice, the fifth daughter of Victoria and Albert. Victoria Eugenie became queen of Spain when she married King Alfonso XIII in 1906.

In September 1896, Victoria welcomed Emperor Nicholas II of Russia and Empress Alexandra, a granddaughter of Victoria, to Balmoral. Four years later Victoria made her last visit to the estate, three months before her death on 22 January 1901.

After Victoria

After Victoria's death, the royal family continued to use Balmoral during annual autumn visits. George V had substantial improvements made during the 1910s and 1920s, including formal gardens to the south of the castle.[2]

During the Second World War, royal visits to Balmoral ceased. In addition, due to the conflict with Germany, Danzig Shiel, a lodge built by Victoria in Ballochbuie, was renamed Garbh Allt Shiel and the "King of Prussia's Fountain" was removed from the grounds.[10]: 25 

From the 1950s, Prince Philip added herbaceous borders and a water garden. During the 1980s, new staff buildings were built close to the castle.[2]

In a break with tradition, Balmoral Castle was the site of the appointment of British Prime Minister Liz Truss on 6 September 2022, due to concerns regarding mobility issues of Queen Elizabeth II, who died at Balmoral two days later, on 8 September 2022.[29][30][31][32]

Architecture

The "battlemented" porte cochère. Also called a "carriage porch", this structure is covered to protect guests from inclement weather.

Though called a castle, Balmoral's primary function is that of a country house.[33] It is a "typical and rather ordinary" country house from the Victorian period. The tower and "pepper pot turrets" are characteristic features of the residence's Scottish baronial style. The seven-storey tower is an architectural feature borrowed from medieval defensive tower houses. The "pepper pot" turrets were influenced by the style of 16th-century French châteaux. Other features of the Scottish baronial style are the crow-stepped gables, dormer windows, and battlemented porte-cochère.[34]

Ownership

Balmoral is a private property and, unlike the monarch's official residences, is not the property of the Crown. It originally was purchased personally by Prince Albert, rather than the queen, meaning that no revenues from the estate go to Parliament or to the public purse, as would otherwise be the case for property owned outright by the monarch in accordance with the Civil List Act 1760.[35] Along with Sandringham House in Norfolk, ownership of Balmoral was inherited by Edward VIII on his accession in 1936. When he abdicated later the same year, however, he retained ownership of them. A financial settlement was devised, under which Balmoral and Sandringham were purchased by Edward's brother and successor to the Crown, George VI.[36]

Currently, the estate is still owned outright by the monarch, but is managed by trustees under Deeds of Nomination and Appointment.[35]

The estate

Current extent and operation

Balmoral Estate is within the Cairngorms National Park and is partly within the Deeside and Lochnagar National Scenic Area.[37] The 50,000-acre (20,000-hectare) estate contains a wide variety of landscapes, from the Dee river valley to open mountains. There are seven Munros (hills in Scotland over 3,000 ft or 914.4 m) within the estate, the highest being Lochnagar at 3,789 ft (1,155 m). This mountain was the setting for a children's story, The Old Man of Lochnagar, told originally by Prince Charles to his younger brothers, Prince Andrew and Prince Edward. The story was published in 1980, with royalties accruing to The Prince's Trust.[10]: 35–51 [38] The estate also incorporates the 7,500-acre (3,000-hectare) Delnadamph Lodge estate, bought by Elizabeth II in 1978.[39]

The estate extends to Loch Muick in the southeast where an old boat house and the Royal Bothy (hunting lodge) now named Glas-allt-Shiel, built by Victoria, are located.

The working estate includes grouse moors, forestry, and farmland, as well as managed herds of deer, Highland cattle, and ponies.[10]: 38–47  It also offers access to the public for fishing (paid) and hiking during certain seasons.[10]: 36–37 

Approximately 8,000 acres (3,200 hectares) of the estate are covered by trees, with almost 3,000 acres (1,200 hectares) used for forestry that yields nearly 10,000 tonnes of wood per year. Ballochbuie Forest, one of the largest remaining areas of old Caledonian pine growth in Scotland, consists of approximately 3,000 acres (1,200 hectares). It is managed with only minimal or no intervention.[10]: 48, 51  The principal mammal on the estate is the red deer with a population of 2,000 to 2,500 head.[10]: 44 

The areas of Lochnagar and Ballochbuie were designated in 1998 by the Secretary of State for Scotland as Special Protection Areas (SPA) under the European Union (EU) Birds Directive.[40][41] Bird species inhabiting the moorlands include red grouse, black grouse, ptarmigan, and the capercaillie.[10]: 38  Ballochbuie is also protected as a Special Area of Conservation by the EU Habitats Directive, as "one of the largest remaining continuous areas of native Caledonian Forest".[42] In addition, there are four sites of special scientific interest on the estate.[37]

The royal family employs approximately 50 full-time and 50–100 part-time staff to maintain the working estate.[43]

There are approximately 150 buildings on the estate,[10]: 35  including Birkhall, formerly home to Elizabeth the Queen Mother, and used now by Prince Charles and the Duchess of Cornwall for their summer holidays.[44] Craigowan Lodge is regularly used by the family and friends of the royal family and has also been used while Balmoral Castle was being prepared for a royal visit.[45] Six smaller buildings on the estate are let as holiday cottages.[46]

Public access to gardens and castle grounds

Northwest corner of Balmoral Castle

In 1931, the castle gardens were opened to the public for the first time and they now are open daily between April and the end of July, after which Queen Elizabeth II arrives for her annual stay.[45] The ballroom is the only room in the castle that may be viewed by the public.[47]

Craigowan Lodge

Craigowan Lodge is a seven-bedroom[48] stone house approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) from the main castle in Balmoral.[49][50] More rustic than the castle, the lodge was often the home of Prince Charles and Diana, Princess of Wales when they visited. Currently, it is used as quarters for important guests.

In the obituary of Prince Michael Andreevich Romanov, the highest-ranking member of the Russian imperial family at the time of his death in 2008, it was noted that his family spent most of World War II at Craigowan Lodge.[51]

The lodge has been in the news periodically since 2005, because Elizabeth II and Prince Philip often spent the first few days of their summer holiday there.[48] During each weekend of the summer, the castle is a lucrative source of income from visiting tourists. Sometimes, the Queen arrives at Balmoral before the tourist visiting season is over.[45]

Parts of the films The Queen (2006) and Mrs Brown (1997) were based on events at Balmoral. In both films, substitute locations were used: Blairquhan Castle in The Queen and Duns Castle in Mrs Brown.[52][53] In the Netflix series The Crown, Ardverikie House was used as a stand-in.[54]

Banknote illustration

An illustration of the castle features on the reverse of £100 notes issued by the Royal Bank of Scotland.[55]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Historic Environment Scotland. "Balmoral Castle With Parterre and Terrace Walls (Category A Listed Building) (LB51460)". Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Historic Environment Scotland. "BALMORAL CASTLE (GDL00045)". Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  3. ^ "Queen Elizabeth II has died, Buckingham Palace announces". BBC News. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  4. ^ a b Mills, A.David (21 October 2011). A Dictionary of British Place Names. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0191078941.s.v.
  5. ^ MacBain, Alexander (1922). Place names Highlands & Islands of Scotland. E. Mackay. p. 156.
  6. ^ "Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire". www.whichcastle.com. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
  7. ^ a b Gordon, Seton (2009). "The Country of Balmoral". Seton Gordon's Cairngorms: an anthology. Whittles. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-1-904445-88-3.
  8. ^ Millar, pp.23,31
  9. ^ Millar, p.39
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q MacLean, Charles. Balmoral Highland Estate. Balmoral Castle and Estate.
  11. ^ Millar, pp.40–41
  12. ^ Millar, p.41
  13. ^ a b Millar, p.55
  14. ^ Bellhouse, David (2000). "E.T. Bellhouse and Co. Engineers and Iron Founders" (PDF). David Bellhouse and Sons, Manchester. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  15. ^ a b Millar, p.59
  16. ^ a b Millar, p.56
  17. ^ "William Smith II". Dictionary of Scottish Architects 1840–1980. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  18. ^ Millar, p.57
  19. ^ Millar, pp.56–57
  20. ^ Millar, p.58
  21. ^ Little, G. A. (1981). Scotland's Gardens. Spur Books. ISBN 0-7157-2091-0.
  22. ^ a b Glendinning, Miles; MacKechnie, Aonghus; MacInnes, Ranald (1996). A History of Scottish Architecture. Edinburgh University Press. p. 270. ISBN 0-7486-0849-4.
  23. ^ a b Fenwick, Hubert (1974). Scotland's Historic Buildings. Robert Hale. ISBN 0-7091-4497-0.
  24. ^ Devine, T.M. (2006). The Scottish Nation 1700–2000. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-102769-2.
  25. ^ Lynch, Michael (1992). Scotland: A New History. Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-9893-1.
  26. ^ Millar, p.44
  27. ^ Millar, passim
  28. ^ Millar, p.102
  29. ^ Andersson, Jasmine "Queen to appoint new prime minister at Balmoral" BBC News (August 30, 2022) (Accessed Sept. 2, 2022)
  30. ^ Walker, Peter "New PM will meet Queen at Balmoral before taking over at No 10" The Guardian (Aug. 31, 2022) (Accessed Sept 2, 2022)
  31. ^ Foster, Max and Lauren Said-Moorhouse "Queen won't return to London to appoint new British PM, for first time in her reign" CNN (Aug. 31, 2022) (Accessed Sept. 2, 2022)
  32. ^ Davies, Caroline "Queen Elizabeth II, Britain's longest-reigning monarch, dies aged 96" The Guardian (Sept. 8, 2022) (Accessed Sept. 8, 2022)
  33. ^ Castleden, Rodney (1 August 2014). The Castles of Britain and Ireland. Quercus. ISBN 978-1-62365-543-3.
  34. ^ Jones, Nigel R. (2005). Architecture of England, Scotland, and Wales. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31850-4.
  35. ^ a b Wightman, Andy (2011). The Poor Had No Lawyers: Who Owns Scotland (And How They Got It). Edinburgh: Birlinn. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-1841589077.
  36. ^ "Sandringham House: History". The official website of The British Monarchy. The Royal Household. Archived from the original on 16 April 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  37. ^ a b "Conservation". Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  38. ^ "The Old Man of Lochnagar, 1980". Royal Collection Trust. Inventory no. 1101076.
  39. ^ "The Queen buys grouse moor near Balmoral." The Times, London, 6 January 1978: pg 3.
  40. ^ "Lochnagar SPA: Standard Data Form" (PDF). Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
  41. ^ "Ballolchbuie SPA: Standard Data Form" (PDF). Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
  42. ^ "Ballolchbuie SAC: Site Details". Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
  43. ^ "Employment". Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  44. ^ "Birkhall". The Prince of Wales official website. Household of HRH The Prince of Wales. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  45. ^ a b c Frost, Katie (7 August 2018). "Inside Balmoral, the Queen's Scottish retreat". Harper's BAZAAR. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  46. ^ "Current Availability". Balmoral Estates. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  47. ^ "2011 Admission Charges". Balmoral Estate. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  48. ^ a b Michael MacLeod. "Royals in Scotland: Palaces, paparazzi and garden parties". STV News.
  49. ^ "Panorama of Lodge".
  50. ^ Gossip, Shona (28 July 2014). "Queen arrives in Royal Deeside for holiday". The Press and Journal. Aberdeen. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  51. ^ "Michael Andreevich Romanoff: member of the Russian imperial family". The Times. London. 11 October 2008.
  52. ^ "Filming locations for The Queen". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  53. ^ "Filming locations for Mrs Brown". IMDb. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  54. ^ Leadbeater, Chris (8 December 2017). "8 spectacular filming locations from The Crown to visit as season 2 returns". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  55. ^ "Current Banknotes: Royal Bank of Scotland". The Committee of Scottish Clearing Bankers. Archived from the original on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2008.

Bibliography

  • Millar, Delia (1985). Queen Victoriaʼs life in the Scottish Highlands : depicted by her watercolour artists. London: Philip Wilson. ISBN 0-85667-194-0.
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