Digvijaya (conquest)

For the list of people with the proper name "Digvijay", see Digvijay.

Digvijaya, (Sanskrit: दिग्विजय; Dig:"Direction" and Vijaya:"Victory"), in India was originally a Sanskrit term that meant conquest of the "four quarters", in a military or a moral context. In medieval times, it came to refer to the religious conquest by reputed founders of the major Hindu renunciate traditions, namely Madhva, Sankara, Chaitanya, and Vallabha.

Military and moral conquest

Digvijaya as a military conquest is often mentioned in Indian history and mythology, for example, the digvijaya of Bharata Chakravartin. It was followed by rituals confirming the divine grace and royal authority of the conqueror. With his conquest, the Chakravartin unified India as a "moral kingdom" governed by a higher order. The Buddhist Digha Nikaya (Chapter 26.6-7), also talks about a wheel-turning monarch (Cakravartin), who propagates Dharma in the four corners under his rulership.

Religious conquest

According to Sax, the religious connotation to the term digvijaya may have emerged as a response to the decline of the royal digvijaya, consequent to the Muslim conquest of most of India.

Madhva Digvijayam

Sumadhva Vijaya, "The story of the victory of Madhva," also referred as Sri Madhva Vijaya or simply as Madhva Vijaya, is a 14th century hagiographical work of the Dvaita philosopher Sri Madhvacharya. It was composed by Sri Narayana Panditacharya, who was the son of Sri Trivikrama Panditacharya, one of the direct disciples of Madhvacharya and a famous advaita exponent before his convertion to the Madhva faith.

Sumadhva Vijaya is a Mahakavya, 'great poem', a specific Sanskrit literary genre, containing sixteen sargas or cantos. It starts with a description of the first two Avatars of Vayu, namely Hanuman and Bhima. It then proceeds to describe the life of Sri Madhva, who is considered the third avatar, giving detailed descriptions of various incidents of Sri Madhva's life.

Several commentaries have been written on it, including one written by Sri Narayana Panditacarya himself, called Bhava Prakashika. The next oldest commentary on Sumadhva Vijaya is by Sri Vedanga Tirtha, called Padartha Dipika. Another relevant commentary is the Padartha Dipikodbodhika of Sri Vishwapati Tirtha of Pejavara Mutt. "Mandopakarini" of Sri Chalari Sheshacharya is also quite popular.

Shankara Digvijayam

Shankara Vijayams (IAST Śaṃkaravijayaṃ) are traditional hagiographies of the Advaita Vedanta exegete Adi Shankara, describing his 'conquest of the four quarters'. In these hagiographies, Shankara is deified as a ruler-renunciate, bringing harmony to the four quarters. The genre may have been modelled on the digvijayas of Madhva, since the oldest Shankara-hagiography post-dates Madhva (1238-1317). The Shankara-digvijayams mimick the royal digvijayams, as his 'conquest of the four quarters' and the establishment of his kingdom is followed by his coronation with this ascent of the Throne of Omniscience (sarvajña-pīṭha), akin to the rajasuya rites.

The main Shankaravijayams are:

• Anandagirīya Shankaravijayam (of Anandagiri, not extant)
• Anantanadagiri Shankaravijayam (extant from 15th century, but controversial in nature)
• Cidvilāsīya Shankaravijayam (of Chidvilasa, c. between 15th century and 17th century
• Keralīya Shankaravijayam (extant in Kerala, c. 17th century)
• Madhavīya Shankara (Dig)vijayam (of Madhava). Usually attributed to Madhava-Vidyaranya, and dated to the 14th century. The attribution and dating is disputed; the author was a Madhavi, and the correct date seems to be the 17th or even 18th century.

See also

• Shiva Digvijaya

Sources

• Bader, Jonathan (2001), Conquest of the Four Quarters. TYraditional Accounts of the Life of Shankara, Australian National University
• Clark, Matthew (2006), The Daśanāmī-Saṃnyāsīs: The Integration of Ascetic Lineages into an Order, BRILL
• Goodding, Robert A. (2013), "A Theologian in a South Indian Kingdom: The Historical Context of the Jivanmuktiviveka of Vidyaranya", in Lindquist, Steven E. (ed.), Religion and Identity in South Asia and Beyond: Essays in Honor of Patrick Olivelle, Anthem Press
• Isayeva, Natalia (1993). Shankara and Indian Philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press (SUNY). ISBN 0-7914-1282-2.
• Nowicka, Olga (2016), "Conquering the World, Subduing the Minds: Śaṅkara's digvijaya in the Local Context", Cracow Indological Studies vol. XVIII (2016) 10.12797/CIS.18.2016.18.07
• Raveh, Daniel (2016), Sūtras, Stories and Yoga Philosophy: Narrative and Transfiguration, Routledge
• Simmons, Caleb (2019), Devotional Sovereignty: Kingship and Religion in India, Oxford University Press

External links

Madhva

• Discourse on Sumadhva Vijaya (Kannada) by Vidwan Vyasanakere Prabhanjanacharya.
• Biographical links to Madhvacharya and other dvaita resources
• Madhva and other Dvaita saints text resource
• Complete Biography of Sriman Madhvacharya
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• Madhwa Vijaya Audio

Shankara

• The Sankaravijaya Literature— a detailed discussion of the various Shankara Vijayams