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'''Manicaland''' is a [[Provinces of Zimbabwe|province]] in eastern [[Zimbabwe]]. After [[Harare Province]], it is the country's second-most populous province, with a population of 1.75 million, as of the [[2012 Zimbabwe census|2012 census]]. After Harare and [[Bulawayo]] provinces, it is Zimbabwe's third-most densely populated province. Manicaland was one of five original provinces established in [[Southern Rhodesia]] in the early colonial period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thepatriot.co.zw/old_posts/changing-the-names-of-provinces/|title=Changing the names of provinces|last=Chakamwe|first=Chakamwe|date=2014-05-01|website=The Patriot|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-15}}</ref> The province is divided into ten administrative subdivisions of seven rural districts and three towns/councils, including the provincial capital, [[Mutare]]. The name Manicaland is derived from the province's largest ethnic group, the [[Manyika tribe|Manyika]], a [[Shona people|Shona]] subgroup who speak a distinct [[Shona language|Shona]] dialect, [[Manyika dialect|Manyika]].
'''Manicaland''' is a [[Provinces of Zimbabwe|province]] in eastern [[Zimbabwe]]. After [[Harare Province]], it is the country's second-most populous province, with a population of 1.75 million, as of the [[2012 Zimbabwe census|2012 census]]. After Harare and [[Bulawayo]] provinces, it is Zimbabwe's third-most densely populated province. Manicaland was one of five original provinces established in [[Southern Rhodesia]] in the early colonial period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thepatriot.co.zw/old_posts/changing-the-names-of-provinces/|title=Changing the names of provinces|last=Chakamwe|first=Chakamwe|date=2014-05-01|website=The Patriot|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-15}}</ref> The province is divided into ten administrative subdivisions of seven rural districts and three towns/councils, including the provincial capital, [[Mutare]]. The name Manicaland is derived from one of the province's largest ethnic groups, the [[Manyika tribe|Manyika]], who originate from the area north of the Manicaland province and as well as western Mozambique, who speak a distinct language called chiManyika (one of the languages from which [[Shona language|Shona]] was derived).


Manicaland is bordered by [[Mashonaland East Province]] to the northwest, [[Midlands Province]] to the west, [[Masvingo Province]] to the southwest, and [[Mozambique]] to the east. It has an area of {{convert|36,459|km2|mi2}},<ref>[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/zimbabwe.aspx Surface Area of Manicaland District] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217021255/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/zimbabwe.aspx|date=2013-12-17}}</ref> equal to 9.28% of the total area of Zimbabwe. It is the sixth-largest in area of Zimbabwe's ten provinces. Its economy is largely centered around [[Industrial sector|industry]] and [[agriculture]], particularly [[manufacturing]], [[diamond]] and [[gold]] mining, [[Lumber|timber]], [[tea]] and [[coffee]] plantations, and [[tourism]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialgazette.co.zw/manicaland-industries-collapse/|title=Manicaland industries collapse|last=Matimaire|first=Kenneth|date=2017-03-23|work=The Financial Gazette|access-date=2018-06-15|language=en-US}}</ref> In recent years, Manicaland's economy has declined as [[manufacturing]] firms and mines continue to fold,<ref name=":0" /> and the province now lags behind other Zimbabwean provinces economically and developmentally.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2012/11/18/manicaland-is-also-for-devolution/|title=Manicaland is also for devolution|last=Zimunya|first=Itai|date=2012-11-18|work=The Standard|access-date=2018-06-15|language=en-US}}</ref>
Manicaland is bordered by [[Mashonaland East Province]] to the northwest, [[Midlands Province]] to the west, [[Masvingo Province]] to the southwest, and [[Mozambique]] to the east. It has an area of {{convert|36,459|km2|mi2}},<ref>[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/zimbabwe.aspx Surface Area of Manicaland District] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217021255/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/zimbabwe.aspx|date=2013-12-17}}</ref> equal to 9.28% of the total area of Zimbabwe. It is the sixth-largest in area of Zimbabwe's ten provinces. Its economy is largely centered around [[Industrial sector|industry]] and [[agriculture]], particularly [[manufacturing]], [[diamond]] and [[gold]] mining, [[Lumber|timber]], [[tea]] and [[coffee]] plantations, and [[tourism]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialgazette.co.zw/manicaland-industries-collapse/|title=Manicaland industries collapse|last=Matimaire|first=Kenneth|date=2017-03-23|work=The Financial Gazette|access-date=2018-06-15|language=en-US}}</ref> In recent years, Manicaland's economy has declined as [[manufacturing]] firms and mines continue to fold,<ref name=":0" /> and the province now lags behind other Zimbabwean provinces economically and developmentally.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2012/11/18/manicaland-is-also-for-devolution/|title=Manicaland is also for devolution|last=Zimunya|first=Itai|date=2012-11-18|work=The Standard|access-date=2018-06-15|language=en-US}}</ref>


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
The name Manicaland derives from the fact that the area has been occupied in recent history by the [[Manyika]] people. The Manyika are a [[Shona people|Shona]] sub-tribal grouping with their own language variant, the [[Manyika language]].
The name Manicaland derives from the fact that part of the area has been occupied in history by the [[Manyika]] people. The Manyika are a tribal grouping classified as [[Shona people|Shona]], with their own language variant, the [[Manyika language]].


==Geography==
==Geography==
Line 118: Line 118:
* [[Rusape]] Town Council
* [[Rusape]] Town Council


==Demographics==
==Demographics and Diversity==
{{Historical populations
{{Historical populations
|title =
|title =
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Manicaland is the second most populated province in Zimbabwe. It has a population of about 1,755,000 which constitutes about 13.5% of the country's total population.
Manicaland is the second most populated province in Zimbabwe. It has a population of about 1,755,000 which constitutes about 13.5% of the country's total population.


The people of Manicaland speak [[Shona language|Shona]], but different districts have own sub-dialects. For example, [[Mutasa District]] uses the [[Manyika]] sub-dialect. In [[Makoni District]], the people use the [[Maungwe]] dialect, [[Chipinge]], the [[Ndau language|Ndau]] and [[Mutare]], the [[Bocha dialect|Bocha]] and [[Jindwi]] dialects.
The people of Manicaland speak [[Shona language|Shona]], a language created by church missionaries in in the 1930s to unify the different languages & dialects in Central Africa<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft158004rs&chunk.id=d0e3609&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e2944&brand=ucpress&query=shona |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=publishing.cdlib.org}}</ref> , although the different districts have own languages and dialects<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft158004rs&chunk.id=d0e3048&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e2944&brand=ucpress&query=manicaland |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=publishing.cdlib.org}}</ref>. For example, [[Mutasa District]] use [[Manyika]] as a language. In [[Makoni District]], the MaUngwe people use the chi[[Maungwe|Ungwe]]. In [[Chipinge|Chipinge District]] the Ndau people use chi[[Ndau language|Ndau]] and the Machangana/ Shangaani people use chiChangana/ Shangaan language. In [[Mutare|Mutare District]] the people of Marange use [[Bocha dialect|chiBocha]] and the Jindwi people of [[Zimunya]] use [[CiJindwi|chiJindwi]].


These languages transcend the modern day boundaries set by the districts, being synonymous with the people in their Chiefdoms, who originally occupied these lands and beyond, prior to the displacement and resettlement caused by colonial occupation in the early part of the 20th century. Boundaries between Kingdoms/ Chiefdoms were redrawn under the [[Land Apportionment Act of 1930]] and the Native Land Husbandry Act of 1951<ref>{{Cite journal |last=DUGGAN |first=WILLIAM R. |date=1980-04-01 |title=THE NATIVE LAND HUSBANDRY ACT OF 1951 AND THE RURAL AFRICAN MIDDLE CLASS OF SOUTHERN RHODESIA |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097207 |journal=African Affairs |volume=79 |issue=315 |pages=227–240 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097207 |issn=0001-9909}}</ref>. Colonial authorities used a similar technique to divide up land and authority, which in colonial Rhodesia manifested itself, through a long series of legislative measures (most importantly the Land Apportionment Act of 1930 and the Native Land Husbandry Act of 1951), in the sharp division between Native reserves (later known as the Tribal Trust Lands), and European farming areas, with the Native Purchase Areas forming a kind of middle stage between the two. After the country's independence in 1980, district boundaries were redrawn based on political direction in the newer dispensation.
⚫
A great number of the population practise their own traditional way of worshipping, but many also practice [[Christianity]] (about 65%). The majority falling under the traditional churches: [[Methodist Church]], [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]], the [[Anglican Church]] and the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. The Pentecostal churches have large followings in the urban areas of Mutare and a few other growth points. Some gatherings fall under the Apostolic Churches, with a notably higher proportion of the Apostolic followers in Mutare and Buhera district. Polygamy is quite prevalent among church members.

==Spirituality and Religion==
{{Historical populations
|title =
|type =
|align =
|width =
|state =
|shading =
|pop_name =
|percentages =
|footnote =
|source = [http://www.geohive.com/cntry/zimbabwe.aspx Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT)]
|1992 | 1,537,676
|2002 | 1,568,930
|2012 | 1,752,698
}}
⚫
A great number of the population practise their own traditional way of worshipping, but many also practice [[Christianity]] (about 65%). The majority falling under the traditional churches: [[Methodist Church]], [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]], the [[Anglican Church]] and the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. The Pentecostal churches have large followings in the urban areas of Mutare and a few other growth points. Some gatherings fall under the Apostolic Churches, with a notably higher proportion of the Apostolic followers in Mutare and Buhera district. Polygamy is quite prevalent among church members. Other communities such as Muslim are represented, owing to the influence of migration


==Schools==
==Schools==
Manicaland boasts of some of the best performing schools in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mail|first=The Sunday|title=Mashonaland Central rules the roost|url=https://www.sundaymail.co.zw/mashonaland-central-rules-the-roost|access-date=2021-06-15|website=The Sunday Mail|language=en-GB}}</ref> Schools such as St Augastines (Tsambe), '''St Faith's School, Rusape''' (Fisco-'Madetere') (Currently the best performing school 2012 at 'O' level and 'A' level in Zimbabwe), [[Nyanga High School, Marist Brothers]], St Marys, Bonda High, Emmanuel High, Kriste Mambo, Mutare Boys' High School, Mutare Girls High (The Shumbas), St Dominics Mutare, Marange High, Hartzell High, Lydia Chimonyo, [[Sakubva High School|Sakubva High]], Dangamvura High. These have produced exceptional results over the years and a great number of academics renowned internationally.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}
Manicaland boasts of some of the best performing schools in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mail|first=The Sunday|title=Mashonaland Central rules the roost|url=https://www.sundaymail.co.zw/mashonaland-central-rules-the-roost|access-date=2021-06-15|website=The Sunday Mail|language=en-GB}}</ref> Schools such as St Augustines (Tsambe), '''St Faith's School, Rusape''' (Fisco-'Madetere') (Currently the best performing school 2012 at 'O' level and 'A' level in Zimbabwe), [[Nyanga High School, Marist Brothers]], St Marys, Bonda High, Emmanuel High, Kriste Mambo, Mutare Boys' High School, Mutare Girls High (The Shumbas), St Dominics Mutare, Marange High, Hartzell High, Lydia Chimonyo, [[Sakubva High School|Sakubva High]], Dangamvura High. These have produced exceptional results over the years and a great number of academics renowned internationally.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}


The privately run [[Africa University]] provides some relief (albeit to a lesser extent), but it simply cannot absorb the huge numbers of school leavers with high grades.
The privately run [[Africa University]] provides some relief (albeit to a lesser extent), but it simply cannot absorb the huge numbers of school leavers with high grades.

Revision as of 00:27, 12 March 2022

Manicaland
Province
Manicaland, Province of Zimbabwe
Manicaland, Province of Zimbabwe
CountryZimbabwe
CapitalMutare
Area
 • Total36,459 km2 (14,077 sq mi)
Highest elevation
2,592 m (8,504 ft)
Population
 (2012)
 • Total1,752,698[1]
HDI (2018)0.525[2]
low · 9th

Manicaland is a province in eastern Zimbabwe. After Harare Province, it is the country's second-most populous province, with a population of 1.75 million, as of the 2012 census. After Harare and Bulawayo provinces, it is Zimbabwe's third-most densely populated province. Manicaland was one of five original provinces established in Southern Rhodesia in the early colonial period.[3] The province is divided into ten administrative subdivisions of seven rural districts and three towns/councils, including the provincial capital, Mutare. The name Manicaland is derived from one of the province's largest ethnic groups, the Manyika, who originate from the area north of the Manicaland province and as well as western Mozambique, who speak a distinct language called chiManyika (one of the languages from which Shona was derived).

Manicaland is bordered by Mashonaland East Province to the northwest, Midlands Province to the west, Masvingo Province to the southwest, and Mozambique to the east. It has an area of 36,459 square kilometres (14,077 sq mi),[4] equal to 9.28% of the total area of Zimbabwe. It is the sixth-largest in area of Zimbabwe's ten provinces. Its economy is largely centered around industry and agriculture, particularly manufacturing, diamond and gold mining, timber, tea and coffee plantations, and tourism.[5] In recent years, Manicaland's economy has declined as manufacturing firms and mines continue to fold,[5] and the province now lags behind other Zimbabwean provinces economically and developmentally.[6]

Etymology

The name Manicaland derives from the fact that part of the area has been occupied in history by the Manyika people. The Manyika are a tribal grouping classified as Shona, with their own language variant, the Manyika language.

Geography

The province is bordered by Mashonaland East Province to the north, Midlands Province to the west, Masvingo Province to the south and southwest, and the Republic of Mozambique to the east.[7] The provincial capital, Mutare (pop:184,205),[8] lies approximately 265 kilometres (165 mi), by road, southeast of Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe and the largest city in that country.[9]

The Eastern Highlands run along the eastern edge of Manicaland. The highlands are made up of several mountain ranges and include Mount Nyangani, Zimbabwe's highest peak. Manicaland has a tropical forest climate.

The northern part of Manicaland is drained northwards by tributaries of the Zambezi River, including the Gairezi and the Nyangombe. The central and southern portions of the province are drained southwards by the Save River and its tributaries, including the Odzi River. Some areas along the province's eastern edge, including Honde Valley, Burma Valley, and eastern Chimanimani and Chipinge districts, drain eastwards into the Pungwe and Buzi rivers.

Districts

Manicaland Province division for the 2008 elections
Districts of Manicaland

The province is subdivided into seven rural districts and three town/councils:

Demographics and Diversity

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1992 1,537,676—    
2002 1,568,930+2.0%
2012 1,752,698+11.7%
Source: Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT)

Manicaland is the second most populated province in Zimbabwe. It has a population of about 1,755,000 which constitutes about 13.5% of the country's total population.

The people of Manicaland speak Shona, a language created by church missionaries in in the 1930s to unify the different languages & dialects in Central Africa[10] , although the different districts have own languages and dialects[11]. For example, Mutasa District use Manyika as a language. In Makoni District, the MaUngwe people use the chiUngwe. In Chipinge District the Ndau people use chiNdau and the Machangana/ Shangaani people use chiChangana/ Shangaan language. In Mutare District the people of Marange use chiBocha and the Jindwi people of Zimunya use chiJindwi.

These languages transcend the modern day boundaries set by the districts, being synonymous with the people in their Chiefdoms, who originally occupied these lands and beyond, prior to the displacement and resettlement caused by colonial occupation in the early part of the 20th century. Boundaries between Kingdoms/ Chiefdoms were redrawn under the Land Apportionment Act of 1930 and the Native Land Husbandry Act of 1951[12]. Colonial authorities used a similar technique to divide up land and authority, which in colonial Rhodesia manifested itself, through a long series of legislative measures (most importantly the Land Apportionment Act of 1930 and the Native Land Husbandry Act of 1951), in the sharp division between Native reserves (later known as the Tribal Trust Lands), and European farming areas, with the Native Purchase Areas forming a kind of middle stage between the two. After the country's independence in 1980, district boundaries were redrawn based on political direction in the newer dispensation.

Spirituality and Religion

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1992 1,537,676—    
2002 1,568,930+2.0%
2012 1,752,698+11.7%
Source: Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT)

A great number of the population practise their own traditional way of worshipping, but many also practice Christianity (about 65%). The majority falling under the traditional churches: Methodist Church, Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Anglican Church and the Roman Catholic Church. The Pentecostal churches have large followings in the urban areas of Mutare and a few other growth points. Some gatherings fall under the Apostolic Churches, with a notably higher proportion of the Apostolic followers in Mutare and Buhera district. Polygamy is quite prevalent among church members. Other communities such as Muslim are represented, owing to the influence of migration

Schools

Manicaland boasts of some of the best performing schools in the country.[13] Schools such as St Augustines (Tsambe), St Faith's School, Rusape (Fisco-'Madetere') (Currently the best performing school 2012 at 'O' level and 'A' level in Zimbabwe), Nyanga High School, Marist Brothers, St Marys, Bonda High, Emmanuel High, Kriste Mambo, Mutare Boys' High School, Mutare Girls High (The Shumbas), St Dominics Mutare, Marange High, Hartzell High, Lydia Chimonyo, Sakubva High, Dangamvura High. These have produced exceptional results over the years and a great number of academics renowned internationally.[citation needed]

The privately run Africa University provides some relief (albeit to a lesser extent), but it simply cannot absorb the huge numbers of school leavers with high grades.

In general, there is a school within a 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) radius across Manicaland.[citation needed] There are numerous primary and secondary schools scattered across the province. The distribution of schools by district is shown in the table below.[citation needed]

District Primary Secondary
Buhera 140 55
Chimanimani 68 24
Chipinge 125 40
Makoni 170 60
Mutare 172 67
Mutasa 72 27
Nyanga 75 25
Total 822 298

[14]

Places of interest

See also

References

  1. ^ "Population Census National Report 2012" (PDF). Zimbabwe National Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  2. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  3. ^ Chakamwe, Chakamwe (2014-05-01). "Changing the names of provinces". The Patriot. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
  4. ^ Surface Area of Manicaland District Archived 2013-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ a b Matimaire, Kenneth (2017-03-23). "Manicaland industries collapse". The Financial Gazette. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
  6. ^ Zimunya, Itai (2012-11-18). "Manicaland is also for devolution". The Standard. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
  7. ^ Map of Provinces of Zimbabwe
  8. ^ Estimated Population of Mutare In 2004[permanent dead link]
  9. ^ Road Distance Between Harare And Mutare With Map
  10. ^ "The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa". publishing.cdlib.org. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
  11. ^ "The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa". publishing.cdlib.org. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
  12. ^ DUGGAN, WILLIAM R. (1980-04-01). "THE NATIVE LAND HUSBANDRY ACT OF 1951 AND THE RURAL AFRICAN MIDDLE CLASS OF SOUTHERN RHODESIA". African Affairs. 79 (315): 227–240. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097207. ISSN 0001-9909.
  13. ^ Mail, The Sunday. "Mashonaland Central rules the roost". The Sunday Mail. Retrieved 2021-06-15.
  14. ^ Manicaland Regional Education Office, 2004.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manicaland Province.

19°00′S 32°30′E / 19.000°S 32.500°E / -19.000; 32.500

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