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{{main|Citrus taxonomy#Australian and New Guinean species}}
{{main|Citrus taxonomy#Australian and New Guinean species}}


Cultivated locally for its sweet fruits on a handful of southwestern [[Pacific islands]], ''Clymenia'' was originally considered an obscure [[citrus]] hybrid. Botanist [[Tyôzaburô Tanaka]] noted that ''Clymenia'' would hybridize with a few other citrus plants (notably [[kumquat]]s), but otherwise was generally different from other citrus in many aspects of its appearance. Botanist [[Walter Tennyson Swingle]] proposed that ''Clymenia'' might belong to a genus of its own, [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribing]] the genus in 1939,<ref>''J. Arnold Arb.'' vol.20 (1939), p. 251 {{full citation needed}}</ref> with a genus name deriving from [[Clymene (mythology)]], an Orchomenian princess and the mother of [[Atalanta]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Burkhardt | first=Lotte | title=Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen |trans-title=Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names | publisher=Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin | year=2022 | isbn=978-3-946292-41-8 | url=https://doi.org/10.3372/epolist2022|format=pdf |language=German |location=Berlin | doi=10.3372/epolist2022 |access-date=January 27, 2022}}</ref> Swingle assumed that ''Clymenia'' and citrus evolved from a single common ancestor. In 2000, Berhow suggested that a close relationship existed between ''Clymenia'' and kumquats and that it might be a [[Citrofortunella]], a kumquat hybrid with another citrus.<ref name=germplasm>{{citation| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKlNrSR_8IEC&pg=PA49 | title=Citrus Germplasm Resources | last1=Krueger | first1=R.R. | last2=Navarro | first2=L. | work=Citrus Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology | editor-last=Kahn | editor-first=Iqrar Ahmad | publisher = CAB International | year=2007| pages=64–65| isbn=9781845931933 }}</ref>
Cultivated locally for its sweet fruits on a handful of southwestern [[Pacific islands]], ''Clymenia'' was originally considered an obscure [[citrus]] hybrid. Botanist [[Tyôzaburô Tanaka]] noted that ''Clymenia'' would hybridize with a few other citrus plants (notably [[kumquat]]s), but otherwise was generally different from other citrus in many aspects of its appearance. Botanist [[Walter Tennyson Swingle]] proposed moving ''Clymenia'' out of ''Citrus'', [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribing]] the genus in 1939,<ref>''J. Arnold Arb.'' vol.20 (1939), p. 251 {{full citation needed}}</ref> naming it after [[Clymene (mythology)]], an Orchomenian princess and the mother of [[Atalanta]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Burkhardt | first=Lotte | title=Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen |trans-title=Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names | publisher=Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin | year=2022 | isbn=978-3-946292-41-8 | url=https://doi.org/10.3372/epolist2022|format=pdf |language=German |location=Berlin | doi=10.3372/epolist2022 |access-date=January 27, 2022}}</ref> Swingle assumed that ''Clymenia'' and citrus evolved from a single common ancestor. In 2000, Berhow suggested that a close relationship existed between ''Clymenia'' and kumquats and that it might be a [[Citrofortunella]], a kumquat hybrid with another citrus.<ref name=germplasm>{{citation| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKlNrSR_8IEC&pg=PA49 | title=Citrus Germplasm Resources | last1=Krueger | first1=R.R. | last2=Navarro | first2=L. | work=Citrus Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology | editor-last=Kahn | editor-first=Iqrar Ahmad | publisher = CAB International | year=2007| pages=64–65| isbn=9781845931933 }}</ref>


More recent genomic analysis showed ''Clymenia'' to cluster within the genus ''Citrus'' in a clade with the [[Australian lime|Australian and New Guinean limes]], which though formerly placed in genera ''Eremocitrus'' and ''Microcitrus'' are now considered members of ''Citrus''.<ref name=bayer>{{cite journal |last1=Bayer |first1=Randall J |last2=Mabberly | first2=David J | last3=Morton | first3=Cynthia | last4=Miller | first4=Cathy H | last5=Sharma | first5=Ish K | last6=Pfiel | first6=Bernard E | last7=Rich | first7=Sarah | last8=Hitchcock | first8=Roberta | last9=Sykes | first9=Steve | year=2009 |title=A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences.|journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=668–685 |doi=10.3732/ajb.0800341 | pmid=21628223}}</ref><ref name=Oueslati>{{cite journal |title=Towards a molecular taxonomic key of the Aurantioideae subfamily using chloroplastic SNP diagnostic markers of the main clades genotyped by competitive allele-specific PCR | last1=Oueslati | first1=Amel | last2=Ollitrault | first2=Frederique | last3=Baraket | first3=Ghada | last4=Salhi-Hannachi | first4=Amel | last5=Navarro | first5=Luis | last6=Ollitrault | first6=Patrick | journal=BMC Genetics | volume=17 | page=118 | year=2016 | issue=1 | doi=10.1186/s12863-016-0426-x| pmc=4991024 | pmid=27539067 }}</ref><ref name="García Lor">{{cite thesis |title=Organización de la diversidad genética de los cítricos |year=2013|author=Andrés García Lor| url=https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/handle/10251/31518/Versión3.Tesis%20Andrés%20García-Lor.pdf |pages=79,125–128}}</ref> Because excluding them would make ''Citrus'' [[paraphyletic]], the ''Clymenia'' species may likewise belong in ''Citrus'',<ref name=bayer /><ref name=Oueslati /> with ''Clymenia'' relegated to the status of a [[subgenus]]. It is included in ''Citrus'' in a 2021 classification of the family [[Rutaceae]].<ref name=AppeBaylHeslGrop21/> Genomic analysis showed ''Clymenia polyandra'' to be completely [[homozygosity|homozygous]], proving it to be a distinct species and not a hybrid.<ref name="García Lor" />
More recent genomic analysis showed ''Clymenia'' to cluster within the genus ''Citrus'' in a clade with the [[Australian lime|Australian and New Guinean limes]], which though formerly placed in genera ''Eremocitrus'' and ''Microcitrus'' are now considered members of ''Citrus''.<ref name=bayer>{{cite journal |last1=Bayer |first1=Randall J |last2=Mabberly | first2=David J | last3=Morton | first3=Cynthia | last4=Miller | first4=Cathy H | last5=Sharma | first5=Ish K | last6=Pfiel | first6=Bernard E | last7=Rich | first7=Sarah | last8=Hitchcock | first8=Roberta | last9=Sykes | first9=Steve | year=2009 |title=A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences.|journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=668–685 |doi=10.3732/ajb.0800341 | pmid=21628223}}</ref><ref name=Oueslati>{{cite journal |title=Towards a molecular taxonomic key of the Aurantioideae subfamily using chloroplastic SNP diagnostic markers of the main clades genotyped by competitive allele-specific PCR | last1=Oueslati | first1=Amel | last2=Ollitrault | first2=Frederique | last3=Baraket | first3=Ghada | last4=Salhi-Hannachi | first4=Amel | last5=Navarro | first5=Luis | last6=Ollitrault | first6=Patrick | journal=BMC Genetics | volume=17 | page=118 | year=2016 | issue=1 | doi=10.1186/s12863-016-0426-x| pmc=4991024 | pmid=27539067 }}</ref><ref name="García Lor">{{cite thesis |title=Organización de la diversidad genética de los cítricos |year=2013|author=Andrés García Lor| url=https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/handle/10251/31518/Versión3.Tesis%20Andrés%20García-Lor.pdf |pages=79,125–128}}</ref> Because excluding them would make ''Citrus'' [[paraphyletic]], the ''Clymenia'' species may likewise belong in ''Citrus'',<ref name=bayer /><ref name=Oueslati /> with ''Clymenia'' relegated to the status of a [[subgenus]]. It is included in ''Citrus'' in a 2021 classification of the family [[Rutaceae]].<ref name=AppeBaylHeslGrop21/> Genomic analysis showed ''Clymenia polyandra'' to be completely [[homozygosity|homozygous]], proving it to be a distinct species and not a hybrid.<ref name="García Lor" />

Revision as of 18:22, 15 February 2022

Clymenia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Subfamily: Aurantioideae
Genus: Clymenia
Swingle & Tanaka.
Species

See text.

Clymenia is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Rutaceae with two species. The genus is often included in Citrus.[1][2]

Description

Clymenia forms a shrub or small tree, free of spines. Leaves feature a short, narrow petiole, which sets them apart from most other citrus, especially the papedas native to the same general area. Clymenia fruits are a small hesperidium, very similar to a citrus fruit. Sweet and lemony in flavor, the tangerine-sized fruits are highly segmented, with yellow pulp, and a leathery rind, similar to a true citrus fruit. They contain a large number of polyembryonic seeds. The fruit are eaten by the Bismarck islanders, who call it a-mulis (Namatanai).[3][4]

Native to a handful of locations on Papua New Guinea and nearby islets, including New Ireland, New Britain and the Admiralty Islands,[5] Clymenia is far more tropical than other citrus, and even in subtropical parts of the United States, it can only be grown in a greenhouse. Specimens thrived in greenhouses in Riverside, California, but perished when planted out in the arid climate.[citation needed] They are locally cultivated in indigenous villages, but have never been commercially cultivated.

Taxonomy

Main article: Citrus taxonomy § Australian and New Guinean species

Cultivated locally for its sweet fruits on a handful of southwestern Pacific islands, Clymenia was originally considered an obscure citrus hybrid. Botanist Tyôzaburô Tanaka noted that Clymenia would hybridize with a few other citrus plants (notably kumquats), but otherwise was generally different from other citrus in many aspects of its appearance. Botanist Walter Tennyson Swingle proposed moving Clymenia out of Citrus, circumscribing the genus in 1939,[6] naming it after Clymene (mythology), an Orchomenian princess and the mother of Atalanta.[7] Swingle assumed that Clymenia and citrus evolved from a single common ancestor. In 2000, Berhow suggested that a close relationship existed between Clymenia and kumquats and that it might be a Citrofortunella, a kumquat hybrid with another citrus.[3]

More recent genomic analysis showed Clymenia to cluster within the genus Citrus in a clade with the Australian and New Guinean limes, which though formerly placed in genera Eremocitrus and Microcitrus are now considered members of Citrus.[8][9][10] Because excluding them would make Citrus paraphyletic, the Clymenia species may likewise belong in Citrus,[8][9] with Clymenia relegated to the status of a subgenus. It is included in Citrus in a 2021 classification of the family Rutaceae.[2] Genomic analysis showed Clymenia polyandra to be completely homozygous, proving it to be a distinct species and not a hybrid.[10]

Species

Species included in the genus:[11][5]

References

  1. ^ Stevens, P.F. "Rutaceae Genera". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2021-09-12.
  2. ^ a b Appelhans, Marc S.; Bayly, Michael J.; Heslewood, Margaret M.; Groppo, Milton; Verboom, G. Anthony; Forster, Paul I.; Kallunki, Jacquelyn A. & Duretto, Marco F. (2021). "A new subfamily classification of the Citrus family (Rutaceae) based on six nuclear and plastid markers". Taxon. doi:10.1002/tax.12543.
  3. ^ a b Krueger, R.R.; Navarro, L. (2007), Kahn, Iqrar Ahmad (ed.), "Citrus Germplasm Resources", Citrus Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, CAB International, pp. 64–65, ISBN 9781845931933
  4. ^ Jorma Koskinen and Sylvain Jousse. "Citrus Pages / Distant Citrus relatives". free.fr.
  5. ^ a b Benjamin C. Stone (1985). "New and noteworthy palotropical species of Rutaceae", Proceedings of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 137, pp. 213-228
  6. ^ J. Arnold Arb. vol.20 (1939), p. 251 [full citation needed]
  7. ^ Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen [Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
  8. ^ a b Bayer, Randall J; Mabberly, David J; Morton, Cynthia; Miller, Cathy H; Sharma, Ish K; Pfiel, Bernard E; Rich, Sarah; Hitchcock, Roberta; Sykes, Steve (2009). "A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences". American Journal of Botany. 96 (3): 668–685. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800341. PMID 21628223.
  9. ^ a b Oueslati, Amel; Ollitrault, Frederique; Baraket, Ghada; Salhi-Hannachi, Amel; Navarro, Luis; Ollitrault, Patrick (2016). "Towards a molecular taxonomic key of the Aurantioideae subfamily using chloroplastic SNP diagnostic markers of the main clades genotyped by competitive allele-specific PCR". BMC Genetics. 17 (1): 118. doi:10.1186/s12863-016-0426-x. PMC 4991024. PMID 27539067.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  10. ^ a b Andrés García Lor (2013). Organización de la diversidad genética de los cítricos (PDF) (Thesis). pp. 79, 125–128.
  11. ^ "Clymenia Swingle". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-09-19.
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