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== Execution ==
== Execution ==
A jump harness is often employed in training quads.<ref name=icn4d/> Quads require an average rotational frequency of around 340 rpm, with the peak rotational frequency usually exceeding 400 rpm.<ref name=wired180209/> The optimum height is estimated to be around 20 inches;<ref name=Quartz170330/> however, most skaters rarely go above 18 inches. This is partly because of the heaviness of the skates and partly because skaters have to maintain the balance between the energy put into the jump versus the energy put into the rotation.<ref name=wired180209/> Skaters begin rotating the jump as soon as they leave the ice,<ref name=NBC190919/> but generally have less than two-thirds of a second to complete their rotation.<ref name=wired180209/> Efficient body contraction is also important due to conservation of [[angular momentum]].<ref name=Quartz170330/> According to Deborah King, a professor of exercise and sports sciences at [[Ithaca College]], quads have a slightly higher angular momentum than lower difficulty jumps, but the major difference is in how skaters control the [[moment of inertia]].<ref name=smithsonian/>
A jump harness is often employed in training quads.<ref name=icn4d/> Quads require an average rotational frequency of around 340 rpm, with the peak rotational frequency usually exceeding 400 rpm.<ref name=wired180209/> The optimum height is estimated to be around {{convert|20|in|cm|0|order=flip|abbr=on}};<ref name=Quartz170330/> however, most skaters rarely go above {{convert|18|in|cm|0|order=flip|abbr=on}}. This is partly because of the heaviness of the skates and partly because skaters have to maintain the balance between the energy put into the jump versus the energy put into the rotation.<ref name=wired180209/> Skaters begin rotating the jump as soon as they leave the ice,<ref name=NBC190919/> but generally have less than two-thirds of a second to complete their rotation.<ref name=wired180209/> Efficient body contraction is also important due to conservation of [[angular momentum]].<ref name=Quartz170330/> According to Deborah King, a professor of exercise and sports sciences at [[Ithaca College]], quads have a slightly higher angular momentum than lower difficulty jumps, but the major difference is in how skaters control the [[moment of inertia]].<ref name=smithsonian/>


Greater understanding of successful jump technique has developed over time. Kurt Browning, the first skater to land a ratified quad in competition, has said that when training the jump, "we really just jumped as high as we could and pulled in as hard as we could and hoped for the best."<ref name=nbcmach/> The smallest error may make the difference in the success of a quad attempt. [[Max Aaron]] has stated that "The minute your left arm is behind you, or your three-turn is too fast, if your hips don't turn in time, if your foot isn't in the right place, anything will throw you off."<ref name=icn4d/> Research indicates that changes in arm position of even three or four degrees can significantly affect the rotational speed.<ref name=smithsonian/> According to [[Ross Miner]], the quality of the ice can also affect the success of the jump, especially for the quad Salchow.<ref name=icn4d/>
Greater understanding of successful jump technique has developed over time. Kurt Browning, the first skater to land a ratified quad in competition, has said that when training the jump, "we really just jumped as high as we could and pulled in as hard as we could and hoped for the best."<ref name=nbcmach/> The smallest error may make the difference in the success of a quad attempt. [[Max Aaron]] has stated that "The minute your left arm is behind you, or your three-turn is too fast, if your hips don't turn in time, if your foot isn't in the right place, anything will throw you off."<ref name=icn4d/> Research indicates that changes in arm position of even three or four degrees can significantly affect the rotational speed.<ref name=smithsonian/> According to [[Ross Miner]], the quality of the ice can also affect the success of the jump, especially for the quad Salchow.<ref name=icn4d/>

Revision as of 08:33, 10 February 2022

A quad, or quadruple, is a figure skating jump with at least four (but fewer than five) revolutions.[1] All quadruple jumps have four revolutions, except for the quadruple Axel, which has four and a half revolutions. The quadruple toe loop and quadruple Salchow are the two most commonly performed quads. Quadruple jumps have become increasingly common among World and Olympic level men's single skaters, to the point that not performing a quad in a program has come to be seen as a severe handicap.[2][3] This phenomenon is often referred to as the "quad revolution".[4] Since 2018, quadruple jumps have also become an increasingly common feature of women's skating, although they are not allowed under the ISU rules in the ladies' short program.[4][5] The first person to land a ratified quadruple jump in competition was Canadian Kurt Browning in 1988. Miki Ando became the first female to do so, in 2002, and is now one of six women to have landed a ratified quadruple jump in international competition.

History of first jumps

In singles competition for men:

  • On March 25, 1988, at the World Championships in Budapest, Hungary, Canadian skater Kurt Browning landed the first ratified quadruple jump (a quad toe loop) in competition.
  • On March 7, 1998, at the Junior Grand Prix Final in Lausanne, Switzerland, American skater Timothy Goebel landed the first ratified quadruple Salchow and, in particular, a quad Salchow in combination.
  • On September 16, 2011, in the short program at the Colorado Springs Invitational, American skater Brandon Mroz landed the first ratified quad Lutz in a sanctioned competition.[6][7][8][9][10] On November 12, he landed a ratified quad Lutz at the NHK Trophy, becoming the first skater to land successfully a quad Lutz in international competition.
  • On April 22, 2016, in the short program at the Team Challenge Cup in Spokane, United States, Japanese skater Shoma Uno landed the first ratified quadruple flip in competition.[11]
  • On September 30, 2016, in the short program at the Autumn Classic International in Montreal, Canada, Japanese skater Yuzuru Hanyu landed the first ratified quadruple loop (also known as the "Rittberger" in Europe) in competition.[12]
  • No quadruple combinations (quadruple jumps followed by quadruple loop or toe loop) or sequences (quadruple jumps followed by any quadruple jumps except for quadruple loop or toe loop) have yet been ratified.

In singles competition for women:

  • On December 14, 2002, in the free skate at the Junior Grand Prix Final in The Hague, Netherlands, Japanese skater Miki Ando landed the first ratified quadruple Salchow in competition.
  • On March 10, 2018, in the long program at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria, Russian skater Alexandra Trusova landed the first ratified quadruple toe loop in competition. She is also the second woman to land a ratified quadruple Salchow, making her the first woman to complete two quads in one program, and two different types of quads in one program.[13]
  • On October 12, 2018, in the long program at the Junior Grand Prix in Yerevan, Armenia, Alexandra Trusova landed the first ratified quadruple Lutz in competition.
  • On December 7, 2019, in the long program at the Grand Prix Final in Torino, Italy, Alexandra Trusova landed the first ratified quadruple flip in competition. She also became the first woman to complete three different types of quads in one program.
  • On November 19, 2021, 14 year old Adeliia Petrosian became the first female figure skater to perform a quadruple loop (a.k.a. Rittberger in Europe) in singles competition while competing domestically as a senior on the Cup of Russia circuit, a qualifying series to the Russian Championships. During her free skate routine at the 5th qualifier event in the series held in Perm, Petrosian cleanly landed two quad loops, one in combination. Despite Petrosian's feat, it won't be ratified by the International Skating Union (ISU) as it was performed at a national competition. To be officially recognized, it will have to be repeated at an event held under the auspices of the ISU.[citation needed] Petrosian qualified to compete on the senior level at the 2022 Russian Figure Skating Championships. She placed sixth in the short program and third in the free skate, where she again landed two quad loops cleanly.[14]
  • On Feb. 7, 2022 Russian skater Kamila Valieva, 15, became the first woman to land a quad jump at the Olympics In her long program during the team entry, she landed two -- a quad salchow and quad toe loop-triple toe combination. [15]

In pair skating competition:

Scoring

The quad jump is currently the highest scoring single element in the skater's program short of performing combinations. The current ISU scoring for quad jumps in base values is listed as, in descending order:

Quad axel; 12.5
Quad lutz; 11.5
Quad flip; 11
Quad loop; 10.5
Quad salchow; 9.7
Quad toeloop; 9.5

As of 2021, the quad axel remains to be performed in competition for the first time.[17]

Timeline of major events

Men

1983
  • Mark Cockerell (USA) lands quads in training at the US National Sports Festival, but decides not to try it during his performance.[18]
1984
  • Alexander Fadeyev (USSR) attempts a quad toe at the Olympics, but it is not officially recognized by the ISU because of a flawed landing.[19]
1986
1987
1988
  • Kurt Browning (CAN) lands the first ratified quadruple jump, a toe loop, at the World Championships (with three turns on the landing).[20][22][23] Browning said: "I remember that there were a few people landing the jump (in practice) long before I did, and by watching them I was inspired to try it myself. After landing it, I certainly expected more skaters to start doing it in competition. I was surprised in the next few years when that really did not happen."[20]
  • Brian Boitano (USA) attempts a quad toe later in the same competition but cannot hold the landing and takes an extra step; ruled not valid.[22]
1989
  • Kurt Browning (CAN) lands a quad toe loop at the World Championships but touches down with his free foot.[23]
1990
  • Alexei Urmanov (USSR) becomes the first Soviet skater to land a quad (quad toe loop) in competition, at the Soviet championships in December.
  • Petr Barna (CZE) lands a quad toe loop, but touches down with free foot at the European Championships in January
1991
  • Erik Larson (USA) attempts a slide spiral into a quad toe at NHK Trophy. He lands it, but turns out of the landing.
  • Michael Chack (USA) attempts a one-foot Axel/quad Salchow combination at the U.S. Nationals; quad landing is two-footed.
  • Alexei Urmanov (RUS) lands a quadruple toe loop at the European Championships in January.
  • Elvis Stojko (CAN) lands the first quad in combination, the first quadruple toe loop-double toe loop combination, at the World Championships.[24] He later said that he had studied VHS tapes of Browning, Boitano, Fadeev, and Sabovcik to master the quad.[25]
1992
  • Petr Barna (CZE) lands a quad toe loop, but steps out on landing at the European Championships in January.[26]
  • Alexei Urmanov (CIS) lands a quad toe loop at the European Championships in January
  • Konstantin Kostin (LAT) lands a quad toe loop at the European Championships in January
  • Alexei Urmanov (CIS) lands the first quad (toe loop) in Olympic competition but touches down with his right hand.
  • Petr Barna (CZE) lands a quad toe loop but touches down with his free foot.[27]
1993
  • Konstantin Kostin (LAT) lands a quad toe loop at the European Championships in January
1994
  • Zhang Min (CHN) lands a quad toe loop cleanly at the Winter Olympics, Lillehammer.
  • Elvis Stojko (CAN) attempts a quad toe loop-triple toe loop combination at the World Championships, but steps out on the landing.[citation needed]
1995
1996
  • Guo Zhengxin (CHN) lands a quad toe loop-double toe loop at the World Championships.[30]
1997
  • Michael Weiss (USA) two-foots a quad toe loop attempt at U.S. Nationals.[31]
  • Elvis Stojko (CAN) lands the first quad-triple combination (the first quad toe-triple toe) at the Champions Series Final.[25] Three different skaters each land a quad jump at this competition: Elvis Stojko, Ilia Kulik (RUS), and Alexei Urmanov (RUS).
  • Guo Zhengxin (CHN) is the first to land two quads in a single performance at the World Championships: a quad toe, plus a quad toe-double toe combination, thus also making him the first to land a single quad and a quad in combination together in one performance.
  • Elvis Stojko repeats his quad toe-triple toe at the World Championships.
  • Anthony Liu (AUS) becomes the first Australian to land a quad at his country's national championships in July (quad toe loop).
  • 17-year-old Tim Goebel (USA) attempts quads throughout the fall season at the Junior Champions series and attempts a quad Salchow at the Ukrainian Souvenir competition (where five other men planned quads). The attempt was ruled a two-footed landing.
1998
  • Michael Weiss (USA) attempts a quad Lutz in both his U.S. Nationals free skate (two-footed) and in his Olympic free skate (fall).
  • Todd Eldredge (USA) falls on a quad toe attempt at the U.S. Nationals.
  • Timothy Goebel (USA) becomes the first American to land a quadruple jump (a quad Salchow in combination with a double toe loop) in competition at the Junior Champions Series Final. In so doing he also lands the first quadruple Salchow and the first quad Salchow in combination (as well as the first quad combination by an American). The jump is ratified by the ISU a month later.[32]
  • Ilia Kulik (RUS) becomes the first Olympic champion to land a quad in a winning program.
  • The ISU votes to permit solo quadruple jumps in the men's short program at their biennial congress in June.
  • Timothy Goebel (USA) lands a clean (solo) quad Salchow at the Goodwill Games in July.
  • Derek Schmidt (CAN) attempts quad toe loops in his short programs during two minor regional Canadian summer competitions but fails to complete the jumps cleanly.
  • Elvis Stojko (CAN) is the first to attempt a quad (toe loop) in a short program at a major international competition at Skate America, but falls on the attempt.
1999
  • Zhang Min (CHN) becomes the first man to land a quadruple jump (a toe loop) in a short program at the Four Continents Championship in February.[33]
  • Michael Weiss (USA) is the first American to land a quadruple toe at the World Championships.[34]
  • Ilia Klimkin (RUS) becomes the first man to land two different quadruple jumps (salchow and toe loop) in a program at the 1999 Nebelhorn Trophy.[35]
  • Timothy Goebel (USA) becomes the first man to land three quadruple jumps in a program (long program) at 1999 Skate America in October: a quad salchow, a quad toe loop in combination, and a quad toe as a solo jump.[20]
  • Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) performs the world's first quad-triple-double (quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop) combination at the NHK Trophy.
2000
  • Alexei Yagudin (RUS) lands two quadruple jumps in his long program at the World Championships, including one in combination[36]
  • Todd Eldredge (USA) lands his first quadruple jump in competition at the Masters of Figure Skating.[citation needed]
2001
  • Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) lands a quad-triple-double (quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop) at the World Championships.
  • Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) falls on a quad Lutz attempt at the Cup of Russia.
2002
  • Alexei Yagudin (RUS) lands a quad-triple combination jump in his short program at the 2002 Olympics.[37]
  • Alexei Yagudin (RUS) lands two quads in his Olympic-winning long program: 1) a quad-triple-double (quadruple toe, toe-triple toe, double loop) combination and 2) a quadruple toe loop.[38]
  • Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) lands two quads in his Olympics long program: a quadruple toe-triple toe-triple loop attempt (step out on the last jump) and a solo quad toe.[39]
  • Zhang Min (CHN) is the first to land three quadruple jumps in the long program at the Olympic Games.[40]
  • Timothy Goebel (USA) lands a quad salchow-triple toe loop combination in his Olympic short program.
  • Timothy Goebel (USA) lands two quad salchow (one in combination with a triple toe loop) and one quad toe loop during his Olympic free program.
  • Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) lands the first quad-triple-triple (quadruple toe-triple toe-triple loop) combination in competition at the Cup of Russia.
2003
2006
  • Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) performs a quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop combination in his Olympic-winning free skate.[citation needed]
  • Stephane Lambiel (SUI) performs a quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop combination during his free skate at the Olympics. He attempts a second quad past the halfway point, but steps out and touches down with his hand.[42]
  • Brian Joubert (FRA) lands three quads (a quad toe in combination with double toe, a quad Salchow and a second quad toe) in competition at the Cup of Russia. He became the first European to perform it, and the first skater to land three quads in a free program under the ISU Judging System.[43]
2008
2010
2011
  • Brandon Mroz (USA) lands a quad Lutz in the short program at the 2011 Colorado Springs Invitational.[6][7] The U.S. Figure Skating-sanctioned competition was a small non-ISU event with three men's entries, making it unclear whether the accomplishment would be recognized by the International Skating Union.[7][48] On October 26, the ISU announced it had ratified the jump as the first quad Lutz to be performed in a sanctioned competition.[8][9] World Champion Patrick Chan of Canada commented, "I don't think it can be an official ISU record until [Mroz] has done it in an ISU event."[49]
  • Adam Rippon attempts a quad Lutz in his free skating at the 2011 Skate Canada, but the jump is downgraded and two-footed.[50]
  • Brandon Mroz (USA) lands a quad Lutz as his opening jump in the men's short program at the NHK Trophy in Sapporo, Japan, becoming the first skater to land a quadruple Lutz in international competition.[51]
  • Kevin Reynolds (CAN) attempts quad loop at 2011 Cup of China. The jump was downgraded, then he fell.[52]
2012
  • Kevin Reynolds (CAN) attempts quad loop at 2012 World Team Trophy. The jump was underrotated, then he fell.[53]
  • Javier Fernández (ESP) becomes the second European skater to land three quads (two salchows and a toe-loop) in a free program and the first one to do it with a quad-triple combination (4S+3T) at the 2012 Grand Prix Final in Sochi, Russia.
2013
  • Brian Joubert (FRA) becomes the first skater to land more than 100 quadruple jumps in his career at international competitions.[54]
  • Vladislav Sesganov (RUS) becomes the first European skater to land a quadruple Lutz in a competition at the 2013 International Cup of Nice.[55]
  • Javier Fernández (ESP) becomes the first skater to land three quads twice in the same season after the 2012-13 Grand Prix Final and the 2013 European Championships. In both programs he did two quad Salchows and a quad toe loop, the first Salchow in combination with a triple toe loop.
  • Kevin Reynolds (CAN) becomes the first figure skater to land five quads in one competition
2014
2015
  • Alexei Krasnozhon (USA) at a JGP in Latvia attempts the quad loop. The jump is downgraded and receives a fall deduction.[57] He also attempts quad loop at a JGP in Poland but the jump is underrotated.[58]
  • Boyang Jin (CHN) at a domestic competition (2015 National Grand Prix) lands six quad jumps in two programs: 4Lz-3T combination and 4T in a short program, and 4Lz, 4S, 4T-2T, 4T in a free skate, although he steps out on the quad Lutz.[59]
  • Boyang Jin (CHN) lands a successful quad Lutz - triple toe-loop (4Lz-3T) combination during his senior debut, the short program at the 2015 ISU Grand Prix event, Cup of China. The jump combination earned +1.29 GOE and Jin became the first man to land a positively graded 4Lz in an official ISU competition and the first man to jump a 4Lz in combination. Jin landed two successful quads in his short program. During the free skate Jin attempted four quads, landing a 4Lz, 4T-2T, 4T, but falling on his 4S attempt. He earned +2.14 GOE on his 4Lz, landing it for the second time in one competition.
  • Boyang Jin (CHN) at the 2015-16 Grand Prix Final lands six quad jumps in two programs: 4Lz-3T combination and 4T in a short program, and 4Lz, 4S, 4T-2T, 4T in a free skate, although he steps out on the quad Salchow.[60]
2016
2017
  • Nathan Chen (USA) at the 2017 U.S. Figure Skating Championships becomes the first skater to land 1) four different types of quads in a free skating program (Lutz, flip, toeloop, Salchow), 2) five quads in total in a free skating program, and 3) seven quads in total in both his short program and free skating.[67]
  • Shoma Uno (JPN) successfully lands a quad loop in his free skate at the 2017 Four Continents Championships. He also lands a quad flip and two quad toe loops in the same programs.[68]
  • Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN) becomes the first competitor to land three quads in the second half of a free skating program.[69]
  • Nathan Chen (USA) becomes the first figure skater to have landed five different types of quads across various competitions: toe loop, Salchow, loop, flip and Lutz, following his successful quadruple loop at the 2017 US International Figure Skating Classic.
  • Yaroslav Paniot (UKR) successfully lands a quad flip in his free skate at the 2017 US International Figure Skating Classic.
  • Mikhail Kolyada (RUS) successfully lands a quad Lutz in his free skate at the 2017 Ondrej Nepela Memorial.
  • Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN) successfully lands a quad Lutz at the 2017 Rostelecom Cup (Cup of Russia).
  • Alexander Samarin (RUS) becomes the first European skater to land a quad Lutz in combination with a triple toe in international competitions at the 2017 Skate Canada.
  • Nathan Chen (USA) becomes the first figure skater to land two quad Lutz jumps in a free skating and three quad Lutz jumps in a single competition at the 2017 Skate America.
  • Daniel Grassl (ITA) becomes the youngest person to land a quad Lutz jump in international competition, at the age of 15. He did so in his free skate at the 2017 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb.
2018
  • Nathan Chen (USA) at the 2018 Winter Olympics Team event (men's short) becomes the first skater to land a quad flip at the Olympics.[70]
  • Vincent Zhou (USA) becomes the first skater to land a quad Lutz at the Olympics.[71]
  • Nathan Chen (USA) was the first to land six quads in a free skate (five of them cleanly), also at the 2018 Winter Olympics.[70]
  • Vincent Zhou (USA) successfully lands a quad flip in competition at the World Championships.
  • Stephen Gogolev (CAN) becomes the youngest person to land quad Lutz, quad Salchow and quad toe in international competition, at the age of 13, landing three quad jumps in his free skate at the 2018 Junior Grand Prix Slovakia.
  • Dmitri Aliev (RUS) becomes the first European skater to have completed three quadruple jumps (toe loop, Lutz and Salchow) in international competitions. He added the quad Lutz during the 2018 Winter Olympics and the quad Salchow during the 2018 Lombardia Trophy.
  • Daniel Grassl (ITA) becomes the first European skater to have completed quad loop in international competition. He did so in his free skate at the 2018 Golden Bear in Zagreb.
  • Artur Dmitriev Jr. (RUS) becomes the first skater to have attempted quad Axel in international competition. He did so in his free skate at the 2018 Rostelecom Cup. His jump was recognized as quad Axel in the protocols, though it was downgraded.[72]
2021
  • Nathan Chen (USA) completes five quads at the World Championships in Stockholm including three quads done in combination. The program included 4Lutz, then a 4flip+3toeloop, followed by a quad Sal. The program ended with two further quad jumps in combination, a 4toeloop+Euler+3flip and then a 4toeloop+3toeloop combination.
  • Makar Ignatov (RUS) at the 2021 NHK Trophy becomes the first Russian and also European skater to have landed four quads (4Lo, 4S, 4T-3T and 4T) in the free skate, and also six quads in two programs.[73][74]
2022

Women

1990
  • Surya Bonaly (FRA) attempts a quad toe loop at the European Championships, the first quad attempt by a woman in a major competition. She also falls on a quad Salchow attempt.
1991
  • Surya Bonaly (FRA) lands an underrotated quad attempt at the World Championships.
1992
  • Surya Bonaly (FRA) lands an underrotated quad toe loop at the Olympics and later repeats this at the World Championships.[76]
1996
  • Surya Bonaly (FRA) attempts a quad Salchow at the World Championships, but lands forward and falls.[77]
2001
  • Sasha Cohen (USA) lands a quad Salchow in warmup and practice at Skate America, but her attempt in the long program ends up aborted.[78]
2002
  • Miki Ando (JPN) becomes the first woman to land a rotated quadruple (a Salchow) at the Junior Grand Prix Final.[79]
2017
2018
2019
  • Elizabet Tursynbaeva (KAZ) attempts a quad Salchow at the 2019 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, but falls. The jump, however, was called fully rotated, making Tursynbaeva the first senior woman to attempt the quad in international competition in two decades.
  • Alexandra Trusova (RUS) lands two quad toe loops (one in combination), but falls on a quad Lutz attempt at the 2019 World Junior Figure Skating Championships. Teammate Anna Shcherbakova (RUS) also attempts a quad Lutz in the same competition, but steps out of the landing.
  • Elizabet Tursynbaeva (KAZ) lands a quad Salchow with positive grades of execution at the 2019 World Figure Skating Championships and becomes the third woman to land a quadruple jump in international competition. She is the first senior woman to land a quadruple jump in international competition.
  • Kamila Valieva (RUS) lands a quad toe loop with positive grades of execution at the JGP in Courchevel, France.
  • Alysa Liu (USA) lands a quad Lutz with positive grades of execution at the JGP in Lake Placid, USA.
  • Kamila Valieva (RUS) lands a quad toe loop in the combination with double toe loop and attempts another quad toe loop which is fully rotated but she falls on the landing at the JGP in Chelyabinsk, Russia.
  • Anna Shcherbakova (RUS) lands a quad Lutz at the 2019 CS Lombardia Trophy becoming the first senior lady to land this jump in international competition.
  • Alexandra Trusova (RUS) lands three quad jumps (one quad Lutz and two quad toes) in one program at the 2019 CS Ondrej Nepela Memorial. She becomes the first senior lady to have landed three quads in an international competition.
  • Alexandra Trusova (RUS) attempts to land four quad jumps (one quad Lutz, one quad Salchow, two quad toes, both in combo) in one program on Japan Open (figure skating) with three of them (apart from the last toe loop) receiving positive GOE.
  • Anna Shcherbakova (RUS) lands two quad Lutzes (one in combo with triple toe loop) in free program at 2019 Skate America, both with positive GOE.
  • Alexandra Trusova (RUS) attempts to land four quad jumps (one quad Salchow, one quad Lutz, two quad toes, both in combo) in one program at 2019 Skate Canada International, with three of them landed with positive GOE, apart from quad Salchow, where she fell. With the help of these quads, she becomes the first female skater to score above 100 in TES, tallying points of 100.20 and TSS 166.62 (WR) in free program.
  • Alexandra Trusova (RUS) and Anna Shcherbakova (RUS) both attempt a quad flip at the 2019–20 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final. Shcherbakova falls on the attempt, but Trusova lands the jump, becoming the first woman to land a quad flip in competition. Rika Kihira (JPN) attempts a quad Salchow as well. She falls, but the jump is considered rotated.
2020
  • Sofia Akateva (RUS) lands two quad jumps (both quad toes) and one triple Axel at the fourth stage of the Cup of Russia (domestic competition) on a junior level, all with positive GOE, becoming the first ever lady to land a 3A and more than one quad jump in one program.
  • Rika Kihira (JPN) successfully lands a quad Salchow during 2020–21 Japan Figure Skating Championships.
2021
  • Maiia Khromykh (RUS) successfully lands a quad Salchow and a quad toe at the 2021 Russian Cup Final.
  • Mia Kalin (USA) successfully lands a quad toe-double toe combination in the free program at 2021 JGP Slovakia, becoming the seventh woman internationally to land a quad jump, and the third woman to land a quad toe jump with positive GOE. She attempts another quad toe later in the program, receiving a downgrade and negative GOE.
  • Veronika Zhilina (RUS) also successfully lands a quad toe-triple toe combination in the free program at 2021 JGP Slovakia, becoming the eighth woman internationally to land a quad jump, and the fourth woman to land a quad toe jump with positive GOE. She also lands a quad Salchow with a "q" call and a quad toe-double toe combination with negative GOE in the same program. This marks the first time a junior woman has attempted three quad jumps in the free program.
  • Alexandra Trusova (RUS) executes a clean five quad program at the 2021 Russian test skate event in September. She lands a quad flip, a quad salchow, a quad toe, and two quad lutzes, one in combination with a triple toeloop.
  • Sofia Samodelkina (RUS) successfully lands three quads in her free program at the 2021 JGP Russia, one in combination: a quad Lutz, a quad Salchow-triple toeloop combination, and another solo quad Salchow. The quad Lutz and second quad Salchow were called on the quarter. She is the ninth woman to land a quad jump in international competition.
  • Elizaveta Berestovskaia (RUS) attempts a quad toeloop in her free skate at the 2021 JGP Russia, but lands on the quarter and falls.
  • Anastasia Zinina (RUS) successfully lands two quad toeloops in her free program at the 2021 JGP Russia, one in combination with a double toeloop, and becomes the tenth woman to land a quad jump in international competition.
  • Sofia Akateva (RUS) lands three quads in her free program at the 2021 JGP Russia, two in combination: a quad toeloop-triple toeloop, a quad salchow, and a quad toeloop-euler-triple salchow. She is the eleventh woman to land a quad jump in international competition, and the first to land three quads and a triple Axel in the same program.
  • Sofia Samodelkina (RUS) lands a clean quad toe loop at the 2021 Denis Ten Memorial Challenge.
  • Adeliia Petrosian (RUS) lands a quad loop with a "q" call at the 5th stage of the Cup of Russia (domestic competition) in combination with a double toeloop. She tried a second quad loop but fell.
  • Adeliia Petrosian (RUS) lands two clean quad loops at 2022 Russian Championships.


Pairs

1977
1987
2000
  • Dan Zhang and Hao Zhang (CHN) perform the first quadruple twist in a Junior competition at the Junior World Championships.[82]
2002
  • Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo (CHN) attempt a quadruple-throw Salchow at the Olympics. She lands, then falls, and the jump is not ratified.
2004
  • Ding Yang and Ren Zhongfei (CHN) attempt a quadruple-throw toe loop at the Four Continents Championships; the landing is two-footed.
2006
2007
2008
2011
2012
2014
2015
  • Yuko Kavaguti and Alexander Smirnov (RUS) at a domestic competition (1st stage of 2015 SPB Cup) attempt two quadruple-throws, a quadruple-throw Salchow and a quadruple-throw loop. The landing for the quadruple-throw loop is two-footed, then she falls.[87]
  • Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford (CAN) at a domestic competition (2015 Souvenir Georges-Ethier) attempt two quadruple-throws, a quadruple-throw Salchow and a quadruple-throw Lutz, but she falls after the quad Lutz attempt.[citation needed]
  • Yuko Kavaguti and Alexander Smirnov (RUS) become the first pair to perform two quadruple-throws in one program, a quadruple-throw Salchow and a quadruple-throw loop, at the 2015 Cup of China, although the landing for the loop is two-footed. It is also the first attempt to perform the quadruple-throw loop at the international competition.[88]
2017
2018

Execution

A jump harness is often employed in training quads.[92] Quads require an average rotational frequency of around 340 rpm, with the peak rotational frequency usually exceeding 400 rpm.[93] The optimum height is estimated to be around 51 cm (20 in);[94] however, most skaters rarely go above 46 cm (18 in). This is partly because of the heaviness of the skates and partly because skaters have to maintain the balance between the energy put into the jump versus the energy put into the rotation.[93] Skaters begin rotating the jump as soon as they leave the ice,[4] but generally have less than two-thirds of a second to complete their rotation.[93] Efficient body contraction is also important due to conservation of angular momentum.[94] According to Deborah King, a professor of exercise and sports sciences at Ithaca College, quads have a slightly higher angular momentum than lower difficulty jumps, but the major difference is in how skaters control the moment of inertia.[95]

Greater understanding of successful jump technique has developed over time. Kurt Browning, the first skater to land a ratified quad in competition, has said that when training the jump, "we really just jumped as high as we could and pulled in as hard as we could and hoped for the best."[96] The smallest error may make the difference in the success of a quad attempt. Max Aaron has stated that "The minute your left arm is behind you, or your three-turn is too fast, if your hips don't turn in time, if your foot isn't in the right place, anything will throw you off."[92] Research indicates that changes in arm position of even three or four degrees can significantly affect the rotational speed.[95] According to Ross Miner, the quality of the ice can also affect the success of the jump, especially for the quad Salchow.[92]

Controversy

Practicing quads increases the risk of injury as well as wear and tear on a skater's body.[92] According to Aaron, "the force of a quadruple is huge," and practicing them means "you're going to fall a lot and take a beating."[92] There is a lack of research into the impact of quads on the joints, but the repetitive nature of jump training and the fact that skaters always land on the same foot means that skaters are at risk of developing microfractures that can become more serious with time. Because of this, some coaches try to limit the number of jump repetitions skaters do in practice.[94]

Concerns have been raised about the long-term impact of quads on the bodies of young skaters, especially girls. So far, only teenage girls have been able to land quads. The figure skating community remains divided about the sustainability of such jumps for women past puberty. Rafael Arutanian, coach of skaters such as Nathan Chen and Ashley Wagner, has questioned, "Will they still land these jumps at age 18 or 19? They are doing these jumps with bodies that have not developed yet, with bones that are still growing. What will they be at age 40? Will they all need new hips?"[4] His concern has been echoed by fellow coach Linda Leaver, who predicts that "it will be extremely rare for a female skater to be able to do multiple quadruple jumps past puberty." She added, "I also think careers for men will be shorter because of the stress on backs, knees, and ankles, and the body type will be more of a determinate in who can dominate the sport."[5] Quads are thought to favor those with lighter, slimmer bodies as they have a smaller moment of inertia.[96] The tight body contraction necessary for landing quads is harder for adult women due to their wider hips.[94]

See also

References

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