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==Background==
==Background==
[[File:Mehmed fuad köprülü 1966-001.jpg|thumb|160px|right|[[Mehmet Fuat Köprülü]], key figure in forging a national identity, which inspired the resettlement law{{what?|date=2022-02-07}}]]
[[File:Mehmed fuad köprülü 1966-001.jpg|thumb|160px|right|[[Mehmet Fuat Köprülü]], key figure in forging a national identity, which inspired the resettlement law{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}]]
There were resettlement policies also at the end of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. From 1910 onwards the Ottoman Empire began to establish immigrant commissions that regulated the settlement of the [[Muhacir|immigrants]] coming from the [[Balkans]]. The immigrants from the Balkans were not allowed to exceed 10% of the local population.<ref name=":1">Jongerden (2007), pp. 178-179</ref> [[Kurds in Turkey|Kurds]] who were resettled from [[Eastern Anatolia Region|Eastern Anatolia]] to the west, were also split up in groups not exceeding 300 people and tribe leaders were separated from their tribe. The Kurds should also not make up more than 5% of the local population they were resettled to.<ref name=":1" /> A previous settlement law from May 1926 (also known as '''Law no. 885''') regulated abolition of small villages and resettlement of their population to central locations, and a decree from March 1933 also demanded resettlement of the population in mountain areas to central locations.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jongerden|first=Joost|title=The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatical Policies, Modernity and War|publisher=BRILL|year=2007|isbn=978-90-04-15557-2|pages=177–178|language=en}}</ref>
There were resettlement policies also at the end of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. From 1910 onwards the Ottoman Empire began to establish immigrant commissions that regulated the settlement of the [[Muhacir|immigrants]] coming from the [[Balkans]]. The immigrants from the Balkans were not allowed to exceed 10% of the local population.<ref name=":1">Jongerden (2007), pp. 178-179</ref> [[Kurds in Turkey|Kurds]] who were resettled from [[Eastern Anatolia Region|Eastern Anatolia]] to the west, were also split up in groups not exceeding 300 people and tribe leaders were separated from their tribe. The Kurds should also not make up more than 5% of the local population they were resettled to.<ref name=":1" /> A previous settlement law from May 1926 (also known as '''Law no. 885''') regulated abolition of small villages and resettlement of their population to central locations, and a decree from March 1933 also demanded resettlement of the population in mountain areas to central locations.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jongerden|first=Joost|title=The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatical Policies, Modernity and War|publisher=BRILL|year=2007|isbn=978-90-04-15557-2|pages=177–178|language=en}}</ref>


Revision as of 08:19, 7 February 2022

The 1934 Resettlement Law (also known as Law no. 2510) was a policy adopted on 14 June 1934 by the Turkish government which set forth the basic principles of immigration.[1] Joost Jongerden has written that the law constituted a policy of forcible assimilation of non-Turkish minorities through forced and collective resettlement.[2]

Background

Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, key figure in forging a national identity, which inspired the resettlement law[citation needed]

There were resettlement policies also at the end of the Ottoman Empire. From 1910 onwards the Ottoman Empire began to establish immigrant commissions that regulated the settlement of the immigrants coming from the Balkans. The immigrants from the Balkans were not allowed to exceed 10% of the local population.[3] Kurds who were resettled from Eastern Anatolia to the west, were also split up in groups not exceeding 300 people and tribe leaders were separated from their tribe. The Kurds should also not make up more than 5% of the local population they were resettled to.[3] A previous settlement law from May 1926 (also known as Law no. 885) regulated abolition of small villages and resettlement of their population to central locations, and a decree from March 1933 also demanded resettlement of the population in mountain areas to central locations.[4]

The Resettlement Law of 1934

The Resettlement Law of 1934 was passed by the Turkish National Assembly on 14 June 1934. The law was made public and put into effect after it was published in the Resmi Gazete a week after its promulgation.[2] According to the Interior Minister Şükrü Kaya:[5]

This law will create a country speaking with one language, thinking in the same way and sharing the same sentiment.

Taking into consideration security and political concerns, the law closed strategic regions of the country to non-Muslim minority settlement.[6] Turkish politicians understood that many non-Turks had been resettled on their own into separate villages and therefore had not assimilated into Turkishness.[7] Those individuals who "spoke alien dialects" had been able to differentiate themselves from the Turkish nation. It was a necessity to assess those villages in which such "alien dialects" were spoken and to distribute populations which spoke the "alien dialects" to nearby Turkish villages in order to foster and encourage forced assimilation.[7]

Under Article I of the law, the Minister of Interior was granted the right to govern and redistribute the interior population of the country in accordance with an individual's adherence to Turkish culture.[8] Article 11 was a provision regarding that the resettlement must assure[9]

unity in language, culture and blood.

The settlement zones were divided in three separate zones according to the adherence of Turkish culture in the each particular individual:[10]

  • Zone 1 - Areas deemed desirable to increase the density of the culturally Turkish population.
  • Zone 2 - Areas deemed desirable to establish populations that had to be assimilated into Turkish culture.
  • Zone 3 - Areas which had been decided should be evacuated for military, economic, political, or public health reasons, and where resettlement was prohibited.

In paragraph Four of Article 10, the Ministry of Interior was granted the authority to transfer any individual who did not possess a certain degree of "Turkish culture" to Zone 2, where forced assimilatory practices would take place.[11]

According to Article 12, those individuals who did not speak Turkish and were in Zone 1 and were not transferred Zone 2 must be settled in villages, towns, and districts that had a preexisting dominance of Turkish culture in order to foster assimilation.[11] Kurds who have been resettled shall not have been allowed to constitute more than 5% of the population in the locations they have been resettled to.[12] More than half a million Kurds have been resettled with this law from the third zone to the second zone.[12]

The law also required the resettlement of Muslim minorities such as Circassians, Albanians, and Abkhazes who were considered Muslims who had failed to fully adhere to the Turkish nation.[13] Although these minorities shared the same faith as their Turkish counterparts, it was still considered the goal, by the politicians of the Turkish Republic, to bind all peoples of Turkey to become Turkish.[14] Due to the logistical difficulties of resettling all non-Turkish populations into areas with a Turkish majority, the Law was mainly implemented in times of Kurdish uprisings.

Thracian events

Yusuf Ziya Zarbun, far-right politician, who supported the resettlement law

Although the Law on Settlement was expected to operate as an instrument for Turkifying the mass of non-Turkish speaking citizens, it immediately emerged as a piece of legislation which sparked riots against non-Muslims, as evidenced in the 1934 Thrace pogroms in the immediate aftermath of the law's passage. Law No. 2510 was issued on 14 June 1934, and the Thrace pogroms began just over a fortnight later, on 3 July. The incidents seeking to force out the region's non-Muslim residents first began in Çanakkale, where Jews received unsigned letters telling them to leave the city, and then escalated into an antisemitic campaign involving economic boycotts and verbal assaults as well as physical violence against the Jews living in the various provinces of Thrace.[15] It is estimated that out of a total 15,000-20,000 Jews living in the region, more than half fled to Istanbul during and after the incidents.[16] However, although the Law on Settlement may well have actually provoked the incidents’ outbreak, the national authorities did not side with the attackers but immediately intervened in the incidents. After order was restored, the governors and mayors of the provinces involved were removed from office.[17]

Dersim Rebellion

Main article: Dersim rebellion

The law played a major role in the events leading to the Dersim rebellion in 1937. Forced resettlement was used in the depopulation of Dersim in Eastern Turkey in 1937-1938, where, according to McDowall, 40,000 people were killed.[18] In seventeen days of the 1938 offensive alone, 7,954 persons were reported killed or caught alive.[19] According to official Turkish reports, almost 10 percent of the entire population of Tunceli was killed.[19] The Kurds claim that their losses were even higher.

The 1934 Turkish Resettlement Law was the legal justification used for the forced resettlement. It was used primarily to target the region of Dersim as one of its first test cases, which left disastrous consequences for the local population.[20]

In a report delivered to the Republican Peoples Party (CHP) after the Dersim Rebellion, the law was described as an effective vehicle for the internal colonization of the eastern provinces and the destruction of a united Kurdish territory. It was also demanded that further resettlements should take place in order to ensure that the Turkish population will raise to 50% in the eastern provinces.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ Çağatay, Soner 2002 'Kemalist dönemde göç ve iskan politikaları: Türk kimliği üzerine bir çalışma' (Policies of migration and settlement in the Kemalist era: a study on Turkish identity), Toplum ve Bilim, no. 93, pp. 218-41.
  2. ^ a b Jongerden, Joost (2007). The settlement issue in Turkey and the Kurds : an analysis of spatial policies, modernity and war ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. ISBN 9789004155572.
  3. ^ a b Jongerden (2007), pp. 178-179
  4. ^ Jongerden, Joost (2007). The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatical Policies, Modernity and War. BRILL. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-90-04-15557-2.
  5. ^ TBMM Zabıt Ceridesi, Devre: IV, Cilt: 23, İçtima: 3, 14/06/1934, p.71.
  6. ^ Icduygu, A., Toktas, S., & Soner, B. A. (2008). The politics of population in a nation-building process: Emigration of non-Muslims from turkey. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 31(2), 358-389. doi:10.1080/01419870701491937
  7. ^ a b Bayrak, Mehmet (1992). Kürtler ve ulusal-demokratik mücadeleleri üstüne : gizli belgeler, arastırmalar, notlar (in Turkish) (1. baskı ed.). Ankara: Özge. p. 508. ISBN 9789757861010.
  8. ^ ‘İskan Kanunu’, no: 2510, 14/06/1934, Düstur, Tertip: 3, Cilt: 15, p. 1156.
  9. ^ 1/335 Numaralı İskan Kanunu Layihası ve İskan Muvakkat Encümeni Mazbatası’ In TBMM Zabıt Ceridesi, Devre: IV, Cilt: 3, Ek: 189, 02/05/1932, p. 11.
  10. ^ İskan Kanunu’, no: 2510, 14/06/1934, Düstur, Tertip: 3, Cilt: 15, p. 1156.
  11. ^ a b İskan Kanunu’, no: 2510, 14/06/1934, Düstur, Tertip: 3, Cilt: 15, pp. 1158-1160.
  12. ^ a b Sagnic, Ceng (July 2010). "Mountain Turks: State ideology and the Kurds in Turkey" (PDF). Information, Society and Justice: 127–134. ISSN 1756-1078.
  13. ^ Gülalp, Haldun (2009). Citizenship and Ethnic Conflict: Challenging the nation-state. Routledge. ISBN 9781134203819.
  14. ^ TBMM Zabit Ceridesi, Session IV, vol. 23, addenda 189, p. 6.
  15. ^ Levi, Avner. 1998. Turkiye Cumhuriyetinde Yahudiler (Jews in the Republic of Turkey), Istanbul: Iletisim Yayınları
  16. ^ Karabatak, Haluk 1996 ‘Turkiye azınlık tarihine bir katkı: 1934 Trakya olayları ve Yahudiler’ (A contribution to the history of minorities in Turkey: the 1934 Thracian affair and the Jews), Tarih ve Toplum, vol. 146, pp. 68-80.
  17. ^ Toprak, Zafer. 1996 ‘1934 Trakya olaylarında hukumetin ve CHP’in sorumlulugu (Government responsibility and the CHP in the 1934 Thracian incidents), Toplumsal Tarih, vol. 34, pp. 19-25.
  18. ^ David McDowall, A modern history of the Kurds, I. B. Tauris, 2002, ISBN 978-1-85043-416-0, p. 209.
  19. ^ a b The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey (1937-38); p. 4
  20. ^ George J. Andreopoulos (1997). Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-8122-1616-4.
  21. ^ Üngör, Ugur Ümit (2012-03-01). The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950. OUP Oxford. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-19-164076-6.

Turkish Government Sources

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