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'''Nova Roma''' (Latin for 'New Rome") is an international<ref>Palacios, Juan José: "Corporate citizenship and social responsibility in a globalized world". ''Citizenship Studies'' 8(4):383-402. Routledge, 2004</ref><ref>Danese, Roberto/Bacianini, Andrea/Torino, Alessio: ''Weni, widi, wici: tra 'volumen" e byte''.
'''Nova Roma''' (Latin for 'New Rome") is an international<ref>Palacios, Juan José: "Corporate citizenship and social responsibility in a globalized world". ''Citizenship Studies'' 8(4):383-402. Routledge, 2004</ref><ref>Danese, Roberto/Bacianini, Andrea/Torino, Alessio: ''Weni, widi, wici: tra 'volumen" e byte''.
p. 133. Guaraldi, 2003"</ref> Roman revivalist and [[Italo-Roman neopaganism|reconstructionist]] [[organization]]<ref name="Strmiska, Michael page 335-36">Strmiska, Michael: ''Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives'', pp. 335-36. ABC-CLIO, 2005</ref> created in 1998 by Joseph Bloch and William Bradford, later incorporated in [[Maine]] as a [[non-profit organization]] with an educational and religious mission.<ref>{{cite web
p. 133. Guaraldi, 2003"</ref> Roman revivalist and [[Italo-Roman neopaganism|reconstructionist]] [[organization]]<ref name="Strmiska, Michael page 335-36">Strmiska, Michael: ''Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives'', pp. 335-36. ABC-CLIO, 2005</ref> created in 1998 by Joseph Bloch and William Bradford, later incorporated in [[Maine]] as a [[non-profit organization]] with an educational and religious mission.<ref>{{cite web
| url =https://icrs.informe.org/nei-sos-icrs/ICRS?CorpSumm=20010268ND
| url = https://icrs.informe.org/nei-sos-icrs/ICRS?CorpSumm=20010268ND
| title = Interactive Corporative Services Information on Nova Roma
| title = Interactive Corporative Services Information on Nova Roma
| publisher = Maine Department of the Secretary of State, Bureau of Corporations, Elections, and Commissions
| publisher = Maine Department of the Secretary of State, Bureau of Corporations, Elections, and Commissions
| access-date = 2007-11-27
| access-date = 2007-11-27
| archive-date = 2013-10-17
⚫
}}</ref> Nova Roma claims to promote "the [[Polytheistic reconstructionism|restoration]] of [[Religion in ancient Rome|classical Roman religion]], culture, and [[Virtue#Roman virtues|virtues]]" and "shared Roman ideals".<ref name="Dixon, Suzanne page 64">Dixon, Suzanne: ''Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi'', page 64. Routledge, 2007</ref><ref name="Trinkle, A./Merriman, 464">Trinkle, D. A./Merriman, S. A: ''The history highway: a 21st century guide to Internet resources'', p. 464. M.E. Sharpe, 2006</ref>
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131017174155/https://icrs.informe.org/nei-sos-icrs/ICRS?CorpSumm=20010268ND
| url-status = live
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}}</ref> Nova Roma claims to promote "the [[Polytheistic reconstructionism|restoration]] of [[Religion in ancient Rome|classical Roman religion]], culture, and [[Virtue#Roman virtues|virtues]]" and "shared Roman ideals".<ref name="Dixon, Suzanne page 64">Dixon, Suzanne: ''Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi'', page 64. Routledge, 2007</ref><ref name="Trinkle, A./Merriman, 464">Trinkle, D. A./Merriman, S. A: ''The history highway: a 21st century guide to Internet resources'', p. 464. M.E. Sharpe, 2006</ref>


Reported to provide online resources about [[Roman culture]], [[Latin language|Latin]], ancient [[Clothing in ancient Rome|Roman costuming]] and [[Historical reenactment|reenactment]] guidelines,<ref name="Trinkle, A./Merriman, 464" /><ref>Burgan, Michael: ''Empire of Ancient Rome'', p. 122. Infobase Publishing, 2004</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://casls-nflrc.blogspot.com/2011/11/nova-roma-organization-dedicated-to.html | title = Nova Roma: Organization Dedicated to Ancient Roman Culture | publisher = Center for Applied Second Language Studies (CASLS), University of Oregon | access-date = 2011-12-05}}</ref> Nova Roma aims to be more than a community of reenactors or history study group. Strimska,<ref name="Strmiska, Michael page 335-36"/> Davy,<ref name="Davy, Barbara Jane page 156, 163, 233"/> Adler,<ref name="Adler, Margot page 549"/> Gallagher-Ashcraft,<ref>Eugene V. Gallagher, W. Michael Ashcraft: ''Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America: Metaphysical, New Age, and neopagan movements''. p. 220. Greenwood Press, 2006</ref> and recently Chryssides<ref>George D. Chryssides, Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements (2011, 2nd ed.)</ref> refer to it as a polytheistic reconstructionist community. Because it has a structure based on the ancient [[Roman Republic]],<ref>Auffarth, Chr./Bernard, J./Mohr, H.: ''Metzler Lexikon Religion: Gegenwart - Alltag - Medien'', pp. 211-12. Metzler, 2002</ref> with a [[Senate of the Roman Republic|senate]], [[Executive Magistrates of the Roman Republic|magistrates]] and laws enacted by vote of the [[comitia]],<ref>Danese, Roberto/Bacianini, Andrea/Torino, Alessio: ''Weni, widi, wici: tra 'volumen" e byte''.
Reported to provide online resources about [[Roman culture]], [[Latin language|Latin]], ancient [[Clothing in ancient Rome|Roman costuming]] and [[Historical reenactment|reenactment]] guidelines,<ref name="Trinkle, A./Merriman, 464" /><ref>Burgan, Michael: ''Empire of Ancient Rome'', p. 122. Infobase Publishing, 2004</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://casls-nflrc.blogspot.com/2011/11/nova-roma-organization-dedicated-to.html | title = Nova Roma: Organization Dedicated to Ancient Roman Culture | publisher = Center for Applied Second Language Studies (CASLS), University of Oregon | access-date = 2011-12-05 | archive-date = 2012-04-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426010601/http://casls-nflrc.blogspot.com/2011/11/nova-roma-organization-dedicated-to.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Nova Roma aims to be more than a community of reenactors or history study group. Strimska,<ref name="Strmiska, Michael page 335-36"/> Davy,<ref name="Davy, Barbara Jane page 156, 163, 233"/> Adler,<ref name="Adler, Margot page 549"/> Gallagher-Ashcraft,<ref>Eugene V. Gallagher, W. Michael Ashcraft: ''Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America: Metaphysical, New Age, and neopagan movements''. p. 220. Greenwood Press, 2006</ref> and recently Chryssides<ref>George D. Chryssides, Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements (2011, 2nd ed.)</ref> refer to it as a polytheistic reconstructionist community. Because it has a structure based on the ancient [[Roman Republic]],<ref>Auffarth, Chr./Bernard, J./Mohr, H.: ''Metzler Lexikon Religion: Gegenwart - Alltag - Medien'', pp. 211-12. Metzler, 2002</ref> with a [[Senate of the Roman Republic|senate]], [[Executive Magistrates of the Roman Republic|magistrates]] and laws enacted by vote of the [[comitia]],<ref>Danese, Roberto/Bacianini, Andrea/Torino, Alessio: ''Weni, widi, wici: tra 'volumen" e byte''.
p. 134. Guaraldi, 2003"</ref> and with its own coinage,<ref>[http://novaroma.org/nr/Sestertius_signum Sestertius signum]</ref><ref name="American Numismatic Association page 19">American Numismatic Association: ''The Numismatist'', page 19. American Numismatic Association, 2003</ref> and because the Nova Roma Wiki states that the group self-identifies as a "sovereign nation", some outside observers<ref name="Dixon, Suzanne page 64"/><ref name="American Numismatic Association page 19"/><ref>Caporaso, Giovanni: ''Cambiare Identitá.: É possibile, ecco le Prove'', Offshore World Inc., 2006</ref><ref>Vobruba, Georg: ''Grenzsoziologie: die politische Strukturierung des Raumes'', p. 210. VS Verlag, 2006</ref> classify it as a [[micronation]].
p. 134. Guaraldi, 2003"</ref> and with its own coinage,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://novaroma.org/nr/Sestertius_signum |title=Sestertius signum |access-date=2009-03-09 |archive-date=2009-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322003541/http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Sestertius_Signum |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="American Numismatic Association page 19">American Numismatic Association: ''The Numismatist'', page 19. American Numismatic Association, 2003</ref> and because the Nova Roma Wiki states that the group self-identifies as a "sovereign nation", some outside observers<ref name="Dixon, Suzanne page 64"/><ref name="American Numismatic Association page 19"/><ref>Caporaso, Giovanni: ''Cambiare Identitá.: É possibile, ecco le Prove'', Offshore World Inc., 2006</ref><ref>Vobruba, Georg: ''Grenzsoziologie: die politische Strukturierung des Raumes'', p. 210. VS Verlag, 2006</ref> classify it as a [[micronation]].


==Roman religion==
==Roman religion==
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Nova Roma has adopted<ref name="Adler, Margot page 549">Adler, Margot: ''Drawing down the moon: witches, Druids, goddess-worshippers, and other pagans in America'', p. 549. Penguin Books, 2006</ref><ref>McColman, Carl: ''The Complete Idiot's Guide to Paganism'', pages 71 and 347. Alpha Books, 2002</ref> the [[Religion in ancient Rome|ancient Roman religion]] as its [[state religion|state cult]], but also maintains the [[freedom of religion]] of its citizens. Religious studies scholar [[Michael York (religious studies scholar)|Michael York]] noted that the traditional Roman way of thinking, [[Roman philosophy]], provides the moral code for Nova Romans in their New Roman belief system.<ref>York, Michael: ''Pagan Ethics: Paganism as a World Religion'', p. 396. Springer, 2015</ref>
Nova Roma has adopted<ref name="Adler, Margot page 549">Adler, Margot: ''Drawing down the moon: witches, Druids, goddess-worshippers, and other pagans in America'', p. 549. Penguin Books, 2006</ref><ref>McColman, Carl: ''The Complete Idiot's Guide to Paganism'', pages 71 and 347. Alpha Books, 2002</ref> the [[Religion in ancient Rome|ancient Roman religion]] as its [[state religion|state cult]], but also maintains the [[freedom of religion]] of its citizens. Religious studies scholar [[Michael York (religious studies scholar)|Michael York]] noted that the traditional Roman way of thinking, [[Roman philosophy]], provides the moral code for Nova Romans in their New Roman belief system.<ref>York, Michael: ''Pagan Ethics: Paganism as a World Religion'', p. 396. Springer, 2015</ref>


Both the domestic religious traditions and the so-called state religion (''sacra publica'') are represented in the practices of Nova Roma,<ref name="Davy, Barbara Jane page 156, 163, 233">Davy, Barbara Jane: ''Introduction to Pagan Studies'', pp. 156, 163, 233. Rowman Altamira, 2007</ref> including the restoration<ref>Strmiska, Michael: ''Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives'', p. 335. ABC-CLIO, 2005</ref> of the ancient priestly ''[[collegia]]'', including the offices of [[pontifex]] and [[Vestal Virgin]],<ref>[http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Roman_religion "Roman religion"]</ref> and the honoring of the full cycle of [[Roman festivals|Roman holidays]] throughout the year.<ref>Joyce Higginbotham, River Higginbotham: ''ChristoPaganism: An Inclusive Path'', p. 230. Llewellyn Worldwide, 2009</ref> According to the [[Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance]], at the time of Christmas, Nova Romans celebrate the Roman holiday [[Saturnalia]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.religioustolerance.org/xmasconfover.htm | title = The Christmas wars / December dilemma | publisher = [[Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance]] | access-date = 2011-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/xmas_conflict1.htm | title = Celebrations by various faiths near year end | publisher = Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance | access-date = 2011-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.religioustolerance.org/xmas_conflict5.htm | title = Conflicts at Christmas time: What is the original "reason for the season" | publisher = Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance | access-date = 2011-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.religioustolerance.org/xmas_other.htm | title = Annual secular and religious celebrations near Christmas time | publisher = Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance | access-date = 2011-12-13}}</ref>
Both the domestic religious traditions and the so-called state religion (''sacra publica'') are represented in the practices of Nova Roma,<ref name="Davy, Barbara Jane page 156, 163, 233">Davy, Barbara Jane: ''Introduction to Pagan Studies'', pp. 156, 163, 233. Rowman Altamira, 2007</ref> including the restoration<ref>Strmiska, Michael: ''Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives'', p. 335. ABC-CLIO, 2005</ref> of the ancient priestly ''[[collegia]]'', including the offices of [[pontifex]] and [[Vestal Virgin]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Roman_religion |title="Roman religion" |access-date=2018-08-03 |archive-date=2018-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804045707/http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Roman_religion |url-status=live }}</ref> and the honoring of the full cycle of [[Roman festivals|Roman holidays]] throughout the year.<ref>Joyce Higginbotham, River Higginbotham: ''ChristoPaganism: An Inclusive Path'', p. 230. Llewellyn Worldwide, 2009</ref> According to the [[Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance]], at the time of Christmas, Nova Romans celebrate the Roman holiday [[Saturnalia]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.religioustolerance.org/xmasconfover.htm | title = The Christmas wars / December dilemma | publisher = [[Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance]] | access-date = 2011-12-13 | archive-date = 2012-11-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121114164351/http://religioustolerance.org/xmasconfover.htm | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.religioustolerance.org/xmas_conflict1.htm | title = Celebrations by various faiths near year end | publisher = Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance | access-date = 2011-12-13 | archive-date = 2012-01-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120128052225/http://www.religioustolerance.org/xmas_conflict1.htm | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.religioustolerance.org/xmas_conflict5.htm | title = Conflicts at Christmas time: What is the original "reason for the season" | publisher = Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance | access-date = 2011-12-13 | archive-date = 2012-01-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120113104535/http://www.religioustolerance.org/xmas_conflict5.htm | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.religioustolerance.org/xmas_other.htm | title = Annual secular and religious celebrations near Christmas time | publisher = Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance | access-date = 2011-12-13 | archive-date = 2012-03-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120318213926/http://www.religioustolerance.org/xmas_other.htm | url-status = live }}</ref>


In 2006 [[Margot Adler]] noted the organization's plan to restore a [[Magna Mater]] shrine in Rome.<ref>{{cite book| last = Adler| first = Margot| author-link = Margot Adler | title = Drawing down the moon: witches, Druids, goddess-worshippers, and other pagans in America| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Jpp4AAAAMAAJ| access-date = 2011-12-18| orig-year = 1979| year = 2006| publisher = Penguin Books| isbn = 978-0-14-303819-1| page = 549| quote = [...] Nova Roma is currently raising money to restore a shrine of Magna Mater in Rome.}}</ref>
In 2006 [[Margot Adler]] noted the organization's plan to restore a [[Magna Mater]] shrine in Rome.<ref>{{cite book| last = Adler| first = Margot| author-link = Margot Adler | title = Drawing down the moon: witches, Druids, goddess-worshippers, and other pagans in America| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Jpp4AAAAMAAJ| access-date = 2011-12-18| orig-year = 1979| year = 2006| publisher = Penguin Books| isbn = 978-0-14-303819-1| page = 549| quote = [...] Nova Roma is currently raising money to restore a shrine of Magna Mater in Rome.}}</ref>
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[[File:Floralia in Aquincum.JPG|thumb|300px|right|Nova Romans performing a Roman religious ceremony in [[Aquincum]] (Budapest), 2008.]]
[[File:Floralia in Aquincum.JPG|thumb|300px|right|Nova Romans performing a Roman religious ceremony in [[Aquincum]] (Budapest), 2008.]]


Nova Roma holds its own local and international conventions and regularly participates with its affiliated reenactment groups<ref>Vescia, Monique: ''Battle Reenactments'', p. 38. The Rosen Publishing Group, 2015</ref> in such history festivals and public events as the Festival of Ancient Heritage<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visitsvishtov.com/2009/en_reenactors.html | title = The second Festival of Ancient Heritage in Svishtov | publisher = Council of Tourism - Svishtov | access-date = 2009-09-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120522005512/http://www.visitsvishtov.com/2009/en_reenactors.html | archive-date = 2012-05-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> in [[Svishtov]], [[Bulgaria]], the Roman Market Day<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-55171966.html | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121023110822/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-55171966.html | url-status =dead | archive-date =2012-10-23 | title = GLADIATORS TO BATTLE ON ROMAN MARKET DAY | publisher = Portland Press Herald | access-date = 2002-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79773849.html | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121023110830/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79773849.html | url-status =dead | archive-date =2012-10-23 | title = Great Caesar's ghost ...; A celebration of ancient Roman culture takes place this weekend in Hollis. | publisher = Portland Press Herald | access-date = 2003-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-99075840.html | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121023110840/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-99075840.html | url-status =dead | archive-date =2012-10-23 | title = Roman days, Roman nights; Gladiators, armor and other displays are a few highlights of Wells' annual Roman Market Days | publisher = Portland Press Herald | access-date = 2004-09-16}}</ref> in [[Wells, Maine]]'s Harbor Park, and ''Forum Fulvii'' in [[Italy]], ''Ludi Savarienses'' Historical Carnival, the ''Aquincum Floralia'' Spring Festival<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.museum.hu/museum/event_hu.php?IDE=18850&ID=6 | title = Budapesti Történeti Múzeum - Aquincumi Múzeum - FLORALIA | publisher = Kultúra az Interneten Alapítvány | access-date = 2009-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://ng.hu/kultura/2009/05/21/programajanlo_floralia_romai_tavaszunnep_aquincumban/ | title = Programajánló: Floralia – Római tavaszünnep Aquincumban | publisher = [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] (Hungary) | access-date = 2011-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.aquincum.hu/floralia2010magyar.pdf | title = AQUINCUMI JÁTÉKOK 2010 | publisher = Museum of Aquincum | access-date = 2011-12-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426010555/http://www.aquincum.hu/floralia2010magyar.pdf | archive-date = 2012-04-26 | url-status = dead }}</ref> in [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]], or the ''Natale di Roma'' (the historical festival of the birthday of Rome) in [[Rome]], [[Italy]],<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.facebook.com/RomeFoundationAnniversary/posts/gruppo-storico-romano-romapopvlares-vindelicenses-germaniagruppo-storico-publio-/2030910807124871/ | title = Participants in the Natale di Roma procession | publisher = Gruppo Storico Romano | access-date = 2019-01-03}}</ref> where Nova Roma celebrated its twentieth anniversary.
Nova Roma holds its own local and international conventions and regularly participates with its affiliated reenactment groups<ref>Vescia, Monique: ''Battle Reenactments'', p. 38. The Rosen Publishing Group, 2015</ref> in such history festivals and public events as the Festival of Ancient Heritage<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visitsvishtov.com/2009/en_reenactors.html | title = The second Festival of Ancient Heritage in Svishtov | publisher = Council of Tourism - Svishtov | access-date = 2009-09-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120522005512/http://www.visitsvishtov.com/2009/en_reenactors.html | archive-date = 2012-05-22 | url-status = dead }}</ref> in [[Svishtov]], [[Bulgaria]], the Roman Market Day<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-55171966.html | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121023110822/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-55171966.html | url-status =dead | archive-date =2012-10-23 | title = GLADIATORS TO BATTLE ON ROMAN MARKET DAY | publisher = Portland Press Herald | access-date = 2002-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79773849.html | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121023110830/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79773849.html | url-status =dead | archive-date =2012-10-23 | title = Great Caesar's ghost ...; A celebration of ancient Roman culture takes place this weekend in Hollis. | publisher = Portland Press Herald | access-date = 2003-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-99075840.html | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121023110840/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-99075840.html | url-status =dead | archive-date =2012-10-23 | title = Roman days, Roman nights; Gladiators, armor and other displays are a few highlights of Wells' annual Roman Market Days | publisher = Portland Press Herald | access-date = 2004-09-16}}</ref> in [[Wells, Maine]]'s Harbor Park, and ''Forum Fulvii'' in [[Italy]], ''Ludi Savarienses'' Historical Carnival, the ''Aquincum Floralia'' Spring Festival<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.museum.hu/museum/event_hu.php?IDE=18850&ID=6 | title = Budapesti Történeti Múzeum - Aquincumi Múzeum - FLORALIA | publisher = Kultúra az Interneten Alapítvány | access-date = 2009-05-01 | archive-date = 2009-05-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090527160649/http://museum.hu/museum/event_hu.php?IDE=18850&ID=6 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://ng.hu/kultura/2009/05/21/programajanlo_floralia_romai_tavaszunnep_aquincumban/ | title = Programajánló: Floralia – Római tavaszünnep Aquincumban | publisher = [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] (Hungary) | access-date = 2011-12-05 | archive-date = 2019-03-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042649/https://ng.hu/kultura/2009/05/21/programajanlo_floralia_romai_tavaszunnep_aquincumban/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.aquincum.hu/floralia2010magyar.pdf | title = AQUINCUMI JÁTÉKOK 2010 | publisher = Museum of Aquincum | access-date = 2011-12-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426010555/http://www.aquincum.hu/floralia2010magyar.pdf | archive-date = 2012-04-26 | url-status = dead }}</ref> in [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]], or the ''Natale di Roma'' (the historical festival of the birthday of Rome) in [[Rome]], [[Italy]],<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.facebook.com/RomeFoundationAnniversary/posts/gruppo-storico-romano-romapopvlares-vindelicenses-germaniagruppo-storico-publio-/2030910807124871/ | title = Participants in the Natale di Roma procession | publisher = Gruppo Storico Romano | access-date = 2019-01-03 | archive-date = 2021-09-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210925020021/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FRomeFoundationAnniversary%2Fposts%2Fgruppo-storico-romano-romapopvlares-vindelicenses-germaniagruppo-storico-publio-%2F2030910807124871%2F | url-status = live }}</ref> where Nova Roma celebrated its twentieth anniversary.


==Cultural competitions and games==
==Cultural competitions and games==


Among the cultural activities of Nova Roma, competitions and games associated with various Roman festivals have an important place. They can include a wide range of various programs from humorous online games up to serious art-competitions like the ''Certamen Petronianum'',<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.novaroma.org/certamen/index.htm | title = Certamen Petronianum | publisher = Nova Roma, Inc. | access-date = 2011-11-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://guide.supereva.it/latino/interventi/2005/05/210475.shtml | title = Il CERTAMEN PETRONIANUM, un nuovo concorso per i latinisti | publisher = SuperEva | access-date = 2011-11-17}}</ref> a literary contest of historical novel writing first held in 2005, where the jury was composed of notables including [[Colleen McCullough]], author of many Roman-themed best-selling novels, and [[T. P. Wiseman]], university professor of Roman history and former vice-president of the [[British Academy]], or the second edition of the same competition, where the jury was [[Jo Walton]], World Fantasy Award-winning novelist and poet.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Certamen_Petronianum_II | title = Certamen Petronianum II | publisher = Nova Roma, Inc. | access-date = 2019-01-03}}</ref> Kristoffer From was the winner of the first ''Certamen Petronianum''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Certamen Petronianum|url=http://www.novaroma.org/certamen/winner.htm|access-date=2021-02-08|website=www.novaroma.org}}</ref>
Among the cultural activities of Nova Roma, competitions and games associated with various Roman festivals have an important place. They can include a wide range of various programs from humorous online games up to serious art-competitions like the ''Certamen Petronianum'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.novaroma.org/certamen/index.htm | title = Certamen Petronianum | publisher = Nova Roma, Inc. | access-date = 2011-11-17 | archive-date = 2011-07-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110709024617/http://www.novaroma.org/certamen/index.htm | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://guide.supereva.it/latino/interventi/2005/05/210475.shtml | title = Il CERTAMEN PETRONIANUM, un nuovo concorso per i latinisti | publisher = SuperEva | access-date = 2011-11-17 | archive-date = 2016-03-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190742/http://guide.supereva.it/latino/interventi/2005/05/210475.shtml | url-status = live }}</ref> a literary contest of historical novel writing first held in 2005, where the jury was composed of notables including [[Colleen McCullough]], author of many Roman-themed best-selling novels, and [[T. P. Wiseman]], university professor of Roman history and former vice-president of the [[British Academy]], or the second edition of the same competition, where the jury was [[Jo Walton]], World Fantasy Award-winning novelist and poet.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Certamen_Petronianum_II | title = Certamen Petronianum II | publisher = Nova Roma, Inc. | access-date = 2019-01-03 | archive-date = 2019-01-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190104072753/http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Certamen_Petronianum_II | url-status = live }}</ref> Kristoffer From was the winner of the first ''Certamen Petronianum''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Certamen Petronianum|url=http://www.novaroma.org/certamen/winner.htm|access-date=2021-02-08|website=www.novaroma.org|archive-date=2021-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227080747/http://www.novaroma.org/certamen/winner.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>


== Global chapters and subsidiaries ==
== Global chapters and subsidiaries ==


The international governance of Nova Roma permits<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lex Vedia provincialis (Nova Roma) - NovaRoma|url=http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Lex_Vedia_Provincialis_(Nova_Roma)|access-date=2020-09-09|website=www.novaroma.org}}</ref> the Nova Roman communities of each country to create their national subdivision of Nova Roma, called ''provincia'', and to form their own not-for-profit or incorporated organizations, established under the respective legislation of their local country.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Provincial websites - NovaRoma|url=http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Provincial_websites|access-date=2020-09-09|website=www.novaroma.org}}</ref> This enables better local recognition and management, as well as provides the means for legal and insurance coverage, such as that offered by the Australasian Living History Federation (ALHF).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home Page - The Australasian Living History Federation Inc - ALHF|url=https://www.alhf.org.au/|access-date=2020-09-09|website=www.alhf.org.au}}</ref>
The international governance of Nova Roma permits<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lex Vedia provincialis (Nova Roma) - NovaRoma|url=http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Lex_Vedia_Provincialis_(Nova_Roma)|access-date=2020-09-09|website=www.novaroma.org|archive-date=2020-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705101110/http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Lex_Vedia_Provincialis_(Nova_Roma)|url-status=live}}</ref> the Nova Roman communities of each country to create their national subdivision of Nova Roma, called ''provincia'', and to form their own not-for-profit or incorporated organizations, established under the respective legislation of their local country.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Provincial websites - NovaRoma|url=http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Provincial_websites|access-date=2020-09-09|website=www.novaroma.org|archive-date=2021-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122011634/http://novaroma.org/nr/Provincial_websites|url-status=live}}</ref> This enables better local recognition and management, as well as provides the means for legal and insurance coverage, such as that offered by the Australasian Living History Federation (ALHF).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home Page - The Australasian Living History Federation Inc - ALHF|url=https://www.alhf.org.au/|access-date=2020-09-09|website=www.alhf.org.au|archive-date=2020-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923145555/http://alhf.org.au/|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Historical contexts==
==Historical contexts==
Line 40: Line 43:
Revival of things Roman and their co-option for symbolic importance have a long history. ''Nova Roma'' (in Latin, literally "New Rome") in its deliberate revival of grandiose remnants of the past thus parallels and echoes other New Romes such as:
Revival of things Roman and their co-option for symbolic importance have a long history. ''Nova Roma'' (in Latin, literally "New Rome") in its deliberate revival of grandiose remnants of the past thus parallels and echoes other New Romes such as:


* the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] or Eastern Roman Empire as a surviving embodiment of [[Roman ideals]] based on [[Constantinople]] (sometimes chartacterised as [[Names of Constantinople|"New Rome" or the "Second Rome"]]) after the decline of the Roman imperium in the West.<ref>
* the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] or Eastern Roman Empire as a surviving embodiment of [[Roman ideals]] based on [[Constantinople]] (sometimes chartacterised as [[Names of Constantinople|"New Rome" or the "Second Rome"]]) after the decline of the Roman imperium in the West.<ref>For example:
For example:
{{cite book
{{cite book
| last = Mommsen
|last = Mommsen
| first = Theodor
|first = Theodor
| author-link = Theodor Mommsen
|author-link = Theodor Mommsen
| others = Barbara Demandt, Alexander Demandt, [[Thomas Ernst Josef Wiedemann|Thomas E. J. Wiedemann]]
|others = Barbara Demandt, Alexander Demandt, [[Thomas Ernst Josef Wiedemann|Thomas E. J. Wiedemann]]
| title = A History of Rome Under the Emperors
|title = A History of Rome Under the Emperors
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TEcLoormeuQC
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TEcLoormeuQC
| access-date = 2011-12-16
|access-date = 2011-12-16
| series = Routledge Key Guides
|series = Routledge Key Guides
| year = 1999
|year = 1999
| publisher = Routledge
|publisher = Routledge
| isbn = 978-0-415-20647-1
|isbn = 978-0-415-20647-1
| page = 381
|page = 381
| quote = The result of Constantinople's founding was the end of a national basis for the Empire [...] Milan and Ravenna had been unable to compete with Rome, though they were court residences, but ''Nova Roma'' could.
|quote = The result of Constantinople's founding was the end of a national basis for the Empire [...] Milan and Ravenna had been unable to compete with Rome, though they were court residences, but ''Nova Roma'' could.
|archive-date = 2016-06-03
}}
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160603020351/https://books.google.com/books?id=TEcLoormeuQC
⚫
</ref>
|url-status = live
⚫
}}</ref>
* the doctrine of the [[Third Rome]] as justification for imperial Muscovite and Russian ambitions from the 15th century onwards<ref>
* the doctrine of the [[Third Rome]] as justification for imperial Muscovite and Russian ambitions from the 15th century onwards<ref>
Note for example {{cite book
Note for example {{cite book

Revision as of 02:00, 25 September 2021

For the city of Nova Roma, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, see Constantinople and New Rome.
For other uses, see Nova Roma (disambiguation).
The flag of Nova Roma, based on the colours and symbols of the Roman Empire

Nova Roma (Latin for 'New Rome") is an international[1][2] Roman revivalist and reconstructionist organization[3] created in 1998 by Joseph Bloch and William Bradford, later incorporated in Maine as a non-profit organization with an educational and religious mission.[4] Nova Roma claims to promote "the restoration of classical Roman religion, culture, and virtues" and "shared Roman ideals".[5][6]

Reported to provide online resources about Roman culture, Latin, ancient Roman costuming and reenactment guidelines,[6][7][8] Nova Roma aims to be more than a community of reenactors or history study group. Strimska,[3] Davy,[9] Adler,[10] Gallagher-Ashcraft,[11] and recently Chryssides[12] refer to it as a polytheistic reconstructionist community. Because it has a structure based on the ancient Roman Republic,[13] with a senate, magistrates and laws enacted by vote of the comitia,[14] and with its own coinage,[15][16] and because the Nova Roma Wiki states that the group self-identifies as a "sovereign nation", some outside observers[5][16][17][18] classify it as a micronation.

Roman religion

Main article: Roman polytheistic reconstructionism

Nova Roma has adopted[10][19] the ancient Roman religion as its state cult, but also maintains the freedom of religion of its citizens. Religious studies scholar Michael York noted that the traditional Roman way of thinking, Roman philosophy, provides the moral code for Nova Romans in their New Roman belief system.[20]

Both the domestic religious traditions and the so-called state religion (sacra publica) are represented in the practices of Nova Roma,[9] including the restoration[21] of the ancient priestly collegia, including the offices of pontifex and Vestal Virgin,[22] and the honoring of the full cycle of Roman holidays throughout the year.[23] According to the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, at the time of Christmas, Nova Romans celebrate the Roman holiday Saturnalia.[24][25][26][27]

In 2006 Margot Adler noted the organization's plan to restore a Magna Mater shrine in Rome.[28]

Live events, conventions and reenactments

Nova Romans performing a Roman religious ceremony in Aquincum (Budapest), 2008.

Nova Roma holds its own local and international conventions and regularly participates with its affiliated reenactment groups[29] in such history festivals and public events as the Festival of Ancient Heritage[30] in Svishtov, Bulgaria, the Roman Market Day[31][32][33] in Wells, Maine's Harbor Park, and Forum Fulvii in Italy, Ludi Savarienses Historical Carnival, the Aquincum Floralia Spring Festival[34][35][36] in Budapest, Hungary, or the Natale di Roma (the historical festival of the birthday of Rome) in Rome, Italy,[37] where Nova Roma celebrated its twentieth anniversary.

Cultural competitions and games

Among the cultural activities of Nova Roma, competitions and games associated with various Roman festivals have an important place. They can include a wide range of various programs from humorous online games up to serious art-competitions like the Certamen Petronianum,[38][39] a literary contest of historical novel writing first held in 2005, where the jury was composed of notables including Colleen McCullough, author of many Roman-themed best-selling novels, and T. P. Wiseman, university professor of Roman history and former vice-president of the British Academy, or the second edition of the same competition, where the jury was Jo Walton, World Fantasy Award-winning novelist and poet.[40] Kristoffer From was the winner of the first Certamen Petronianum.[41]

Global chapters and subsidiaries

The international governance of Nova Roma permits[42] the Nova Roman communities of each country to create their national subdivision of Nova Roma, called provincia, and to form their own not-for-profit or incorporated organizations, established under the respective legislation of their local country.[43] This enables better local recognition and management, as well as provides the means for legal and insurance coverage, such as that offered by the Australasian Living History Federation (ALHF).[44]

Historical contexts

Main article: New Rome

Revival of things Roman and their co-option for symbolic importance have a long history. Nova Roma (in Latin, literally "New Rome") in its deliberate revival of grandiose remnants of the past thus parallels and echoes other New Romes such as:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Palacios, Juan José: "Corporate citizenship and social responsibility in a globalized world". Citizenship Studies 8(4):383-402. Routledge, 2004
  2. ^ Danese, Roberto/Bacianini, Andrea/Torino, Alessio: Weni, widi, wici: tra 'volumen" e byte. p. 133. Guaraldi, 2003"
  3. ^ a b Strmiska, Michael: Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives, pp. 335-36. ABC-CLIO, 2005
  4. ^ "Interactive Corporative Services Information on Nova Roma". Maine Department of the Secretary of State, Bureau of Corporations, Elections, and Commissions. Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2007-11-27.
  5. ^ a b Dixon, Suzanne: Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi, page 64. Routledge, 2007
  6. ^ a b Trinkle, D. A./Merriman, S. A: The history highway: a 21st century guide to Internet resources, p. 464. M.E. Sharpe, 2006
  7. ^ Burgan, Michael: Empire of Ancient Rome, p. 122. Infobase Publishing, 2004
  8. ^ "Nova Roma: Organization Dedicated to Ancient Roman Culture". Center for Applied Second Language Studies (CASLS), University of Oregon. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
  9. ^ a b Davy, Barbara Jane: Introduction to Pagan Studies, pp. 156, 163, 233. Rowman Altamira, 2007
  10. ^ a b Adler, Margot: Drawing down the moon: witches, Druids, goddess-worshippers, and other pagans in America, p. 549. Penguin Books, 2006
  11. ^ Eugene V. Gallagher, W. Michael Ashcraft: Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America: Metaphysical, New Age, and neopagan movements. p. 220. Greenwood Press, 2006
  12. ^ George D. Chryssides, Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements (2011, 2nd ed.)
  13. ^ Auffarth, Chr./Bernard, J./Mohr, H.: Metzler Lexikon Religion: Gegenwart - Alltag - Medien, pp. 211-12. Metzler, 2002
  14. ^ Danese, Roberto/Bacianini, Andrea/Torino, Alessio: Weni, widi, wici: tra 'volumen" e byte. p. 134. Guaraldi, 2003"
  15. ^ "Sestertius signum". Archived from the original on 2009-03-22. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
  16. ^ a b American Numismatic Association: The Numismatist, page 19. American Numismatic Association, 2003
  17. ^ Caporaso, Giovanni: Cambiare Identitá.: É possibile, ecco le Prove, Offshore World Inc., 2006
  18. ^ Vobruba, Georg: Grenzsoziologie: die politische Strukturierung des Raumes, p. 210. VS Verlag, 2006
  19. ^ McColman, Carl: The Complete Idiot's Guide to Paganism, pages 71 and 347. Alpha Books, 2002
  20. ^ York, Michael: Pagan Ethics: Paganism as a World Religion, p. 396. Springer, 2015
  21. ^ Strmiska, Michael: Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives, p. 335. ABC-CLIO, 2005
  22. ^ ""Roman religion"". Archived from the original on 2018-08-04. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
  23. ^ Joyce Higginbotham, River Higginbotham: ChristoPaganism: An Inclusive Path, p. 230. Llewellyn Worldwide, 2009
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  25. ^ "Celebrations by various faiths near year end". Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Archived from the original on 2012-01-28. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
  26. ^ "Conflicts at Christmas time: What is the original "reason for the season"". Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Archived from the original on 2012-01-13. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
  27. ^ "Annual secular and religious celebrations near Christmas time". Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Archived from the original on 2012-03-18. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
  28. ^ Adler, Margot (2006) [1979]. Drawing down the moon: witches, Druids, goddess-worshippers, and other pagans in America. Penguin Books. p. 549. ISBN 978-0-14-303819-1. Retrieved 2011-12-18. [...] Nova Roma is currently raising money to restore a shrine of Magna Mater in Rome.
  29. ^ Vescia, Monique: Battle Reenactments, p. 38. The Rosen Publishing Group, 2015
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  45. ^ For example: Mommsen, Theodor (1999). A History of Rome Under the Emperors. Routledge Key Guides. Barbara Demandt, Alexander Demandt, Thomas E. J. Wiedemann. Routledge. p. 381. ISBN 978-0-415-20647-1. Archived from the original on 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2011-12-16. The result of Constantinople's founding was the end of a national basis for the Empire [...] Milan and Ravenna had been unable to compete with Rome, though they were court residences, but Nova Roma could.
  46. ^ Note for example Kantorowicz, Ernst Hartwig (1957). The King's two bodies: a study in mediaeval political theology (7 ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-691-01704-4. Retrieved 2011-12-16. Thus it happened that 'Rome' migrated from incarnation to incarnation, wandering first to Constantinople and later to Moscow, the third Rome, but also to Aachen where Charlemagne built a 'Lateran' and apparently planned to establish the Roma futura. [...] Constantinople and Aachen and others claimed to be each a nova Roma[...]
  47. ^ Neville, Peter (2004). Mussolini. Historical Biographies Series. Routledge. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-415-24989-8. Retrieved 2011-12-16. Mussolini made immense efforts to portray an image of Italian greatness, and the memory of Ancient Rome was constantly traded on in the régime's propaganda. Thus the normal handshake [...] was replaced by the 'Roman Salute' and the Mediterranean became 'our sea'. [...] Some streams in Fascism demanded spiritual revival based on the concept of a 'New Rome'.

References

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