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==History==
==History==
NP in adults was first described in 1940s, whereas, in children it was reported quite a few years later in 1994.<ref name="Masters Isles Grimwood p." /> Necrotizing pneumonia is an ancient disease which once was a leading cause of death in both adults and children.<ref name="Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 2014 pp. 240–245">{{cite journal | title=Necrotising pneumonia in children | journal=Paediatric Respiratory Reviews | volume=15 | issue=3 | date=September 1, 2014 | issn=1526-0542 | doi=10.1016/j.prrv.2013.10.001 | pages=240–245 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1526054213001188?via%3Dihub | access-date=February 20, 2021}}</ref> Its clinical features were presumably first outlined by [[Hippocrates]].<ref name="Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 2014 pp. 240–245"/> Later, in 1826 [[René Laennec]] described these features in a more detailed fashion in his seminal work ''A treatise on the diseases of the chest, and on mediate auscultation''.<ref name="Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 2014 pp. 240–245"/> Although availability of appropriate antibiotics had made NP a rare disease, over the last two decades it has emerged as a severe complication of childhood pneumonia.<ref name="Sawicki Lu Valim Cleveland pp. 1285–1291" />
NP in adults was first described in 1940s, whereas, in children it was reported quite a few years later in 1994.<ref name="Masters Isles Grimwood p." /> Necrotizing pneumonia is an ancient disease, which, once was a leading cause of death in both adults and children.<ref name="Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 2014 pp. 240–245">{{cite journal | title=Necrotising pneumonia in children | journal=Paediatric Respiratory Reviews | volume=15 | issue=3 | date=September 1, 2014 | issn=1526-0542 | doi=10.1016/j.prrv.2013.10.001 | pages=240–245 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1526054213001188?via%3Dihub | access-date=February 20, 2021}}</ref> Its clinical features were presumably first outlined by [[Hippocrates]].<ref name="Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 2014 pp. 240–245"/> Later, in 1826, [[René Laennec]] described these features in a more detailed fashion in his seminal work ''A treatise on the diseases of the chest, and on mediate auscultation''.<ref name="Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 2014 pp. 240–245"/> Although availability of appropriate antibiotics had made NP a rare disease, over the last two decades it has emerged as a severe complication of childhood pneumonia.<ref name="Sawicki Lu Valim Cleveland pp. 1285–1291" />


==Causative organisms==
==Causative organisms==

Revision as of 17:53, 21 February 2021

Necrotizing pneumonia
File:Necrotic pneumonia with empyema and lung necrosis.jpg
Moderate sized left effusion with underlying consolidation. Notice the contralateral mediastinal shift suggesting that there is not a significant amount of collapse.[1][note 1]
SpecialtyInfectious disease, respirology

Necrotizing pneumonia (NP), also known as cavitary pneumonia or cavitatory necrosis, is a rare but severe complication of lung parenchymal infection.[2][3][4] In necrotizing pneumonia, there is a substantial liquefaction following death of the lung tissue, which may lead to gangrene foramtion in the lung.[5][6] In most cases patients with NP have fever, cough and bad breath, and those with more indolent infections have weight loss.[7] Often patients clinically present with acute respiratory failure.[7] The most common pathogens responsible for NP are Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae.[8] Diagnosis is usually done by chest imaging, e.g. chest X-ray, CT scan. Among these CT scan is the most sensitive test which shows loss of lung architecture and multiple small thin walled cavities.[4] Often cultures from bronchoalveolar lavage and blood may be done for identification of the causative organism(s).[9] It is primarily managed by supportive care along with appropriate antibiotics.[9] However, if patient develops severe complications like sepsis or fails to medical therapy, surgical resection is a reasonable option for saving life.[9][7]

History

NP in adults was first described in 1940s, whereas, in children it was reported quite a few years later in 1994.[4] Necrotizing pneumonia is an ancient disease, which, once was a leading cause of death in both adults and children.[10] Its clinical features were presumably first outlined by Hippocrates.[10] Later, in 1826, René Laennec described these features in a more detailed fashion in his seminal work A treatise on the diseases of the chest, and on mediate auscultation.[10] Although availability of appropriate antibiotics had made NP a rare disease, over the last two decades it has emerged as a severe complication of childhood pneumonia.[2]

Causative organisms

The most common pathogens responsible for NP are Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae.[8] Other pathogens which are less likely to cause NP are bacteria like Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus anginosus group, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Streptococcus pyogenes, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, anaerobes like Fusobacterium nucleatum and Bacteroides fragilis; fungi like Aspergillus sp. and Histoplasma capsulatum; viruses like Influenza and Adenovirus.[8][4][10]

Children

Apart from Streptococcus pneumonia(also known as Pneumococcus pneumoniae), several other organisms have appeared to cause necrotizing pneumonia in children since 2002.[2] Most of the aforementioned organisms have been reported to be associated with childhood NP, except that, K. pneumoniae is not a common cause in children.[4] However, Pneumococci and S. aureus are frequently responsible.[4] Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) covering serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F was introduced in the USA in 2000.[11][12] Consequently, non-PCV7 serotypes like 3, 5, 7F 19A emerged as new threats. Of this, serotypes 3 and 19A were particularly associated with NP.[4] In 2010 PCV7 was replaced by a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). PCV13 includes all PCV7 serotypes plus six additional serotypes (1, 3, 5, 6A, 7F & 19A).[12] Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL) producing S. aureus strains are oftentimes responsible for life-threatening necrotizing pneumonia in previously healthy children and young adults.[13] These PVL-producing strains are frequently methicillin resistant (MRSA).[4] In developing countries with high rates of HIV infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the common cause of NP in children.[8]

Adult

Adults are more commonly affected by community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus, S. pneumoniae and K. pneumoniae. Gram-negative organisms like K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa are usually associated with Pulmonary gangrene.[8]

Additional imaging


a) Initial plain chest radiograph showing a dense right upper zone airspace opacity and lingula airspace changes, consistent with multi-focal pneumonia. The following images were performed 24 h later. b) Plain chest radiograph with the patient intubated and ventilated revealing cavitation in the right mid to upper zones, pleural effusion and more general airspace changes bilaterally. c) Computed tomography (CT) scan, coronal view, demonstrating non-enhancing area (necrotic) thin-walled cavities within the right upper lobe and lingula. d) Lung ultrasonographic image displaying thin-walled cavities in the lingula region of the left lung. And this needs even more clarification.[note 2]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Text was copied from this source, which is available under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)
  2. ^ Text was copied from this source, which is available under Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

References

  1. ^ Jones, Jeremy (June 15, 2020). "Necrotic pneumonia with empyema and lung necrosis - Radiology Case". Radiopaedia. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Sawicki, G. S.; Lu, F. L.; Valim, C.; Cleveland, R. H.; Colin, A. A. (2008-03-05). "Necrotising pneumonia is an increasingly detected complication of pneumonia in children". European Respiratory Journal. 31 (6). European Respiratory Society (ERS): 1285–1291. doi:10.1183/09031936.00099807. ISSN 0903-1936.
  3. ^ Tsai, Yueh-Feng; Ku, Yee-Huang (2012). "Necrotizing pneumonia". Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 18 (3): 246–252. doi:10.1097/MCP.0b013e3283521022. ISSN 1070-5287.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Masters, I. Brent; Isles, Alan F.; Grimwood, Keith (July 25, 2017). "Necrotizing pneumonia: an emerging problem in children?". Pneumonia. 9 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi:10.1186/s41479-017-0035-0. ISSN 2200-6133.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ Scotta, Marcelo C.; Marostica, Paulo J.C.; Stein, Renato T. (2019). "Pneumonia in Children". Kendig's Disorders of the Respiratory Tract in Children. Elsevier. p. 435.e4. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-44887-1.00025-0. ISBN 978-0-323-44887-1.
  6. ^ Widysanto, Allen; Liem, Maranatha; Puspita, Karina Dian; Pradhana, Cindy Meidy Leony. "Management of necrotizing pneumonia with bronchopleural fistula caused by multidrug‐resistant Acinetobacter baumannii". Respirology Case Reports. 8 (8). doi:10.1002/rcr2.662. PMID 32999723. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  7. ^ a b c Reimel, Beth Ann; Krishnadasen, Baiya; Cuschieri, Joseph; Klein, Matthew B; Gross, Joel; Karmy-Jones, Riyad (January 1, 2000). "Surgical management of acute necrotizing lung infections". Canadian Respiratory Journal : Journal of the Canadian Thoracic Society. 13 (7). doi:10.1155/2006/760390. PMID 17036090. Retrieved February 19, 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ^ a b c d e Krutikov, Maria; Rahman, Ananna; Tiberi, Simon (2019). "Necrotizing pneumonia (aetiology, clinical features and management)". Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 25 (3). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 225–232. doi:10.1097/mcp.0000000000000571. ISSN 1070-5287.
  9. ^ a b c Chatha, Neela; Fortin, Dalilah; Bosma, Karen J (February 19, 2021). "Management of necrotizing pneumonia and pulmonary gangrene: A case series and review of the literature". Canadian Respiratory Journal : Journal of the Canadian Thoracic Society. 21 (4). doi:10.1155/2014/864159. PMID 24791253. Retrieved February 19, 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  10. ^ a b c d "Necrotising pneumonia in children". Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. 15 (3): 240–245. September 1, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2013.10.001. ISSN 1526-0542. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
  11. ^ Benedictis, Fernando M de; Kerem, Eitan; Chang, Anne B; Colin, Andrew A; Zar, Heather J; Bush, Andrew (September 12, 2020). "Complicated pneumonia in children". The Lancet. 396 (10253): 786. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31550-6. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 32919518. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  12. ^ a b Kaur, Ravinder; Casey, Janet R.; Pichichero, Michael E. (February 21, 2021). "Emerging Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains Colonizing the Nasopharynx in Children after 13-Valent (PCV13) Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination in Comparison to the 7-Valent (PCV7) Era, 2006-2015". The Pediatric infectious disease journal. 35 (8). doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000001206. PMID 27420806. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  13. ^ Gillet, Yves; Issartel, Bertrand; Vanhems, Philippe; Fournet, Jean-Christophe; Lina, Gerard; Bes, Michèle; Vandenesch, François; Piémont, Yves; Brousse, Nicole; Floret, Daniel; Etienne, Jerome (March 2, 2002). "Association between Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying gene for Panton-Valentine leukocidin and highly lethal necrotising pneumonia in young immunocompetent patients". The Lancet. 359 (9308): 753–759. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07877-7. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 11888586. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
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