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'''Conformance testing''' — also known as ''conformity assessment'', ''compliance testing'', or '''type testing''' — is [[Test method|testing]] or other activities that determine whether a process, product, or services complies with the requirements of a [[specification]], [[technical standard]], [[contract]], or [[regulation]].<ref name="TrenkaevInter03">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ta5rLb1CkkC&pg=PA226 |chapter=Interoperability Testing Based on a Fault Model for a System of Communicating FSMs |title=Testing of Communicating Systems: 15th IFIP International Conference, TestCom 2003 |author=Trenkaev, V.; Kim, M.; Seol, S. |editor=Hogrefe, D.; Wiles, A. |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2003 |pages=226–242 |isbn=9783540401230}}</ref><ref name="WareTheNeed90">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FQf_pCCUeUC&pg=PA14 |chapter=Chapter 2: The Need for Mutual Recognition of Test Laboratories |title=Test Quality for Construction, Materials and Structures: Proceedings of the International RILEM/ILAC Symposium |author=Ware, J.E. |editor=Fickelson, M. |publisher=CRC Press |year=1990 |pages=12–18 |isbn=9780412394508}}</ref><ref name="WerstiukRelay07">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HCMDxjJnnF8C&pg=PA13 |chapter=Chapter 2: Relay Testing Fundamentals |title=The Relay Testing Handbook: Relay Testing Fundamentals |author=Werstiuk, C. |publisher=Valence Electrical Training Services |year=2007 |pages=13–52 |isbn=9781934348017}}</ref><ref name="INCITSReport05">{{cite web |url=http://www.incits.org/tc_home/m1htm/docs/m1050067.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213213606/http://www.incits.org/tc_home/m1htm/docs/m1050067.pdf |format=PDF |title=Report on Issues for Harmonizing Conformity Assessment to Biometric Standards |author=M1 Ad-Hoc Group on Issues for Harmonizing Conformity Assessment to Biometric Standards |publisher=InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards |date=16 March 2005 |archivedate=13 December 2006 |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref>><ref name=ISOWhatIs">{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/conformity-assessment.html |title=What is conformity assessment? |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref> Testing is often either [[event condition action|logical test]]ing or [[physical test]]ing. The test procedures may involve other criteria from [[test functions for optimization|mathematical testing]] or [[chemical test]]ing. Beyond simple conformance, other requirements for efficiency, interoperability or compliance may apply. Conformance testing is performed preferably by independent organizations, which may be the standards body itself, to give sound assurance of compliance. Products or services tested to conformance may then become advertised as being certified by the testing organization as complying with the referred [[technical standard]]. Equipment manufacturers, equipment suppliers, and service providers rely on such qualified data to ensure [[quality of service]] (QoS) through this conformance process.
'''Conformance testing''' — also known as ''conformity assessment'', ''compliance testing'', or '''type testing''' — is [[Test method|testing]] or other activities that determine whether a process, product, or services complies with the requirements of a [[specification]], [[technical standard]], [[contract]], or [[regulation]].<ref name="TrenkaevInter03">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ta5rLb1CkkC&pg=PA226 |chapter=Interoperability Testing Based on a Fault Model for a System of Communicating FSMs |title=Testing of Communicating Systems: 15th IFIP International Conference, TestCom 2003 |author=Trenkaev, V.; Kim, M.; Seol, S. |editor=Hogrefe, D.; Wiles, A. |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2003 |pages=226–242 |isbn=9783540401230}}</ref><ref name="WareTheNeed90">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FQf_pCCUeUC&pg=PA14 |chapter=Chapter 2: The Need for Mutual Recognition of Test Laboratories |title=Test Quality for Construction, Materials and Structures: Proceedings of the International RILEM/ILAC Symposium |author=Ware, J.E. |editor=Fickelson, M. |publisher=CRC Press |year=1990 |pages=12–18 |isbn=9780412394508}}</ref><ref name="WerstiukRelay07">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HCMDxjJnnF8C&pg=PA13 |chapter=Chapter 2: Relay Testing Fundamentals |title=The Relay Testing Handbook: Relay Testing Fundamentals |author=Werstiuk, C. |publisher=Valence Electrical Training Services |year=2007 |pages=13–52 |isbn=9781934348017}}</ref><ref name="INCITSReport05">{{cite web |url=http://www.incits.org/tc_home/m1htm/docs/m1050067.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213213606/http://www.incits.org/tc_home/m1htm/docs/m1050067.pdf |format=PDF |title=Report on Issues for Harmonizing Conformity Assessment to Biometric Standards |author=M1 Ad-Hoc Group on Issues for Harmonizing Conformity Assessment to Biometric Standards |publisher=InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards |date=16 March 2005 |archivedate=13 December 2006 |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="ISOWhatIs">{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/conformity-assessment.html |title=What is conformity assessment? |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref> Testing is often either [[event condition action|logical test]]ing or [[physical test]]ing. The test procedures may involve other criteria from [[test functions for optimization|mathematical testing]] or [[chemical test]]ing. Beyond simple conformance, other requirements for efficiency, interoperability or compliance may apply. Conformance testing is performed preferably by independent organizations, which may be the standards body itself, to give sound assurance of compliance. Products or services tested to conformance may then become advertised as being certified by the testing organization as complying with the referred [[technical standard]]. Equipment manufacturers, equipment suppliers, and service providers rely on such qualified data to ensure [[quality of service]] (QoS) through this conformance process.


Aside from the various types of testing, related conformance testing activities include:
Aside from the various types of testing, related conformance testing activities include:
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== Typical areas of application ==
== Typical areas of application ==


Conformance testing is applied in various industries where a product or service must meet specific quality and/or regulatory standards. This includes areas such as<ref name="TrenkaevInter03" /><ref name="WerstiukRelay07" /><ref name="INCITSReport05" /><ref name="W3CConform02">{{cite web |url=https://www.w3.org/QA/2002/01/Note-qa-certif-20020102.html |title=Conformance Testing and Certification Model for W3C Specifications |editor=Dardailler, D. |publisher=W3C |date=January 2002 |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="EvansSpec05">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0e295yPUBPMC&pg=PA74 |chapter=Chapter 4: Specifications and Quality |title=Pharmaceutical Packaging Technology |author=Evans, E.R. |editor1=Dean, D.A.|editor2=Evans, E.R.|editor3=Hall, I.H. |publisher=CRC Press |pages=73–105 |year=2005 |isbn=9780203301814}}</ref>:
Conformance testing is applied in various industries where a product or service must meet specific quality and/or regulatory standards. This includes areas such as:<ref name="TrenkaevInter03" /><ref name="WerstiukRelay07" /><ref name="INCITSReport05" /><ref name="W3CConform02">{{cite web |url=https://www.w3.org/QA/2002/01/Note-qa-certif-20020102.html |title=Conformance Testing and Certification Model for W3C Specifications |editor=Dardailler, D. |publisher=W3C |date=January 2002 |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="EvansSpec05">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0e295yPUBPMC&pg=PA74 |chapter=Chapter 4: Specifications and Quality |title=Pharmaceutical Packaging Technology |author=Evans, E.R. |editor1=Dean, D.A.|editor2=Evans, E.R.|editor3=Hall, I.H. |publisher=CRC Press |pages=73–105 |year=2005 |isbn=9780203301814}}</ref>


* biocompatibility proofing
* biocompatibility proofing
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=== Electronic and electrical engineering ===
=== Electronic and electrical engineering ===


In [[electronic engineering]] and [[electrical engineering]], some countries and business environments (such as telecommunication companies) require that an electronic product meet certain requirements before they can be sold.<ref name="WerstiukRelay07" /><ref name="RyanHigh01">{{cite book |title=High Voltage Engineering and Testing |editor=Ryan, H.M. |publisher=The Institution of Electrical Engineers |edition=2nd |year=2001 |pages=726 |isbn=9780852967751}}</ref> Standards for telecommunication products written by standards organizations such as [[American National Standards Institute|ANSI]], the [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]], and [[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] have certain criteria that a product must meet before compliance is recognized. In countries such as Japan, China, Korea, and some parts of Europe, products cannot be sold unless they are known to meet those requirements specified in the standards.<ref name="COCIRHowDoes">{{cite web |url=https://www.bomcheck.net/rohs/how-does-bomcheck-manage-compliance-with-rohs-restrictions-in-china-korea-japan |title=How does BOMcheck manage compliance with RoHS restrictions in China, Korea and Japan? |work=BOMcheck.net |publisher=COCIR |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="EURLex31993">{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31993L0068:en:HTML |title=EUR-Lex - 31993L0068 - EN |work=EUR-Lex |publisher=European Union |date=30 August 1993 |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref> Usually, manufacturers set their own requirements to ensure product quality, sometimes with levels much higher than what the governing bodies require. Compliance is realized after a product passes a series of tests without occurring some specified mode of failure.
In [[electronic engineering]] and [[electrical engineering]], some countries and business environments (such as telecommunication companies) require that an electronic product meet certain requirements before they can be sold.<ref name="WerstiukRelay07" /><ref name="RyanHigh01">{{cite book |title=High Voltage Engineering and Testing |editor=Ryan, H.M. |publisher=The Institution of Electrical Engineers |edition=2nd |year=2001 |pages=726 |isbn=9780852967751}}</ref> Standards for telecommunication products written by standards organizations such as [[American National Standards Institute|ANSI]], the [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]], and [[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] have certain criteria that a product must meet before compliance is recognized. In countries such as Japan, China, Korea, and some parts of Europe, products cannot be sold unless they are known to meet those requirements specified in the standards.<ref name="COCIRHowDoes">{{cite web |url=https://www.bomcheck.net/rohs/how-does-bomcheck-manage-compliance-with-rohs-restrictions-in-china-korea-japan |title=How does BOMcheck manage compliance with RoHS restrictions in China, Korea and Japan? |work=BOMcheck.net |publisher=COCIR |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="EURLex31993">{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31993L0068:en:HTML |title=EUR-Lex - 31993L0068 - EN |work=EUR-Lex |publisher=European Union |date=30 August 1993 |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref> Usually, manufacturers set their own requirements to ensure product quality, sometimes with levels much higher than what the governing bodies require. Compliance is realized after a product passes a series of tests without occurring some specified mode of failure.


Compliance testing for electronic devices include emissions tests, immunity tests, and safety tests.<ref name="ECMAAGuide99">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-TR/ECMA%20TR-074.PDF |format=PDF |title=ECMA Technical Report TR/74: A Guide to the Application of the EMC Directive to ITE |publisher=ECMA |date=June 1999 |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref> Emissions tests ensure that a product will not emit harmful electromagnetic interference in communication and power lines. Immunity tests ensure that a product is immune to common electrical signals and [[electromagnetic interference]] (EMI) that will be found in its operating environment, such as [[electromagnetic radiation]] from a local radio station or interference from nearby products. Safety tests ensure that a product will not create a safety risk from situations such as a failed or shorted power supply, blocked cooling vent, and powerline [[voltage spike]]s and dips.
Compliance testing for electronic devices include emissions tests, immunity tests, and safety tests.<ref name="ECMAAGuide99">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-TR/ECMA%20TR-074.PDF |format=PDF |title=ECMA Technical Report TR/74: A Guide to the Application of the EMC Directive to ITE |publisher=ECMA |date=June 1999 |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref> Emissions tests ensure that a product will not emit harmful electromagnetic interference in communication and power lines. Immunity tests ensure that a product is immune to common electrical signals and [[electromagnetic interference]] (EMI) that will be found in its operating environment, such as [[electromagnetic radiation]] from a local radio station or interference from nearby products. Safety tests ensure that a product will not create a safety risk from situations such as a failed or shorted power supply, blocked cooling vent, and powerline [[voltage spike]]s and dips.


For example, [[Ericsson]]'s telecommunications research and development subsidiary [[Telcordia Technologies]] publishes conformance standards for telecommunication equipment to pass the following tests<ref name="EricssonElectro17">{{cite web |url=http://telecom-info.telcordia.com/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-1089& |title=Electromagnetic Compatibility and Electrical Safety - Generic Criteria for Network Telecommunications Equipment |publisher=Ericsson |date=December 2017 |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref>:
For example, [[Ericsson]]'s telecommunications research and development subsidiary [[Telcordia Technologies]] publishes conformance standards for telecommunication equipment to pass the following tests:<ref name="EricssonElectro17">{{cite web |url=http://telecom-info.telcordia.com/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-1089& |title=Electromagnetic Compatibility and Electrical Safety - Generic Criteria for Network Telecommunications Equipment |publisher=Ericsson |date=December 2017 |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref>


; Radiated immunity : An [[antenna (electronics)|antenna]] is used to subject the device to [[electromagnetic waves]], covering a large frequency range (usually from 30&nbsp;MHz to 2.9&nbsp;GHz).
; Radiated immunity : An [[antenna (electronics)|antenna]] is used to subject the device to [[electromagnetic waves]], covering a large frequency range (usually from 30&nbsp;MHz to 2.9&nbsp;GHz).
Line 53: Line 53:


===Conformity assessment and mutual recognition agreements===
===Conformity assessment and mutual recognition agreements===
Many countries sign [[mutual recognition agreement]]s (MRAs) with other countries in order to promote trade of and facilitate market access to goods and services, while making it easier to meet a country's conformance testing requirements.<ref name="EC-MRA18">{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market/goods/international-aspects/mutual-recognition-agreements_en |title=Mutual Recognition Agreements |publisher=European Commission |date=22 February 2018 |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="NISTMutual17">{{cite web |url=https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov/what-we-do/conformity-assessment/mutual-recognition-agreements-mras |title=Mutual Recognition Agreements for Conformity Assessment of Telecommunications Equipment |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |date=6 September 2017 |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref><ref name=ISO68:2002">{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/29363.html |title=ISO/IEC Guide 68:2002 Arrangements for the recognition and acceptance of conformity assessment results |publisher=International Organization for Standards |date=January 2002 |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref> Additionally, these agreements have the advantage of increasing confidence in conformance assessment bodies (e.g., testing labs and certification bodies)<ref name="NISTMutual17" />, and by extension, product quality.<ref name=ISOWhatIs" /><ref name="WTOTech">{{cite web| url=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tbt_e/tbt_info_e.htm |title=Technical Information on Technical barriers to trade |work=Trade Topics |publisher=World Trade Organization |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref>
Many countries sign [[mutual recognition agreement]]s (MRAs) with other countries in order to promote trade of and facilitate market access to goods and services, while making it easier to meet a country's conformance testing requirements.<ref name="EC-MRA18">{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market/goods/international-aspects/mutual-recognition-agreements_en |title=Mutual Recognition Agreements |publisher=European Commission |date=22 February 2018 |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="NISTMutual17">{{cite web |url=https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov/what-we-do/conformity-assessment/mutual-recognition-agreements-mras |title=Mutual Recognition Agreements for Conformity Assessment of Telecommunications Equipment |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |date=6 September 2017 |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="ISO68:2002">{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/29363.html |title=ISO/IEC Guide 68:2002 Arrangements for the recognition and acceptance of conformity assessment results |publisher=International Organization for Standards |date=January 2002 |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref> Additionally, these agreements have the advantage of increasing confidence in conformance assessment bodies (e.g., testing labs and certification bodies),<ref name="NISTMutual17" /> and by extension, product quality.<ref name="ISOWhatIs"/><ref name="WTOTech">{{cite web| url=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tbt_e/tbt_info_e.htm |title=Technical Information on Technical barriers to trade |work=Trade Topics |publisher=World Trade Organization |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 65: Line 65:


<references/>
<references/>



{{Product testing}}
{{Product testing}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Conformance Testing}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Conformance Testing}}

[[Category:Software testing]]
[[Category:Software testing]]
[[Category:Product testing]]
[[Category:Product testing]]

Revision as of 14:19, 31 March 2018

Conformance testing — also known as conformity assessment, compliance testing, or type testing — is testing or other activities that determine whether a process, product, or services complies with the requirements of a specification, technical standard, contract, or regulation.[1][2][3][4][5] Testing is often either logical testing or physical testing. The test procedures may involve other criteria from mathematical testing or chemical testing. Beyond simple conformance, other requirements for efficiency, interoperability or compliance may apply. Conformance testing is performed preferably by independent organizations, which may be the standards body itself, to give sound assurance of compliance. Products or services tested to conformance may then become advertised as being certified by the testing organization as complying with the referred technical standard. Equipment manufacturers, equipment suppliers, and service providers rely on such qualified data to ensure quality of service (QoS) through this conformance process.

Aside from the various types of testing, related conformance testing activities include:

Typical areas of application

Conformance testing is applied in various industries where a product or service must meet specific quality and/or regulatory standards. This includes areas such as:[1][3][4][6][7]

  • biocompatibility proofing
  • data and communications protocol engineering
  • document engineering
  • electronic and electrical engineering
  • medical procedure proofing
  • pharmaceutical packaging
  • software engineering

In all such testing, the subject of test is not just the formal conformance in aspects of completeness of filed proofs, validity of referred certificates, and qualification of operating staff. Rather, it also heavily focuses on operational conditions, physical conditions, and applied test environments. By extension conformance testing leads to a vast set of documents and files that allow for reiterating all performed tests.

Software engineering

In software testing, conformance testing verifies that a product performs according to its specified standards. Compilers, for instance, are extensively tested to determine whether they meet the recognized standard for that language.[8][9]

Electronic and electrical engineering

In electronic engineering and electrical engineering, some countries and business environments (such as telecommunication companies) require that an electronic product meet certain requirements before they can be sold.[3][10] Standards for telecommunication products written by standards organizations such as ANSI, the FCC, and IEC have certain criteria that a product must meet before compliance is recognized. In countries such as Japan, China, Korea, and some parts of Europe, products cannot be sold unless they are known to meet those requirements specified in the standards.[11][12] Usually, manufacturers set their own requirements to ensure product quality, sometimes with levels much higher than what the governing bodies require. Compliance is realized after a product passes a series of tests without occurring some specified mode of failure.

Compliance testing for electronic devices include emissions tests, immunity tests, and safety tests.[13] Emissions tests ensure that a product will not emit harmful electromagnetic interference in communication and power lines. Immunity tests ensure that a product is immune to common electrical signals and electromagnetic interference (EMI) that will be found in its operating environment, such as electromagnetic radiation from a local radio station or interference from nearby products. Safety tests ensure that a product will not create a safety risk from situations such as a failed or shorted power supply, blocked cooling vent, and powerline voltage spikes and dips.

For example, Ericsson's telecommunications research and development subsidiary Telcordia Technologies publishes conformance standards for telecommunication equipment to pass the following tests:[14]

Radiated immunity
An antenna is used to subject the device to electromagnetic waves, covering a large frequency range (usually from 30 MHz to 2.9 GHz).
Radiated emissions
One or more antennas are used to measure the amplitude of the electromagnetic waves that a device emits. The amplitude must be under a set limit, with the limit depending on the device's classification.
Conducted immunity
Low frequency signals (usually 10 kHz to 80 MHz) are injected onto the data and power lines of a device. This test is used to simulate the coupling of low frequency signals onto the power and data lines, such as from a local AM radio station.
Conducted emissions
Similar to radiated emissions, except the signals are measured at the power lines with a filter device.
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) immunity
Electrostatic discharges with various properties (rise time, peak voltage, fall time, and half time) are applied to the areas on the device that are likely to be discharged too, such as the faces, near user accessible buttons, etc. Discharges are also applied to a vertical and horizontal ground plane to simulate an ESD event on a nearby surface. Voltages are usually from 2 kV to 15 kV, but commonly go as high as 25 kV or more.
Burst immunity
Bursts of high voltage pulses are applied to the powerlines to simulate events such as repeating voltage spikes from a motor.
Powerline dip immunity
The line voltage is slowly dropped down then brought back up.
Powerline surge immunity
A surge is applied to the line voltage.

Standardization and agreements

Several international standards relating to conformance testing are published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and covered in the divisions of ICS 03.120.20 for management[15] and ICS 23.040.01 for technical.[16] Other standalone ISO standards include:

  • ISO/TR 13881:2000 Petroleum and natural gas industries—Classification and conformity assessment of products, processes and services[17]
  • ISO 18436-4:2008 Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines—Requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel—Part 4: Field lubricant analysis[18]
  • ISO/IEC 18009:1999 Information technology—Programming languages—Ada: Conformity assessment of a language processor [19]

Conformity assessment and mutual recognition agreements

Many countries sign mutual recognition agreements (MRAs) with other countries in order to promote trade of and facilitate market access to goods and services, while making it easier to meet a country's conformance testing requirements.[20][21][22] Additionally, these agreements have the advantage of increasing confidence in conformance assessment bodies (e.g., testing labs and certification bodies),[21] and by extension, product quality.[5][23]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Trenkaev, V.; Kim, M.; Seol, S. (2003). "Interoperability Testing Based on a Fault Model for a System of Communicating FSMs". In Hogrefe, D.; Wiles, A. (ed.). Testing of Communicating Systems: 15th IFIP International Conference, TestCom 2003. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 226–242. ISBN 9783540401230.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Ware, J.E. (1990). "Chapter 2: The Need for Mutual Recognition of Test Laboratories". In Fickelson, M. (ed.). Test Quality for Construction, Materials and Structures: Proceedings of the International RILEM/ILAC Symposium. CRC Press. pp. 12–18. ISBN 9780412394508.
  3. ^ a b c Werstiuk, C. (2007). "Chapter 2: Relay Testing Fundamentals". The Relay Testing Handbook: Relay Testing Fundamentals. Valence Electrical Training Services. pp. 13–52. ISBN 9781934348017.
  4. ^ a b M1 Ad-Hoc Group on Issues for Harmonizing Conformity Assessment to Biometric Standards (16 March 2005). "Report on Issues for Harmonizing Conformity Assessment to Biometric Standards" (PDF). InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2006. Retrieved 22 February 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b "What is conformity assessment?". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  6. ^ Dardailler, D., ed. (January 2002). "Conformance Testing and Certification Model for W3C Specifications". W3C. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  7. ^ Evans, E.R. (2005). "Chapter 4: Specifications and Quality". In Dean, D.A.; Evans, E.R.; Hall, I.H. (eds.). Pharmaceutical Packaging Technology. CRC Press. pp. 73–105. ISBN 9780203301814.
  8. ^ Goerigk, W.; Simon, F. (1999). "Towards Rigorous Compiler Implementation Verification". In Padget, J.A. (ed.). Collaboration Between Human and Artificial Societies: Coordination and Agent-Based Distributed Computing. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 62–73. ISBN 9783540669302.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Cugini, J. (2001). "FORTRAN Test Programs". In Lide, D.R. (ed.). A Century of Excellence in Measurements, Standards, and Technology. CRC Press. pp. 258–259. ISBN 9780849312472.
  10. ^ Ryan, H.M., ed. (2001). High Voltage Engineering and Testing (2nd ed.). The Institution of Electrical Engineers. p. 726. ISBN 9780852967751.
  11. ^ "How does BOMcheck manage compliance with RoHS restrictions in China, Korea and Japan?". BOMcheck.net. COCIR. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  12. ^ "EUR-Lex - 31993L0068 - EN". EUR-Lex. European Union. 30 August 1993. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  13. ^ "ECMA Technical Report TR/74: A Guide to the Application of the EMC Directive to ITE" (PDF). ECMA. June 1999. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  14. ^ "Electromagnetic Compatibility and Electrical Safety - Generic Criteria for Network Telecommunications Equipment". Ericsson. December 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  15. ^ International Organization for Standardization. "03.120.20: Product and company certification. Conformity assessment". Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  16. ^ International Organization for Standardization. "23.040.01: Pipeline components and pipelines in general". Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  17. ^ International Organization for Standardization. "ISO/TR 13881:2000 Petroleum and natural gas industries -- Classification and conformity assessment of products, processes and services". Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  18. ^ International Organization for Standardization. "ISO 18436-4:2008 Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines -- Requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel -- Part 4: Field lubricant analysis". Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  19. ^ International Organization for Standardization. "ISO/IEC 18009:1999 Information technology -- Programming languages -- Ada: Conformity assessment of a language processor". Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  20. ^ "Mutual Recognition Agreements". European Commission. 22 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  21. ^ a b "Mutual Recognition Agreements for Conformity Assessment of Telecommunications Equipment". National Institute of Standards and Technology. 6 September 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  22. ^ "ISO/IEC Guide 68:2002 Arrangements for the recognition and acceptance of conformity assessment results". International Organization for Standards. January 2002. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  23. ^ "Technical Information on Technical barriers to trade". Trade Topics. World Trade Organization. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
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