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''VIPER'' was to be carried aboard Astrobotic's [[Griffin (spacecraft)|Griffin lander]] as part of NASA's [[Commercial Lunar Payload Services]] (CLPS) initiative.<ref name="VIPER">{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-astrobotic-to-fly-water-hunting-rover-to-the-moon|title=NASA Selects Astrobotic to Fly Water-Hunting Rover to the Moon|publisher=NASA|date=11 June 2020|access-date=14 June 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
''VIPER'' was to be carried aboard Astrobotic's [[Griffin (spacecraft)|Griffin lander]] as part of NASA's [[Commercial Lunar Payload Services]] (CLPS) initiative.<ref name="VIPER">{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-astrobotic-to-fly-water-hunting-rover-to-the-moon|title=NASA Selects Astrobotic to Fly Water-Hunting Rover to the Moon|publisher=NASA|date=11 June 2020|access-date=14 June 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>


== Cancellation in 2024 - reasons ==
== Cancellation in 2024 ==
[[File:VIPER assembled when canceled.webp|thumb|NASA's VIPER assembled at Johnson Space Center, when it was canceled]]
[[File:VIPER assembled when canceled.webp|thumb|NASA's VIPER assembled at Johnson Space Center, when it was canceled]]
Amidst cost growth and delays to readiness of the rover and the Griffin lander, the VIPER program was ended in July 2024, with the rover planned to be disassembled and its instruments and components reused for other lunar missions. Before commencing disassembly, NASA announced they would consider "expressions of interest" from industry to use the "VIPER rover system at no cost to the government."<ref name="nasa-20240717">{{Cite web |title=NASA Ends VIPER Project, Continues Moon Exploration - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-ends-viper-project-continues-moon-exploration/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> At the time of the announcement NASA expected to save $84 million by canceling the mission, which has cost $450 million so far.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tingley |first=Brett |date=2024-07-17 |title=NASA cancels $450 million VIPER moon rover due to budget concerns |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-cancels-viper-moon-rover-budget |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240717234748/https://www.space.com/nasa-cancels-viper-moon-rover-budget |archive-date=2024-07-17 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref> The budgeted cost to build VIPER was $433.5 million, with $235.6 million budgeted to launch the lander.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=Alan |date=2024-07-17 |title=NASA Stops Work on VIPER Moon Rover, Citing Cost and Schedule Issues |url=https://www.universetoday.com/167805/nasa-stops-work-on-viper-moon-rover/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240717235335/https://www.universetoday.com/167805/nasa-stops-work-on-viper-moon-rover/ |archive-date=2024-07-17 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Universe Today |language=en-US}}</ref> The agency still plans to support the Griffin lander to arrive on the Moon in fall of 2025, though with a mass simulator in place of the VIPER rover.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hd2ES2H6UQc |title=Exploration Science Program Update (July 17, 2024) |date=2024-07-17 |last=NASA Video |type=Press Conference |language=en |access-date=2024-07-18 |via=YouTube}}</ref> NASA expects the primary objectives of VIPER to be fulfilled by an array of other missions planned for the next several years.<ref name=":0" />
Amidst cost growth and delays to readiness of the rover and the Griffin lander, the VIPER program was ended in July 2024, with the rover planned to be disassembled and its instruments and components reused for other lunar missions. Before commencing disassembly, NASA announced they would consider "expressions of interest" from industry to use the "VIPER rover system at no cost to the government."<ref name="nasa-20240717">{{Cite web |title=NASA Ends VIPER Project, Continues Moon Exploration - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-ends-viper-project-continues-moon-exploration/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> At the time of the announcement NASA expected to save $84 million by canceling the mission, which has cost $450 million so far.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tingley |first=Brett |date=2024-07-17 |title=NASA cancels $450 million VIPER moon rover due to budget concerns |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-cancels-viper-moon-rover-budget |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240717234748/https://www.space.com/nasa-cancels-viper-moon-rover-budget |archive-date=2024-07-17 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref> The budgeted cost to build VIPER was $433.5 million, with $235.6 million budgeted to launch the lander.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=Alan |date=2024-07-17 |title=NASA Stops Work on VIPER Moon Rover, Citing Cost and Schedule Issues |url=https://www.universetoday.com/167805/nasa-stops-work-on-viper-moon-rover/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240717235335/https://www.universetoday.com/167805/nasa-stops-work-on-viper-moon-rover/ |archive-date=2024-07-17 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Universe Today |language=en-US}}</ref> The agency still plans to support the Griffin lander to arrive on the Moon in fall of 2025, though with a mass simulator in place of the VIPER rover.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hd2ES2H6UQc |title=Exploration Science Program Update (July 17, 2024) |date=2024-07-17 |last=NASA Video |type=Press Conference |language=en |access-date=2024-07-18 |via=YouTube}}</ref> NASA expects the primary objectives of VIPER to be fulfilled by an array of other missions planned for the next several years.<ref name=":0" />

== Response To Cancellation ==
[[File:VIPER assembled when canceled.webp|thumb|NASA's VIPER assembled at Johnson Space Center, when it was canceled]]
VIPER's abrupt cancellation was received poorly by the scientific community. At the time of its cancellation, VIPER has been fully assembled and had completed vibration testing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greshko |first=Michael |title=NASA May Spend $800 Million to Not Send This Revolutionary Rover to the Moon |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-cancels-its-viper-moon-rover/ |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref> In response, a letter opposing the cancellation was circulated and garnered over 2500 signatures by the end of July 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sykes |first=Mark |date= |title=PLANETARY EXPLORATION NEWSLETTER Volume 18, Number 31 |url=https://planetarynews.org/archive24/pen_v18_n31_240728.txt |access-date=}}</ref>. In August 2024, [[The Planetary Society]] published a statement calling for the program to be reconsidered.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Planetary Society’s Statement on VIPER’s Path Forward |url=https://www.planetary.org/press-releases/statement-viper-path-forward |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=The Planetary Society |language=en}}</ref> On September 6th 2024, the [[United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology|House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology]] published a letter requesting additional information as to why NASA cancelled the mission. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=Science Committee Leaders Seek Answers Regarding the Cancellation of NASA’s VIPER Project |url=https://science.house.gov/press-releases?ID=1DA1E494-9EC1-4B20-AD46-4C8719B749C7 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=House Committee on Science Space & Tech - Republicans |language=en}}</ref>


[[File:Viper-ACD20-0047.jpg|thumb|Artist's conception of the ''VIPER'' rover on the Moon (Image courtesy of NASA Ames Research Center)]]
[[File:Viper-ACD20-0047.jpg|thumb|Artist's conception of the ''VIPER'' rover on the Moon (Image courtesy of NASA Ames Research Center)]]

Revision as of 16:15, 7 September 2024

VIPER
Artist's impression of VIPER operating in darkness.
NamesVolatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover
Mission typeExploration, resource prospecting
OperatorNASA
Websitehttps://www.nasa.gov/viper
Mission duration100 days (planned)[1][2][3]
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft typeRobotic lunar rover
ManufacturerNASA Ames Research Center
Dry mass430 kg (950 lb)[4]
Dimensions2.45 m (8 ft 0 in) in height,
1.53 m (5 ft 0 in) in length and width[5]
Start of mission
Launch dateSeptember 2025 (Canceled July 2024)
RocketFalcon Heavy
Launch siteKennedy Space Center, LC-39A
ContractorSpaceX
Moon rover
Landing dateSeptember 2025 (canceled)[6]
Landing siteMons Mouton, South pole region[7][2]
Instruments
Neutron Spectrometer System (NSS)
Near InfraRed Volatiles Spectrometer System (NIRVSS)
The Regolith and Ice Drill for Exploring New Terrain (TRIDENT)
Mass Spectrometer Observing Lunar Operations (MSolo)

VIPER (Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover) was a lunar rover project developed by NASA (Ames Research Center) until cancelled in 2024. The rover would have been tasked with prospecting for lunar resources in permanently shadowed areas in the lunar south pole region, especially by mapping the distribution and concentration of water ice. The mission built on a previous NASA rover concept, the Resource Prospector, which had been cancelled in 2018.[8]

VIPER was to be carried aboard Astrobotic's Griffin lander as part of NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) initiative.[9]

Cancellation in 2024

NASA's VIPER assembled at Johnson Space Center, when it was canceled

Amidst cost growth and delays to readiness of the rover and the Griffin lander, the VIPER program was ended in July 2024, with the rover planned to be disassembled and its instruments and components reused for other lunar missions. Before commencing disassembly, NASA announced they would consider "expressions of interest" from industry to use the "VIPER rover system at no cost to the government."[6] At the time of the announcement NASA expected to save $84 million by canceling the mission, which has cost $450 million so far.[10] The budgeted cost to build VIPER was $433.5 million, with $235.6 million budgeted to launch the lander.[11] The agency still plans to support the Griffin lander to arrive on the Moon in fall of 2025, though with a mass simulator in place of the VIPER rover.[12] NASA expects the primary objectives of VIPER to be fulfilled by an array of other missions planned for the next several years.[11]

Response To Cancellation

NASA's VIPER assembled at Johnson Space Center, when it was canceled

VIPER's abrupt cancellation was received poorly by the scientific community. At the time of its cancellation, VIPER has been fully assembled and had completed vibration testing.[13] In response, a letter opposing the cancellation was circulated and garnered over 2500 signatures by the end of July 2024[14]. In August 2024, The Planetary Society published a statement calling for the program to be reconsidered.[15] On September 6th 2024, the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology published a letter requesting additional information as to why NASA cancelled the mission. [16]

Artist's conception of the VIPER rover on the Moon (Image courtesy of NASA Ames Research Center)

Objectives - Purpose

Orbital survey of the Moon taken by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument on India's Chandrayaan-1 orbiter. Blue shows the spectral signature of hydroxide, green shows the brightness of the surface as measured by reflected infrared radiation from the Sun and red shows a mineral called pyroxene.
The image shows the distribution of surface ice at the Moon's south pole (left) and north pole (right) as viewed by NASA's Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) spectrometer onboard India's Chandrayaan-1 orbiter.

The VIPER rover has a size similar to a golf cart (around 1.4 × 1.4 × 2 m), and would have been tasked with prospecting for lunar resources, especially for water ice, mapping its distribution, and measuring its depth and purity.[1][2] The water distribution and form must be better understood before it can be evaluated as a potential resource within any evolvable lunar or Mars campaign.[17]

Proposed landing site of the Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover (VIPER)

The VIPER rover was to operate on the western edge of Nobile crater on Mons Mouton in the Moon's south pole region.[7][18] The first ever rover with its own lighting source,[19] it was planned to rove several kilometers, collecting data on different kinds of soil environments affected by light and temperature—those in complete darkness, occasional light and in constant sunlight.[20][2] In permanently shadowed locations, it would operate on battery power alone and would not be able to recharge them until it drives to a sunlit area. Its total operation time was planned to be 100 Earth days.[1][2][3]

History - Project management

The VIPER rover was part of the Lunar Discovery and Exploration Program managed by the Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters, and was meant to support the crewed Artemis program.[2] NASA's Ames Research Center was managing the rover project. The hardware for the rover was designed by the Johnson Space Center, while the instruments were provided by Ames, Kennedy, and Honeybee Robotics.[2] The project manager was Daniel Andrews,[2][21] and the project scientist was Anthony Colaprete, who was implementing the technology developed for the now cancelled Resource Prospector rover.[22] The estimated cost of the mission was US$250 million in October 2019.[3] NASA said on 3 March 2021 that the new lifecycle cost for the mission was US$433.5 million.[23]

Both the launcher and the lander were competitively provided through Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) contractors, with Astrobotic providing the Griffin lander to deliver the rover, and SpaceX providing the Falcon Heavy launch vehicle.[24] NASA was aiming to land the rover in September 2025 until the mission was canceled on 17 July 2024.[6][25]

Rover assembly and preparation for launch

In February 2024 the final instrument, the TRIDENT drill, was installed into the rover.[26] Later on 28 February 2024, VIPER Project Manager Dan Andrews announced that all the rover's scientific instruments were installed, and that it was more than 80% built.[27] Further progress was reported in April 2024, remaining on track for launch later in the year.[28] The rover moved to the environmental testing phase in May.[29]

Science background

Main articles: Lunar water and Lunar resources

Data obtained by Lunar Prospector,[30] Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, Chandrayaan-1, and the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite, revealed that lunar water is present in the form of ice near the lunar poles, especially within permanently shadowed craters in the south pole region,[31][32] and present in the form of hydrated minerals in other high-latitude locations.[33]

Water may have been delivered to the Moon over geological timescales by the regular bombardment of water-bearing comets, asteroids and meteoroids,[34] or continuously produced in situ by the hydrogen ions (protons) of the solar wind impacting oxygen-bearing minerals.[30] The physical form of the water ice is unknown, but some studies suggest that it is unlikely to be present in the form of thick, pure ice deposits, and may be a thin coating on soil grains.[35][36][32]

If it is possible to mine and extract the water molecules (H
2O) in large amounts, it can be broken down to its elements, namely hydrogen and oxygen, and form molecular hydrogen (H
2) and molecular oxygen (O
2) to be used as rocket bi-propellant or produce compounds for metallurgic and chemical production processes.[37] Just the production of propellant, was estimated by a joint panel of industry, government and academic experts, identified a near-term annual demand of 450 metric tons of lunar-derived propellant equating to 2450 metric tons of processed lunar water, generating US$2.4 billion of revenue annually.[38]

Science payload

The VIPER rover will be equipped with a drill and three analyzers. The Neutron Spectrometer System (NSS), will detect sub-surface water from a distance, then, VIPER will stop at that location and deploy a 1 m (3 ft 3 in) drill called TRIDENT to obtain samples to be analyzed by its two onboard spectrometers:[2][3][39]

The NIRVSS instrument
Instrument name Abbr. Provider Function[40]
Neutron Spectrometer System
NSS
 Ames Research Center (NASA) Detect sub-surface hydrogen (potentially water) from a distance, suggesting prime sites for drilling. It measures the energy released by hydrogen atoms when struck by neutrons. Originally developed for the Resource Prospector rover.[17]
The Regolith and Ice Drill for Exploring New Terrain
TRIDENT
Honeybee Robotics
 1-m drill will obtain subsurface samples.
Near InfraRed Volatiles Spectrometer System
NIRVSS
 Ames Research Center (NASA) Analyze mineral and volatile composition; determine if the hydrogen it encounters belong to water molecules (H2O) or to hydroxyl (OH−). Originally developed for the Resource Prospector rover.[17]
Sub-systems: Spectrometer Context Imager (a broad-spectrum camera); Longwave Calibration Sensor (measures surface temperature at very small scales).
Mass Spectrometer Observing Lunar Operations
MSolo
 Kennedy Space Center (NASA) Analyze mineral and volatile composition. Measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions to elucidate the chemical elements contained in the sample.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Coldewey, Devin (25 October 2019). "NASA's VIPER lunar rover will hunt water on the Moon in 2022". TechCrunch. VIPER is a limited-time mission; operating at the poles means there's no sunlight to harvest with solar panels, so the rover will carry all the power it needs to last 100 days there.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Loff, Sarah (25 October 2019). "New VIPER Lunar Rover to Map Water Ice on the Moon". NASA.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ^ a b c d Bartels, Meghan (25 October 2019). "NASA Will Launch a Lunar VIPER to Hunt Moon Water in 2022". Space.com. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  4. ^ Colaprete, Anthony (17 August 2020). "VIPER: A lunar water reconnaissance mission" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 25 August 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. ^ "NASA's Next Lunar Rover Progresses Toward 2023 Launch". NASA. 24 February 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ^ a b c "NASA Ends VIPER Project, Continues Moon Exploration - NASA". Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  7. ^ a b Wright, Ernie; Ladd, David; Colaprete, Anthony; Ladd, David (20 September 2021). "NASA Scientific Visualization Studio". SVS. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  8. ^ Bartels, Meghan (16 October 2019). "Moon VIPER: NASA Wants to Send a Water-Sniffing Rover to the Lunar South Pole in 2022". Space.com. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  9. ^ "NASA Selects Astrobotic to Fly Water-Hunting Rover to the Moon". NASA. 11 June 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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  14. ^ Sykes, Mark. "PLANETARY EXPLORATION NEWSLETTER Volume 18, Number 31".
  15. ^ "The Planetary Society's Statement on VIPER's Path Forward". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
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  17. ^ a b c Elphic, Richard; Colaprete, Anthony; Andrews, Daniel (2018). "Resource Prospector: Evaluating the ISRU potential of the lunar poles". 42nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly. 42. Bibcode:2018cosp...42E.981E.
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  20. ^ Hautaluoma, Grey; Johnson, Alana (28 October 2019). "New VIPER lunar rover to map water ice on the moon". PhysOrg.
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