Jump to content

GcMAF: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Restored revision 1194357174 by Bon courage (talk): Reversed burden of evidence? not how things work
Added 2 paragraphs
Line 22: Line 22:


A 2019 [[Business Insider]] report detailed the activities of Amanda Mary Jewell, who sold GcMAF for years as a(n unlicensed) cure for several medical conditions, including cancer and [[autism]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/in-closed-facebook-groups-pushing-unproven-treatments-2019-8|title=Unlicensed medical 'cures' are flourishing in closed Facebook groups, where cancer treatments — and even surgery — are sold beyond the reach of the law|last=Porter|first=Tom|website=Business Insider|date=2019-10-18|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref> Jewell is not a [[Physician|medical doctor]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-37654666|title=Investigation over cancer 'cure' GcMAF|last=Evans|first=Ruth|date=2016-10-16|access-date=2019-11-14|language=en-GB}}</ref>
A 2019 [[Business Insider]] report detailed the activities of Amanda Mary Jewell, who sold GcMAF for years as a(n unlicensed) cure for several medical conditions, including cancer and [[autism]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/in-closed-facebook-groups-pushing-unproven-treatments-2019-8|title=Unlicensed medical 'cures' are flourishing in closed Facebook groups, where cancer treatments — and even surgery — are sold beyond the reach of the law|last=Porter|first=Tom|website=Business Insider|date=2019-10-18|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref> Jewell is not a [[Physician|medical doctor]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-37654666|title=Investigation over cancer 'cure' GcMAF|last=Evans|first=Ruth|date=2016-10-16|access-date=2019-11-14|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== First Generation GcMAF ==
''Gc protein-derived macrophage-activating factor (GcMAF).''

GcMAF initially conceptualized by Dr. Nobuto Yamamoto in 1991<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Toshio Inui, Kaori Makita, Hirona Miura, Akiko Matsuda, Daisuke Kuchiike,　Kentaro Kubo, Martin Mette, Yoshihiro Uto, Takahito Nishikata, Hitoshi Hori　And Norihiro Sakamoto |title=Case Report: A Breast Cancer Patient Treated With Gcmaf, Sonodynamic Therapy And Hormone Therapy |journal=Anticancer Research |date=2014 |page=34, 4589-4594}}</ref>, has been explored as an important immunotherapy in the realm of [[cancer treatment]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Toshio Inui, Daisuke Kuchiike, Kentaro Kubo, Martin Mette, Yoshihiro Uto,　Hitoshi Hori And Norihiro Sakamoto |title=Clinical Experience Of Integrative Cancer Immunotherapy With Gcmaf |journal=Anticancer Research |date=2013 |page=33, 2917-2920,}}</ref>. Previous research efforts involved the isolation of Gc protein (1f1f subtype) from human serum through an affinity column modified with ''25-hydroxyvitamin D3.'' GcMAF was enzymatically derived from the isolated Gc protein<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Daisuke Kuchiike, Yoshihiro Uto, Hirotaka Mukai, Noriko Ishiyama, Chiaki Abe, Daichi Tanaka, Tomohito Kawai, Kentaro Kubo, Martin Mette, Toshio Inui, Yoshio Endo And Hitoshi Hori |title=Degalactosylated/Desialylated Human Serum Containing Gcmaf Induces Macrophage Phagocytic　Activity And In Vivo Antitumor Activity |journal=Anticancer Research |date=2013 |page=33:2881-2886 |url=https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/33/7/2881}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=oshio Inui, Oksana Kruglova, Olga Martyneko, Kostiantym Martyneko, Vadym Tieroshyn, Anatoli Gavrylov, Kentaro Kubo Borys Kutsyn, Alla Kubashko, Zoryana Veklych, Yurika Terashima, Martin Mette　And Galyna Kutsyna |title=Effect Of Degalactosylated Bovine Glycoprotein Formulations Maf And M Сapsules On Lymphopenia　And Clinical Outcomes In Hospitalized Covid-19 Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial |journal=Research Square |date=2023 |url=https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-2879067/v1}}</ref>.

The method of separating Gc protein from serum leads to a reduction in the concentration, stability, and activity of GcMAF in the final product. First-generation GcMAF treatment is not personalized and does not consider each patient’s immune status, overlooking variations in Gc protein types, GcMAF levels, and the immune status of individual patients. Additionally, the reuse of the affinity column posed risks of cross-contamination among distinct [[Serum (blood)|serum]] samples<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lucrezia Spadera, Maria Spadera |title=otential Role Of Gcmaf In Suppressing The Severity Of Covid-19-Induced Immune Responses:Nlesson Learned From Hiv |journal=Medical Hypotheses |date=2020 |page=144 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030698772031392X?via%3Dihub}}</ref>.

Addressing these challenges, an innovative approach involved the preparation of degalactosylated/desialylated human serum, leading to the creation of serum GcMAF, also known as second-generation GcMAF<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Toshio Inui, Kaori Makita, Hirona Miura, Akiko Matsuda, Daisuke Kuchiike, Kentaro Kubo, Martin Mette, Yoshihiro Uto, Takahito Nishikata, Hitoshi Hori And Norihiro Sakamoto |title=Case Report: A Breast Cancer Patient Treated With Gcmaf, Sonodynamic Therapy And Hormone Therapy |journal=Anticancer Research |date=2014 |page=34, 4589-4594, |url=https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/34/8/4589}}</ref>. This strategy aimed to overcome the limitations associated with isolating Gc protein from serum.

== New Generation of GcMAF from Japan ==
The second-generation GcMAF approach takes into consideration the individual immune status of the patient. This immunotherapeutic method involves the exogenous preparation of GcMAF using a sample of the patient's [[Serum (blood)|serum]] or serum from their close relatives. Prior to GcMAF treatment, an examination is conducted to assess the patient's GcMAF level and immune status. The optimized GcMAF preparation is then administered to the cancer patient, with a crucial distinction that GcMAF is derived from individual serum samples without pooling<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Toshio Inui, Daisuke Kuchiike, Kentaro Kubo, Martin Mette, Yoshihiro Uto, Hitoshi Hori And Norihiro Sakamoto |title=Clinical Experience Of Integrative Cancer Immunotherapy With Gcmaf |journal=Anticancer Research |date=2013 |page=33　2917-2920 |url=https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/33/7/2917}}</ref>.

The 2nd and 3rd generation GcMAF were developed by the Japanese organizations which hold the patents: in the USA (2014, 2016, 2017)<ref>{{cite web |title=United States Patent Uto Et Al. Us008747919b2 Us 8,747,919 B2 Jun. 10, 2014 Pharmaceutical Composition And Method Of Preparing Same |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8747919B2/en?oq=US8747919B2 |access-date=2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=United States Patent (10) Patent No.: Us 9,409,972 B2 Uto Et Al. (45) Date Of Patent: Pharmaceutical Composition And Method Of Preparing Same *Aug. 9, 2016 |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US9409972B2/en?oq=US9409972B2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=United States Patent Uto Et Al. Usoo9670268b2 Us 9,670,268 B2 *Jun. 6, 2017 Pharmaceutical Composition And Method Of Preparing Same |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US9670268B2/en?oq=US9670268B2}}</ref>, Japan (2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan Platform For Patent Information Wo-A1-2013/038997 |url=https://www.j-platpat.inpit.go.jp/c1800/PU/JP-5860817/19D41912E942877F9B8CA6E0110F250DFE2BB4C3DF34EBD537B9FBA0E7EA60F5/15/ja}}</ref>, the EU (2016)<ref>{{cite web |title=European Patent Specification Pharmaceutical Composition And Manufacturing Method Therefor Wo 2013/038997 (21.03.2013 Gazette 2013/12) |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/EP2687218B1/en?oq=EP2687218B1}}</ref>, Australia (2016)<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Government Ip Australia 2012309586 Pharmaceutical Composition And Manufacturing Method Therefor 2012-09-07 Granted |url=https://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/quickSearch.do}}</ref>, Israel (2018). There is a hypothesis proposing that the GcMAF precursor (preGcMAF), representing the full Gc protein lacking only the galactosyl moiety, could be converted to GcMAF in vivo through processing with constitutive sialidase. The research indicates that the 1f1f-subtype of preGcMAF, as GcMAF itself, serves as an effective precursor-type [[macrophage]] activator in vivo<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Uto, Y. Syota Yamamoto, Ryota Takeuchi, Yoshinori Nakagawa, Keiji Hirota, Hiroshi Terada, Shinya Onizuka, Eiji Nakata And Hitoshi Hori |title=Effect Of The Gc-Derived Macrophage-Activating Factor Precursor (Pregcmaf) On Phagocytic Activation Of Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages. |journal=Anticancer Research |date=2011 |page=31, 2489-2492 |url=https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/31/7/2489}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lucrezia Spadera, Marina Lugarà, Maria Spadera, Mariano Conticelli, Gabriella Oliva, Vincenzo　Bassi, Valentina Apuzzi, Francesco Calderaro, Olimpia Fattoruso, Pietro Guzzi, Maurizio D'amora, Oriana Catapano, Roberta Marra, Maria Galdo, Michele Zappalà, Toshio Inui, Martin Mette, Giuseppe Vitiello, Maria Corvino And Giuseppe Tortoriello |title=Adjunctive Use Of Oral Maf Is Associated With No Disease Progression Or Mortality In Hospitalized Patients With Covid-19 Pneumonia: The Single-Arm Coral-Maf1 Prospective Trial |journal=Biomed Pharmacother |date=2023 |page=169:115894 |url=https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271928/1-s2.0-S0753332223X00110/1-s2.0-S075333222301692X/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjELL%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIQDALhp7BuBScwmeQHC7DAwCJz6UCXuKUMLVnRDPCcfhewIgEo5yvg%2BDD3vloEL8%2B%2B%2FdLw1TKn8SvOXgxIHJui2IkaoqswUIahAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDLrAXuhJW4OLVGtZ0iqQBcMpUI1tJYN8G0dTNT3OEMfEnY0fJWoo7xur0ZXGnSIGzcrbZZZNQC4SJcKpWbtpy7rkBBsgcocevc%2BcaBIe7G3gpddIWaHyEFiXhvbX3PDp0qB1lSNY0XUc%2BY6peCrggozuSa1J4geDOsYsZtrDwX4%2B47HjATf5zXYbcPz3tabjet5lnBliHqit9G1APLimW6rIAt8%2BN2dUT5X6Bo4ty5C9G4ZoHzr6KLK2X%2BEnBOOY6CvU3wztdC%2FKkpZFTxJ8dVHugPch85VsmzuaGEEzMtCMsw2h8M2bP7ItSmRAFc%2BwwX%2FGPCaekwHy4ok3oMMFIupfEUWWf8gNJQs1WvOMWt0%2FavTmFDhx44D5tkInqFAaaHIyjlUJ4LHMSWwoK6%2Faark7nGF4p%2F2j7KYjLlR85EP6F9ees2DDE%2FPv6hmFAMEWrOMv578cIhC%2FfAMYbSrplDuK%2BOK2kIegiWzDfhQFsPbgkQOmQcC314eazVPLfmYNL0XXcaz5b4CSpd%2BJJ23C8hM8vxh%2BBzA%2BOrF67HPdxpZrcqhBt2qJ5d4iFKIAFSODLSoboK4mkA2FIhKyfPE8okP633LeXoef8eVEzUtZoyNbb9CAXL%2Bh2ZykV%2F38YJiIdRC19zo2%2B%2FO3KekG8WUPP5xyXUuJzl%2F%2BJm9EuJ8yBFIEMP2IjMzz2z0cSQMNag8%2FEq7553Kg0XU4YPihsUPktMYrX6pNw3No0%2FuI%2BQOxlFP8ExA8aHA66jL%2B2jR4jcGpked80iix6W2J4MMy8PS%2Fw4odawliH6IUbYfmmD2pW%2FMS0rQ4OG8rhyrQG033f%2FRI3e7zg5uTvtUMupYn9wP%2BoNmsiN3fffCewWxVhgcLVna4mExc%2BhMTmlKPJrpW2y%2FoMIHGwa0GOrEBELzTS%2B%2BEt2%2FUqjzMzefgb9lnMqzZpvS%2BhPTvI%2F2fPz7aiC5JcSV5EnopsPouOv9QCcmaOEYIys7ECqnY0uzhoNDznarfkRitBRmJDB5XUt95ynG%2BE9cdQolqwC2mVEbuDSjc%2FSfl2sEgAyHwyCLEmxarNqdV06zZt9b4d4JLAHIrHr3n8csfl5yubWMrCmN57NtbNTRUV7yXfwo3ecZmXAFP2ZHjyze%2FGrqBiX%2FqsJjD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20240124T022643Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY7ZELW4HN%2F20240124%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=cd31d1eabef1c391cb0645c187e28e31b2f7ced70d20a5c01d7f98ebcb04542e&hash=665daadc4d87e9efe4486e77a1b9a8959c1aa8afa4c0e569f5b1efaf2f7e6bf4&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S075333222301692X&tid=spdf-43cea427-bc28-4a17-9fb9-9091007b844f&sid=7534df98273b614b2178a0752f1e0db72a5fgxrqa&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=10105a56075300545402&rr=84a4d54c4a21834c&cc=jp}}</ref>. These findings emphasize that [[Β-Galactosidase|B-galactosidase]] treatment is a common modification for all subtypes of Gc protein to prepare GcMAF in vivo.

GcMAF exhibits its macrophage-activating properties through superoxide radical generation and phagocytic activation . Moreover, it has demonstrated antiangiogenic and antitumor activity in vivo<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Toshio Inui, Namiko Kawamura, Riho Nakamura, Akio Inui and Goro Katsuura |title=Degalactosylated Whey Protein Suppresses Inflammatory Responses Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Mic |journal=Frontiers in Nutrition |date=2022 |volume=9:1-8 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.852355/full}}</ref>.

GcMAF also directly inhibits the proliferation and migration of human prostate [[Cancer cell|cancer cells]] and human breast cancer cells, irrespective of its macrophage activation ability<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Toru Tasaka, Emi Kuwada, Yuka Izuchi, Ryohei Nishigawa, Hisatsuguyamada, Hideki Unuma, Ken Tokunaga, Akio Hayakawa, Akiteru Go, Kikyo Go And Yoshihiro Uto |date=2018 |title=Concentration-Dependent Activation Of Inflammatory/Anti-Inflammatory Functions Of Macrophages By Hydrolyzed Whey Protein |url=https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/38/7/4299 |journal=Anticancer Research |page=38:4299-4304}}</ref>. Although GcMAF administration remains an unapproved therapy, previous studies and clinical practices have reported its effectiveness in treating various pathologies, including HIV infection, other [[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|infectious diseases]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Toshio Inui, Kentaro Kubo , Daisuke Kuchiike , Yoshihiro Uto , Takahito Nishikata, Norihiro Sakamoto, Martin Mette |title=Oral Colostrum Macrophage-activating Factor for Serious Infection and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Three Case Reports |journal=Anticancer Research |date=2015 |page=35:4545–9 |url=https://ar.iiarjournals.org/}}</ref>, certain types of cancer<ref>{{cite journal |last1=TOSHIO INUI, DAISUKE KUCHIIKE, KENTARO KUBO, MARTIN METTE, YOSHIHIRO UTO, HITOSHI HORI and NORIHIRO SAKAMOTO |title=Clinical Experience of Integrative Cancer Immunotherapy with GcMAF |date=2013 |page=33:2917–9 |url=https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/33/7/2917}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=TOSHIO INUI, KAORI MAKITA, HIRONA MIURA, AKIKO MATSUDA, DAISUKE KUCHIIKE, KENTARO KUBO, MARTIN METTE, YOSHIHIRO UTO, TAKAHITO NISHIKATA, HITOSHI HORI and NORIHIRO SAKAMOTO |title=Case Report: A Breast Cancer Patient Treated with GcMAF, Sonodynamic Therapy and Hormone Therapy |journal=Anticancer Research |date=2014 |volume=34:4589–93. |url=https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/34/8/4589}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chaiyasit K, Toshio I, Wiwanitkit V. |title=The use of Gc protein-derived macrophage activating factor for management of thyroid cancer |date=2015 |page=11:1041 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295083561_The_use_of_Gc_protein-derived_macrophage_activating_factor_for_management_of_thyroid_cancer}}</ref>, juvenile [[osteopetrosis]], immunological conditions (systemic erythematous lupus), and neurological diseases <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Case Report: GcMAF Treatment in a Patient with Multiple Sclerosis |title=TOSHIO INUI, GORO KATSUURA, KENTARO KUBO, DAISUKE KUCHIIKE, LESLYE CHENERY, YOSHIHIRO UTO, TAKAHITO NISHIKATA and MARTIN METTE |date=2016 |page=36:3771–4. |url=https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/36/7/3771}}</ref>(multiple sclerosis, [[Autism spectrum|autism]]). Second-generation GcMAF prepared from human serum shows remarkable therapeutic effects in [[multiple sclerosis]] (MS)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kuchiike D, Uto Y, Mukai H, Ishiyama N, Abe C, Tanaka D, Kawai T, Kubo K, Mette M, Inui T, Endo Y And Hori H |title=Degalactosylated/Desialylated Human Serum Containing Gcmaf Induces Macrophage Phagocytic Activity And In Vivo Antitumor Activity. |journal=Anticancer Research |date=2013 |page=33: 2881-2885 |url=https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/33/7/2881}}</ref>.




== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 03:25, 24 January 2024

GcMAF (or Gc protein-derived macrophage activating factor) is a protein produced by modification of vitamin D-binding protein.[1]

Once proclaimed a 'magic protein' capable of curing cancer, GcMAF has been proven ineffective. The case sheds light on how far scammers are willing to go to exploit desperate cancer patients and their families for financial gain.

Public warning issued by the Anticancer Fund[2]

Biochemically, GcMAF results from sequential deglycosylation of the vitamin D-binding protein (the Gc protein), which is naturally promoted by lymphocytes (B and T cells).[3] The resulting protein may be a macrophage activating factor (MAF).[3] MAFs are lymphokines that control the expression of antigens on the surface of macrophages, and one of their functions is to make macrophages become cytotoxic to tumors.[4]

False claims

Since around 2008, GcMAF has been promoted as a cure for cancer,[5] HIV,[6] autism[7] and other conditions.[8]

Three out of four of the original studies authored by Yamamoto (published between 2007 and 2009) were retracted by the scientific journals in which they were published in 2014, officially due to irregularities in the way ethical approval was granted.[6][9][10][11] Retraction reasons also included methodological errors in the studies.[12][13] The integrity of the research, conducted by Nobuto Yamamoto and colleagues, that originally prompted claims regarding cancer and HIV has been questioned.[5][2]

The UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency[8] and Cancer Research UK has warned the public about spurious claims of clinical benefits, misleadingly based on reduced levels of the alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase enzyme (also known as nagalase), whose production might be increased in many cancers.[5]

In 2014 the Belgian Anticancer Fund communicated serious concerns about published studies on GcMAF by Yamamoto and colleagues.[2]

In 2015 the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) closed a factory in Milton, Cambridgeshire owned by David Noakes' company Immuno Biotech that manufactured GcMAF for cancer treatment.[14]

In September 2018 Noakes pleaded guilty in UK to manufacturing a medicinal product without a manufacturer's licence, selling or supplying medicinal products without market authorisation, and money laundering,[15] and sentenced to 15 months of jail.[16] In April 2021 Noakes pleaded guilty in France to manufacturing and selling fake medicinal products and cosmetics by Internet and sentenced to 4 years of jail.[17]

A 2019 Business Insider report detailed the activities of Amanda Mary Jewell, who sold GcMAF for years as a(n unlicensed) cure for several medical conditions, including cancer and autism.[18] Jewell is not a medical doctor.[19]

First Generation GcMAF

Gc protein-derived macrophage-activating factor (GcMAF).

GcMAF initially conceptualized by Dr. Nobuto Yamamoto in 1991[20], has been explored as an important immunotherapy in the realm of cancer treatment[21]. Previous research efforts involved the isolation of Gc protein (1f1f subtype) from human serum through an affinity column modified with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. GcMAF was enzymatically derived from the isolated Gc protein[22][23].

The method of separating Gc protein from serum leads to a reduction in the concentration, stability, and activity of GcMAF in the final product. First-generation GcMAF treatment is not personalized and does not consider each patient’s immune status, overlooking variations in Gc protein types, GcMAF levels, and the immune status of individual patients. Additionally, the reuse of the affinity column posed risks of cross-contamination among distinct serum samples[24].

Addressing these challenges, an innovative approach involved the preparation of degalactosylated/desialylated human serum, leading to the creation of serum GcMAF, also known as second-generation GcMAF[25]. This strategy aimed to overcome the limitations associated with isolating Gc protein from serum.

New Generation of GcMAF from Japan

The second-generation GcMAF approach takes into consideration the individual immune status of the patient. This immunotherapeutic method involves the exogenous preparation of GcMAF using a sample of the patient's serum or serum from their close relatives. Prior to GcMAF treatment, an examination is conducted to assess the patient's GcMAF level and immune status. The optimized GcMAF preparation is then administered to the cancer patient, with a crucial distinction that GcMAF is derived from individual serum samples without pooling[26].

The 2nd and 3rd generation GcMAF were developed by the Japanese organizations which hold the patents: in the USA (2014, 2016, 2017)[27][28][29], Japan (2015)[30], the EU (2016)[31], Australia (2016)[32], Israel (2018). There is a hypothesis proposing that the GcMAF precursor (preGcMAF), representing the full Gc protein lacking only the galactosyl moiety, could be converted to GcMAF in vivo through processing with constitutive sialidase. The research indicates that the 1f1f-subtype of preGcMAF, as GcMAF itself, serves as an effective precursor-type macrophage activator in vivo[33][34]. These findings emphasize that B-galactosidase treatment is a common modification for all subtypes of Gc protein to prepare GcMAF in vivo.

GcMAF exhibits its macrophage-activating properties through superoxide radical generation and phagocytic activation . Moreover, it has demonstrated antiangiogenic and antitumor activity in vivo[35].

GcMAF also directly inhibits the proliferation and migration of human prostate cancer cells and human breast cancer cells, irrespective of its macrophage activation ability[36]. Although GcMAF administration remains an unapproved therapy, previous studies and clinical practices have reported its effectiveness in treating various pathologies, including HIV infection, other infectious diseases[37], certain types of cancer[38][39][40], juvenile osteopetrosis, immunological conditions (systemic erythematous lupus), and neurological diseases [41](multiple sclerosis, autism). Second-generation GcMAF prepared from human serum shows remarkable therapeutic effects in multiple sclerosis (MS)[42].


See also

References

  1. ^ Galactosidases — Advances in Research and Application. Scholarly Editions. 21 June 2013. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-4816-8801-7.
  2. ^ a b c "GcMAF: a story of exploitation and lies". Anticancer Fund. 2017-12-08. Retrieved 2018-07-28.
  3. ^ a b Malik, Suneil; Fu, Lei; Juras, David James; Karmali, Mohamed; Wong, Betty Y. L.; Gozdzik, Agnes; Cole, David E. C. (January–February 2013). "Common variants of the vitamin D binding protein gene and adverse health outcomes". Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences. 50 (1): 1–22. doi:10.3109/10408363.2012.750262. PMC 3613945. PMID 23427793.
  4. ^ Mosser, David M. (February 2003). "The many faces of macrophage activation". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 73 (2): 209–212. doi:10.1189/jlb.0602325. PMID 12554797.
  5. ^ a b c Arney, Kat (3 December 2008). "'Cancer cured for good?' – Gc-MAF and the miracle cure (revised 25 July 2014)". Cancer Research UK. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  6. ^ a b (Retracted) Yamamoto, Nobuto; Ushijima, Naofumi; Koga, Yoshihiko (January 2009). "Immunotherapy of HIV-infected patients with Gc protein-derived macrophage activating factor (GcMAF)". Journal of Medical Virology. 81 (1): 16–26. doi:10.1002/jmv.21376. PMID 19031451.
  7. ^ Miller, Michael E. (16 July 2015). "The mysterious death of a doctor who peddled autism 'cures' to thousands". Washington Post. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  8. ^ a b "Press Release: Regulator warns against GcMAF made in unlicensed facility in Cambridgeshire - GOV.UK". Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. 3 February 2015.
  9. ^ (Retracted) Yamamoto, Nobuto; Suyama, Hirofumi; Yamamoto, Nobuyuki; Ushijima, Naofumi (15 January 2008). "Immunotherapy of metastatic breast cancer patients with vitamin D-binding protein-derived macrophage activating factor (GcMAF)". International Journal of Cancer. 122 (2): 461–467. doi:10.1002/ijc.23107. PMID 17935130. S2CID 15258428.
  10. ^ Yamamoto, N.; Suyama, H.; Nakazato, H.; Yamamoto, N.; Koga, Y. (2014). "Retraction Note to: Immunotherapy of metastatic colorectal cancer with vitamin D-binding protein-derived macrophage-activating factor, GcMAF". Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 63 (12): 1349. doi:10.1007/s00262-014-1616-x. PMID 25297451.
  11. ^ "Retraction". International Journal of Cancer. 135 (6): 1509. 15 September 2014. doi:10.1002/ijc.29014. S2CID 221774191.
  12. ^ Ivan Oransky (25 July 2014). "Paper about widely touted but unapproved "cure" for cancer, autism retracted". Retractionwatch.
  13. ^ "Tracking retractions as a window into the scientific process Yet another study of widely touted cancer "cure" retracted". Retraction Watch. 2014-10-10. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  14. ^ "UK's MHRA shuts down GcMAF plant". FDA News. 1 March 2015.
  15. ^ Mann, Nick (27 September 2018). "Man behind GcMAF is facing jail". Guernsey Press.
  16. ^ "Cancer 'cure' boss David Noakes jailed for 15 months". BBC. 27 November 2018.
  17. ^ "Cinq Britanniques condamnés pour la vente d'un médicament "miracle" sur internet" (in French). Notretemps. 15 April 2021.
  18. ^ Porter, Tom (2019-10-18). "Unlicensed medical 'cures' are flourishing in closed Facebook groups, where cancer treatments — and even surgery — are sold beyond the reach of the law". Business Insider. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
  19. ^ Evans, Ruth (2016-10-16). "Investigation over cancer 'cure' GcMAF". Retrieved 2019-11-14.
  20. ^ Toshio Inui, Kaori Makita, Hirona Miura, Akiko Matsuda, Daisuke Kuchiike,　Kentaro Kubo, Martin Mette, Yoshihiro Uto, Takahito Nishikata, Hitoshi Hori　And Norihiro Sakamoto (2014). "Case Report: A Breast Cancer Patient Treated With Gcmaf, Sonodynamic Therapy And Hormone Therapy". Anticancer Research: 34, 4589-4594.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Toshio Inui, Daisuke Kuchiike, Kentaro Kubo, Martin Mette, Yoshihiro Uto,　Hitoshi Hori And Norihiro Sakamoto (2013). "Clinical Experience Of Integrative Cancer Immunotherapy With Gcmaf". Anticancer Research: 33, 2917-2920,.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Daisuke Kuchiike, Yoshihiro Uto, Hirotaka Mukai, Noriko Ishiyama, Chiaki Abe, Daichi Tanaka, Tomohito Kawai, Kentaro Kubo, Martin Mette, Toshio Inui, Yoshio Endo And Hitoshi Hori (2013). "Degalactosylated/Desialylated Human Serum Containing Gcmaf Induces Macrophage Phagocytic　Activity And In Vivo Antitumor Activity". Anticancer Research: 33:2881-2886.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ oshio Inui, Oksana Kruglova, Olga Martyneko, Kostiantym Martyneko, Vadym Tieroshyn, Anatoli Gavrylov, Kentaro Kubo Borys Kutsyn, Alla Kubashko, Zoryana Veklych, Yurika Terashima, Martin Mette　And Galyna Kutsyna (2023). "Effect Of Degalactosylated Bovine Glycoprotein Formulations Maf And M Сapsules On Lymphopenia　And Clinical Outcomes In Hospitalized Covid-19 Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial". Research Square.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Lucrezia Spadera, Maria Spadera (2020). "otential Role Of Gcmaf In Suppressing The Severity Of Covid-19-Induced Immune Responses:Nlesson Learned From Hiv". Medical Hypotheses: 144.
  25. ^ Toshio Inui, Kaori Makita, Hirona Miura, Akiko Matsuda, Daisuke Kuchiike, Kentaro Kubo, Martin Mette, Yoshihiro Uto, Takahito Nishikata, Hitoshi Hori And Norihiro Sakamoto (2014). "Case Report: A Breast Cancer Patient Treated With Gcmaf, Sonodynamic Therapy And Hormone Therapy". Anticancer Research: 34, 4589-4594,.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Toshio Inui, Daisuke Kuchiike, Kentaro Kubo, Martin Mette, Yoshihiro Uto, Hitoshi Hori And Norihiro Sakamoto (2013). "Clinical Experience Of Integrative Cancer Immunotherapy With Gcmaf". Anticancer Research: 33　2917-2920.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ "United States Patent Uto Et Al. Us008747919b2 Us 8,747,919 B2 Jun. 10, 2014 Pharmaceutical Composition And Method Of Preparing Same". Retrieved 2024. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  28. ^ "United States Patent (10) Patent No.: Us 9,409,972 B2 Uto Et Al. (45) Date Of Patent: Pharmaceutical Composition And Method Of Preparing Same *Aug. 9, 2016".
  29. ^ "United States Patent Uto Et Al. Usoo9670268b2 Us 9,670,268 B2 *Jun. 6, 2017 Pharmaceutical Composition And Method Of Preparing Same".
  30. ^ "Japan Platform For Patent Information Wo-A1-2013/038997".
  31. ^ "European Patent Specification Pharmaceutical Composition And Manufacturing Method Therefor Wo 2013/038997 (21.03.2013 Gazette 2013/12)".
  32. ^ "Australian Government Ip Australia 2012309586 Pharmaceutical Composition And Manufacturing Method Therefor 2012-09-07 Granted".
  33. ^ Uto, Y. Syota Yamamoto, Ryota Takeuchi, Yoshinori Nakagawa, Keiji Hirota, Hiroshi Terada, Shinya Onizuka, Eiji Nakata And Hitoshi Hori (2011). "Effect Of The Gc-Derived Macrophage-Activating Factor Precursor (Pregcmaf) On Phagocytic Activation Of Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages". Anticancer Research: 31, 2489-2492.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ Lucrezia Spadera, Marina Lugarà, Maria Spadera, Mariano Conticelli, Gabriella Oliva, Vincenzo　Bassi, Valentina Apuzzi, Francesco Calderaro, Olimpia Fattoruso, Pietro Guzzi, Maurizio D'amora, Oriana Catapano, Roberta Marra, Maria Galdo, Michele Zappalà, Toshio Inui, Martin Mette, Giuseppe Vitiello, Maria Corvino And Giuseppe Tortoriello (2023). "Adjunctive Use Of Oral Maf Is Associated With No Disease Progression Or Mortality In Hospitalized Patients With Covid-19 Pneumonia: The Single-Arm Coral-Maf1 Prospective Trial" (PDF). Biomed Pharmacother: 169:115894.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ Toshio Inui, Namiko Kawamura, Riho Nakamura, Akio Inui and Goro Katsuura (2022). "Degalactosylated Whey Protein Suppresses Inflammatory Responses Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Mic". Frontiers in Nutrition. 9:1-8.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ Toru Tasaka, Emi Kuwada, Yuka Izuchi, Ryohei Nishigawa, Hisatsuguyamada, Hideki Unuma, Ken Tokunaga, Akio Hayakawa, Akiteru Go, Kikyo Go And Yoshihiro Uto (2018). "Concentration-Dependent Activation Of Inflammatory/Anti-Inflammatory Functions Of Macrophages By Hydrolyzed Whey Protein". Anticancer Research: 38:4299-4304.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. ^ Toshio Inui, Kentaro Kubo , Daisuke Kuchiike , Yoshihiro Uto , Takahito Nishikata, Norihiro Sakamoto, Martin Mette (2015). "Oral Colostrum Macrophage-activating Factor for Serious Infection and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Three Case Reports". Anticancer Research: 35:4545–9.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ TOSHIO INUI, DAISUKE KUCHIIKE, KENTARO KUBO, MARTIN METTE, YOSHIHIRO UTO, HITOSHI HORI and NORIHIRO SAKAMOTO (2013). "Clinical Experience of Integrative Cancer Immunotherapy with GcMAF": 33:2917–9. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  39. ^ TOSHIO INUI, KAORI MAKITA, HIRONA MIURA, AKIKO MATSUDA, DAISUKE KUCHIIKE, KENTARO KUBO, MARTIN METTE, YOSHIHIRO UTO, TAKAHITO NISHIKATA, HITOSHI HORI and NORIHIRO SAKAMOTO (2014). "Case Report: A Breast Cancer Patient Treated with GcMAF, Sonodynamic Therapy and Hormone Therapy". Anticancer Research. 34:4589–93.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  40. ^ Chaiyasit K, Toshio I, Wiwanitkit V. (2015). "The use of Gc protein-derived macrophage activating factor for management of thyroid cancer": 11:1041. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ Case Report: GcMAF Treatment in a Patient with Multiple Sclerosis (2016). "TOSHIO INUI, GORO KATSUURA, KENTARO KUBO, DAISUKE KUCHIIKE, LESLYE CHENERY, YOSHIHIRO UTO, TAKAHITO NISHIKATA and MARTIN METTE": 36:3771–4. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  42. ^ Kuchiike D, Uto Y, Mukai H, Ishiyama N, Abe C, Tanaka D, Kawai T, Kubo K, Mette M, Inui T, Endo Y And Hori H (2013). "Degalactosylated/Desialylated Human Serum Containing Gcmaf Induces Macrophage Phagocytic Activity And In Vivo Antitumor Activity". Anticancer Research: 33: 2881-2885.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GcMAF&oldid=1198433357"