Asparagopsis taxiformis: Difference between revisions

Limu Kohu
	Asparagopsis taxiformis in Mayotte.
Scientific classification
Clade:	Archaeplastida
Division:	Rhodophyta
Class:	Florideophyceae
Order:	Bonnemaisoniales
Family:	Bonnemaisoniaceae
Genus:	Asparagopsis
Species:	A. taxiformis
Binomial name
	Asparagopsis taxiformis; (Delile) Trevis.
Synonyms
	Asparagopsis sanfordiana

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Asparagopsis taxiformis (red sea plume or limu kohu), formerly A. sanfordiana,^[1] is a species of red algae, with cosmopolitan distribution in tropical to warm temperate waters.^[2] Researchers have demonstrated that feeding ruminants a diet containing 0.2% A. taxiformis seaweed reduced their methane emissions by nearly 99 percent.^[3]

Lifecycle

Like many red algae, A. taxiformis has a haplodiplophasic lifecycle, with each phase morphologically distinct. The species' diploid stage was initially described as Falkenbergia hillebrandii (Bornet) Falkenberg 1901 because it was thought to be a separate species.

Culinary uses

Asparagopsis is one of the most popular types of limu.^[4] in the cuisine of Hawaii, it is principally a condiment.^[5] It is known as Limu kohu in the Hawaiian language, meaning "pleasing seaweed".^[6] Limu kohu has a bitter taste, somewhat reminiscent of iodine,^[7] and is a traditional ingredient in poke.

The essential oil of limu kohu is 80% bromoform (tri-bromo-methane) by weight.^[8] It also includes many other bromine- and iodine-containing organic compounds.^[5]

Methane emissions reduction in ruminants

In 2014, researchers at CSIRO and James Cook University (supported by Meat & Livestock Australia) demonstrated that treating ruminal fluid with one to two percent red seaweed reduced their methane emissions by over 90 percent.^[9] Of 30 types of seaweed tested, A. taxiformis showed the most promise, with nearly 99 percent effectiveness.^[10]

The findings spurred further investigation into its effects on ruminant animal enteric methane production. In 2016, the same team showed that 2-5% of seaweed biomass effectively reduced production by 98-100%^[11] in vitro and, in a separate study, identified the bioactives in A. taxiformis. While dichloromethane extract was the most potent bioactive, reducing methane production by 79%, bromoform and dibromochloromethane had the highest activity inhibiting methane production, and only bromoform is present in sufficient quantities to be effective.^[12] In 2020, they showed that a 0.2% addition of A. taxiformis to cattle’s feed reduced the livestock’s methane emissions by over 98%.^[13] In 2021, a team from UC Davis found that additions of 0.25% and 0.5% reduced cattle’s enteric methane emissions by 69.8% and 80% respectively.^[14]

Supply from wild harvest is not expected to be adequate to support broad adoption. Subsequent to the Australian study, CSIRO established FutureFeed Pty Ltd., which holds the global intellectual property (IP) rights for the use of Asparagopsis for livestock feed, with the aim of significantly reducing enteric methane emissions in ruminants.^[15] In 2020, FutureFeed won a Food Planet Prize worth USD $1 million for the research behind its inception.^[16]

Aquaculture

A. taxiformis has yet to be commercially farmed at scale, but several companies are working towards it as they make the seaweed available to the livestock industry. A research/development initiative called Greener Grazing is seeking to close the life cycle of A. taxiformis and demonstrate ocean-based grow-out.^[17]

A startup out of KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Volta Greentech, Sea Forest, SeaStock, Immersion Group, Synergraze, Symbrosia and Blue Ocean Barns, are growing A. taxiformis in vertical, near-shore land-based tanks, using seawater to provide the proper temperature and nutrients.^[18]^[19] Symbrosia, from Yale University, is looking to integrate the cultivation with whiteleg shrimp on land, using a patent-pending technology.^[20] Another start-up, CH4 Global, has developed energy-efficient EcoParks in Australia and New Zealand to produce A. taxiformis for use in its solutions for feedlot cattle.^[21] CH4 Global has partnered with Clean Seas to grow A. taxiformis at Arno Bay, Australia, where it uses carbon and nitrogen waste from Clean Seas’ ocean-based fish farms as food for the seaweed.^[22] In 2023 CH4 global reported its first commercial sale and intentions to feed the additive to 10,000 cattle.^[23]

Volta Greentech, Blue Ocean Barns, Symbrosia and CH4 Global have been backed by venture capital funds.

References

^ Ní Chualáin, F.; Maggs, C.A.; Saunders, G.W. & Guiry, M.D. (2004). "The invasive genus Asparagopsis (Bonnemaisoniaceae, Rhodophyta): molecular systematics, morphology, and ecophysiology of Falkenbergia isolates". Journal of Phycology. 40 (6): 1112–1126. Bibcode:2004JPcgy..40.1112C. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03135.x. S2CID 53065361.
^ "Asparagopsis taxiformis". Algaebase. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
^ Kinley, Robert D.; Martinez-Fernandez, Gonzalo; Matthews, Melissa K.; de Nys, Rocky; Magnusson, Marie; Tomkins, Nigel W. (2020-06-20). "Mitigating the carbon footprint and improving productivity of ruminant livestock agriculture using a red seaweed". Journal of Cleaner Production. 259: 120836. Bibcode:2020JCPro.25920836K. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120836. ISSN 0959-6526. S2CID 216251207.
^ Mary Kawena Pukui; Samuel Hoyt Elbert (2003). "lookup of limu kohu". in Hawaiian Dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved October 8, 2010.
^ ^a ^b B. Jay Burreson; et al. (1976). "Volatile halogen compounds in the alga Asparagopsis taxiformis (Rhodophyta)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 24 (4): 856–861. doi:10.1021/jf60206a040.
^ Mary Kawena Pukui; Samuel Hoyt Elbert (2003). "lookup of kohu". in Hawaiian Dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved October 8, 2010.
^ Fortner, Heather J. (1978). "The Limu Eater: a cookbook of Hawaiian seaweed" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-04. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
^ Burreson, B. Jay; Moore, Richard E.; Roller, Peter P. (1976). "Volatile halogen compounds in the alga Asparagopsis taxiformis (Rhodophyta)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 24 (4): 856. doi:10.1021/jf60206a040.
^ Machado, Lorenna; Magnusson, Marie; Paul, Nicholas A.; de Nys, Rocky; Tomkins, Nigel (2014-01-22). "Effects of Marine and Freshwater Macroalgae on In Vitro Total Gas and Methane Production". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e85289. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...985289M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085289. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3898960. PMID 24465524.
^ "Seaweed could hold the key to cutting methane emissions from cow burps - CSIROscope". CSIROscope. 2016-10-14. Retrieved 2018-10-01.
^ Kinley, Robert D.; Nys, Rocky de; Vucko, Matthew J.; Machado, Lorenna; Tomkins, Nigel W.; Kinley, Robert D.; Nys, Rocky de; Vucko, Matthew J.; Machado, Lorenna; Tomkins, Nigel W. (2016-02-09). "The red macroalgae Asparagopsis taxiformis is a potent natural antimethanogenic that reduces methane production during in vitro fermentation with rumen fluid". Animal Production Science. 56 (3): 282–289. doi:10.1071/AN15576. ISSN 1836-5787. S2CID 86220977.
^ "Identification of bioactives from the red seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis that promote antimethanogenic activity in vitro". ResearchGate.
^ Kinley, Robert D.; Martinez-Fernandez, Gonzalo; Matthews, Melissa K.; de Nys, Rocky; Magnusson, Marie; Tomkins, Nigel W. (2020-06-20). "Mitigating the carbon footprint and improving productivity of ruminant livestock agriculture using a red seaweed". Journal of Cleaner Production. 259: 120836. Bibcode:2020JCPro.25920836K. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120836. ISSN 0959-6526. S2CID 216251207.
^ Roque, Breanna M.; Venegas, Marielena; Kinley, Robert D.; Nys, Rocky de; Duarte, Toni L.; Yang, Xiang; Kebreab, Ermias (2021-03-17). "Red seaweed (Asparagopsis taxiformis) supplementation reduces enteric methane by over 80 percent in beef steers". PLOS ONE. 16 (3): e0247820. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1647820R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247820. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7968649. PMID 33730064.
^ WO2015109362A2, MACHADO, Lorenna; MAGNUSSON, Marie Elisabeth & TOMKINS, Nigel William et al., "Method for reducing total gas production and/or methane production in a ruminant animal", issued 2015-07-30
^ "FutureFeed". Food Planet Prize. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
^ "Gassy cows are bad for the planet; could seaweed diet help?". AP News. Retrieved 2018-10-01.
^ Tatiana Schlossberg (November 27, 2020). "An unusual snack for cows, a powerful fix for climate; Feeding them seaweed slashes the amount of methane they burp into the atmosphere," The Washington Post.
^ Duggan, Tara (October 27, 2021). "Dairy cows' greenhouse gas emissions cut by 52% after eating seaweed at Bay Area farm". San Francisco Chronicle.
^ "Symbrosia". Tsai CITY. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
^ Moore, Gareth (2022-08-29). "The seaweed that could save the earth". www.fishfarmingexpert.com (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2022-12-02.
^ "Kingfish and Asparagopsis producers team up". thefishsite.com. 3 August 2022. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
^ "Methane reducing- supplement- makes first commercial sale". www.tradefarmmachinery.com.au. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 2024-03-23.

External links

Edible Limu of Hawaii
Greener Grazing
iNaturalist, especially for more photos.

Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Asparagopsis taxiformis". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.

[1] Ní Chualáin, F.; Maggs, C.A.; Saunders, G.W. & Guiry, M.D. (2004). "The invasive genus Asparagopsis (Bonnemaisoniaceae, Rhodophyta): molecular systematics, morphology, and ecophysiology of Falkenbergia isolates". Journal of Phycology. 40 (6): 1112–1126. Bibcode:2004JPcgy..40.1112C. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03135.x. S2CID 53065361.

[2] "Asparagopsis taxiformis". Algaebase. Retrieved 2016-10-19.

[3] Kinley, Robert D.; Martinez-Fernandez, Gonzalo; Matthews, Melissa K.; de Nys, Rocky; Magnusson, Marie; Tomkins, Nigel W. (2020-06-20). "Mitigating the carbon footprint and improving productivity of ruminant livestock agriculture using a red seaweed". Journal of Cleaner Production. 259: 120836. Bibcode:2020JCPro.25920836K. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120836. ISSN 0959-6526. S2CID 216251207.

[4] Mary Kawena Pukui; Samuel Hoyt Elbert (2003). "lookup of limu kohu". in Hawaiian Dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved October 8, 2010.

[Burreson76-5] B. Jay Burreson; et al. (1976). "Volatile halogen compounds in the alga Asparagopsis taxiformis (Rhodophyta)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 24 (4): 856–861. doi:10.1021/jf60206a040.

[6] Mary Kawena Pukui; Samuel Hoyt Elbert (2003). "lookup of kohu". in Hawaiian Dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved October 8, 2010.

[7] Fortner, Heather J. (1978). "The Limu Eater: a cookbook of Hawaiian seaweed" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-04. Retrieved 4 February 2021.

[8] Burreson, B. Jay; Moore, Richard E.; Roller, Peter P. (1976). "Volatile halogen compounds in the alga Asparagopsis taxiformis (Rhodophyta)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 24 (4): 856. doi:10.1021/jf60206a040.

[9] Machado, Lorenna; Magnusson, Marie; Paul, Nicholas A.; de Nys, Rocky; Tomkins, Nigel (2014-01-22). "Effects of Marine and Freshwater Macroalgae on In Vitro Total Gas and Methane Production". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e85289. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...985289M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085289. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3898960. PMID 24465524.

[10] "Seaweed could hold the key to cutting methane emissions from cow burps - CSIROscope". CSIROscope. 2016-10-14. Retrieved 2018-10-01.

[11] Kinley, Robert D.; Nys, Rocky de; Vucko, Matthew J.; Machado, Lorenna; Tomkins, Nigel W.; Kinley, Robert D.; Nys, Rocky de; Vucko, Matthew J.; Machado, Lorenna; Tomkins, Nigel W. (2016-02-09). "The red macroalgae Asparagopsis taxiformis is a potent natural antimethanogenic that reduces methane production during in vitro fermentation with rumen fluid". Animal Production Science. 56 (3): 282–289. doi:10.1071/AN15576. ISSN 1836-5787. S2CID 86220977.

[12] "Identification of bioactives from the red seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis that promote antimethanogenic activity in vitro". ResearchGate.

[13] Kinley, Robert D.; Martinez-Fernandez, Gonzalo; Matthews, Melissa K.; de Nys, Rocky; Magnusson, Marie; Tomkins, Nigel W. (2020-06-20). "Mitigating the carbon footprint and improving productivity of ruminant livestock agriculture using a red seaweed". Journal of Cleaner Production. 259: 120836. Bibcode:2020JCPro.25920836K. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120836. ISSN 0959-6526. S2CID 216251207.

[14] Roque, Breanna M.; Venegas, Marielena; Kinley, Robert D.; Nys, Rocky de; Duarte, Toni L.; Yang, Xiang; Kebreab, Ermias (2021-03-17). "Red seaweed (Asparagopsis taxiformis) supplementation reduces enteric methane by over 80 percent in beef steers". PLOS ONE. 16 (3): e0247820. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1647820R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247820. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7968649. PMID 33730064.

[15] WO2015109362A2, MACHADO, Lorenna; MAGNUSSON, Marie Elisabeth & TOMKINS, Nigel William et al., "Method for reducing total gas production and/or methane production in a ruminant animal", issued 2015-07-30

[16] "FutureFeed". Food Planet Prize. Retrieved 2022-12-02.

[17] "Gassy cows are bad for the planet; could seaweed diet help?". AP News. Retrieved 2018-10-01.

[auto1-18] Tatiana Schlossberg (November 27, 2020). "An unusual snack for cows, a powerful fix for climate; Feeding them seaweed slashes the amount of methane they burp into the atmosphere," The Washington Post.

[19] Duggan, Tara (October 27, 2021). "Dairy cows' greenhouse gas emissions cut by 52% after eating seaweed at Bay Area farm". San Francisco Chronicle.

[20] "Symbrosia". Tsai CITY. Retrieved 2022-12-02.

[21] Moore, Gareth (2022-08-29). "The seaweed that could save the earth". www.fishfarmingexpert.com (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2022-12-02.

[22] "Kingfish and Asparagopsis producers team up". thefishsite.com. 3 August 2022. Retrieved 2022-12-02.

[23] "Methane reducing- supplement- makes first commercial sale". www.tradefarmmachinery.com.au. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 2024-03-23.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of seaweed}}
 {{Italic title}}
 {{Speciesbox
-|name = Limukohu
+| name = Limu Kohu
-|taxon = Asparagopsis taxiformis
+| taxon = Asparagopsis taxiformis
-|image = Asparagopsis taxiformis.jpg
+| image = Asparagopsis taxiformis.jpg
-|image_caption = ''Asparagopsis taxiformis'' in [[Mayotte]].
+| image_caption = ''Asparagopsis taxiformis'' in [[Mayotte]].
-|authority = ([[Alire Raffeneau Delile|Delile]]) [[Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-Léon|Trevis.]]
+| authority = ([[Alire Raffeneau Delile|Delile]]) [[Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-Léon|Trevis.]]
-|synonyms = ''Asparagopsis sanfordiana''
+| synonyms = ''Asparagopsis sanfordiana''
 }}
-'''''Asparagopsis taxiformis''''', ('''''limu kohu''''') formerly '''''A. sanfordiana''''',<ref>{{cite journal|author = Ní Chualáin, F.|author2 = Maggs, C.A.|author3 = Saunders, G.W.|author4 = Guiry, M.D.|last-author-amp = yes | title =  The invasive genus Asparagopsis (Bonnemaisoniaceae, Rhodophyta): molecular systematics, morphology, and ecophysiology of Falkenbergia isolates | year = 2004 | journal = Journal of Phycology | volume = 40 | pages = 1112–1126 | doi = 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03135.x|issue = 6}}</ref> is a species of [[red alga]], with cosmopolitan distribution in tropical to warm temperate waters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=636|title=:: Algaebase|website=www.algaebase.org|access-date=2016-10-19}}</ref>
+'''''Asparagopsis taxiformis''''' ('''red sea plume''' or '''limu kohu'''), formerly '''''A. sanfordiana''''',<ref>{{cite journal|author = Ní Chualáin, F.|author2 = Maggs, C.A.|author3 = Saunders, G.W.|author4 = Guiry, M.D.|name-list-style = amp | title =  The invasive genus Asparagopsis (Bonnemaisoniaceae, Rhodophyta): molecular systematics, morphology, and ecophysiology of Falkenbergia isolates | year = 2004 | journal = Journal of Phycology | volume = 40 | pages = 1112–1126 | doi = 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03135.x|issue = 6| bibcode=2004JPcgy..40.1112C |s2cid = 53065361}}</ref> is a species of [[red algae]], with [[cosmopolitan distribution]] in tropical to warm temperate waters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=636|title=''Asparagopsis taxiformis''| work=Algaebase|access-date=2016-10-19}}</ref>  Researchers have demonstrated that feeding [[ruminants]] a diet containing 0.2% ''A. taxiformis'' [[seaweed]] reduced their [[methane emissions]] by nearly 99 percent.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kinley |first1=Robert D. |last2=Martinez-Fernandez |first2=Gonzalo |last3=Matthews |first3=Melissa K. |last4=de Nys |first4=Rocky |last5=Magnusson |first5=Marie |last6=Tomkins |first6=Nigel W. |date=2020-06-20 |title=Mitigating the carbon footprint and improving productivity of ruminant livestock agriculture using a red seaweed |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |language=en |volume=259 |pages=120836 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120836 |s2cid=216251207 |issn=0959-6526|doi-access=free |bibcode=2020JCPro.25920836K }}</ref>
 == Lifecycle ==
-Like many [[red algae]], ''A. taxiformis'' has a haplodiplophasic lifecycle, with each phase morphologically distinct. The species' [[haploid]] stage was initially described as ''Falkenbergia'' ''hillebrandii'' <small>(Bornet) Falkenberg 1901</small> because it was thought to be a separate species.
+Like many [[red algae]], ''A. taxiformis'' has a haplodiplophasic lifecycle, with each phase morphologically distinct. The species' [[diploid]] stage was initially described as ''Falkenbergia'' ''hillebrandii'' <small>(Bornet) Falkenberg 1901</small> because it was thought to be a separate [[species]].
 == Culinary uses ==
+[[File:Ahi limu poke.jpg|thumb|Ahi limu [[Poke (Hawaii)|poke]].|alt=]]
-[[File:Ahi limu poke.jpg|thumb|Ahi limu [[Poke (Hawaii)|poke]].|alt=|left]]''Asparagopsis'' is one of the most popular types of [[limu (algae)|''limu''.]]<ref>{{Hawaiian Dictionaries|limu kohu |accessdate=October 8, 2010}}</ref> in the [[cuisine of Hawaii]], it is principally a condiment.<ref name="Burreson76">{{cite journal|year=1976|title=Volatile halogen compounds in the alga Asparagopsis taxiformis (Rhodophyta)|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=24|issue=4|pages=856–861|doi=10.1021/jf60206a040|author=B. Jay Burreson|display-authors=etal}}</ref> It is known as ''Limu kohu'' in the [[Hawaiian language]] meaning "pleasing seaweed".<ref>{{Hawaiian Dictionaries|kohu |accessdate=October 8, 2010}}</ref> ''Limu kohu'' is a traditional ingredient in [[poke (Hawaii)|''poke'']].
+''Asparagopsis'' is one of the most popular types of [[limu (algae)|''limu''.]]<ref>{{Hawaiian Dictionaries|limu kohu |accessdate=October 8, 2010}}</ref> in the [[cuisine of Hawaii]], it is principally a condiment.<ref name="Burreson76">{{cite journal|year=1976|title=Volatile halogen compounds in the alga Asparagopsis taxiformis (Rhodophyta)|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=24|issue=4|pages=856–861|doi=10.1021/jf60206a040|author=B. Jay Burreson|display-authors=etal}}</ref> It is known as ''Limu kohu'' in the [[Hawaiian language]], meaning "pleasing seaweed".<ref>{{Hawaiian Dictionaries|kohu |accessdate=October 8, 2010}}</ref> ''Limu kohu'' has a [[Taste|bitter taste]], somewhat reminiscent of [[iodine]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Fortner|first=Heather J.|date=1978|title=The Limu Eater: a cookbook of Hawaiian seaweed|url=https://georgehbalazs.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/The-Limu-Eater.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104230412/https://georgehbalazs.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/The-Limu-Eater.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-04 |access-date=4 February 2021|website=}}</ref> and is a traditional ingredient in [[poke (Hawaii)|''poke'']].
-The essential oil of limu kohu is 80% [[bromoform]] (tri-bromo-methane)<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Volatile halogen compounds in the alga Asparagopsis taxiformis (Rhodophyta)|first = B. Jay|last = Burreson|author2= Moore, Richard E.|author3= Roller, Peter P.|journal = [[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]]|year = 1976|volume = 24|page = 856|doi = 10.1021/jf60206a040|issue = 4}}</ref> by weight, and includes many other [[bromine]]- and [[iodine]]-containing organic compounds.<ref name="Burreson76" />
+The essential oil of ''limu kohu'' is 80% [[bromoform]] (tri-bromo-methane) by weight.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Volatile halogen compounds in the alga Asparagopsis taxiformis (Rhodophyta)|first = B. Jay|last = Burreson|author2= Moore, Richard E.|author3= Roller, Peter P.|journal = [[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]]|year = 1976|volume = 24|page = 856|doi = 10.1021/jf60206a040|issue = 4}}</ref> It also includes many other [[bromine]]- and iodine-containing [[organic compound]]s.<ref name="Burreson76" />
+==Methane emissions reduction in ruminants==
-{{Clear}}
+{{main|FutureFeed}}
+[[File:Asparagopsis taxiformis Réunion.JPG|thumb|''A. taxiformis'' in its habitat on the bottom of the ocean.]]
+[[File:CH cow 2.jpg|thumb|[[Cattle|Cows]] [[Burping|burp]] tons of the [[greenhouse gas]] [[methane]] that comes from their [[foregut fermentation]]. However, if only a small percentage of their diet is A. taxiformis, this is greatly reduced.]]
+In 2014, researchers at [[CSIRO]] and [[James Cook University]] (supported by Meat & Livestock Australia) demonstrated that treating ruminal fluid with one to two percent red [[seaweed]] reduced their [[methane emissions]] by over 90 percent.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Machado|first1=Lorenna|last2=Magnusson|first2=Marie|last3=Paul|first3=Nicholas A.|last4=de Nys|first4=Rocky|last5=Tomkins|first5=Nigel|date=2014-01-22|title=Effects of Marine and Freshwater Macroalgae on In Vitro Total Gas and Methane Production|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=e85289|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0085289|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3898960|pmid=24465524|bibcode=2014PLoSO...985289M|doi-access=free}}</ref> Of 30 types of seaweed tested, ''A. taxiformis'' showed the most promise, with nearly 99 percent effectiveness.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blog.csiro.au/seaweed-hold-key-cutting-methane-emissions-cow-burps/|title=Seaweed could hold the key to cutting methane emissions from cow burps - CSIROscope|date=2016-10-14|work=CSIROscope|access-date=2018-10-01|language=en-US}}</ref>
+The findings spurred further investigation into its effects on ruminant animal enteric methane production. In 2016, the same team showed that 2-5% of seaweed biomass effectively reduced production by 98-100%<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kinley |first1=Robert D. |last2=Nys |first2=Rocky de |last3=Vucko |first3=Matthew J. |last4=Machado |first4=Lorenna |last5=Tomkins |first5=Nigel W. |last6=Kinley |first6=Robert D. |last7=Nys |first7=Rocky de |last8=Vucko |first8=Matthew J. |last9=Machado |first9=Lorenna |last10=Tomkins |first10=Nigel W. |date=2016-02-09 |title=The red macroalgae Asparagopsis taxiformis is a potent natural antimethanogenic that reduces methane production during in vitro fermentation with rumen fluid |url=https://www.publish.csiro.au/an/AN15576 |journal=Animal Production Science |language=en |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=282–289 |doi=10.1071/AN15576 |s2cid=86220977 |issn=1836-5787}}</ref> [[in vitro]] and, in a separate study, identified the bioactives in ''A. taxiformis''. While [[dichloromethane]] extract was the most potent [[Bioactive compound|bioactive]], reducing methane production by 79%, [[bromoform]] and [[dibromochloromethane]] had the highest activity inhibiting methane production, and only bromoform is present in sufficient quantities to be effective.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299274346|title=Identification of bioactives from the red seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis that promote antimethanogenic activity in vitro|website=ResearchGate}}</ref> In 2020, they showed that a 0.2% addition of ''A. taxiformis'' to cattle’s feed reduced the livestock’s methane emissions by over 98%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kinley |first1=Robert D. |last2=Martinez-Fernandez |first2=Gonzalo |last3=Matthews |first3=Melissa K. |last4=de Nys |first4=Rocky |last5=Magnusson |first5=Marie |last6=Tomkins |first6=Nigel W. |date=2020-06-20 |title=Mitigating the carbon footprint and improving productivity of ruminant livestock agriculture using a red seaweed |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |language=en |volume=259 |pages=120836 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120836 |s2cid=216251207 |issn=0959-6526|doi-access=free |bibcode=2020JCPro.25920836K }}</ref> In 2021, a team from [[University of California, Davis|UC Davis]] found that additions of 0.25% and 0.5% reduced cattle’s enteric methane emissions by 69.8% and 80% respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roque |first1=Breanna M. |last2=Venegas |first2=Marielena |last3=Kinley |first3=Robert D. |last4=Nys |first4=Rocky de |last5=Duarte |first5=Toni L. |last6=Yang |first6=Xiang |last7=Kebreab |first7=Ermias |date=2021-03-17 |title=Red seaweed (Asparagopsis taxiformis) supplementation reduces enteric methane by over 80 percent in beef steers |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=e0247820 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0247820 |pmid=33730064 |pmc=7968649 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1647820R |issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free }}</ref>
-==Methane emissions reduction in cattle==
-In 2014, researchers at [[CSIRO]] and [[James Cook University]] demonstrated that feeding [[ruminants]] a diet consisting of 1-2% percent red seaweed reduced their methane emissions by over 90 percent.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Machado|first=Lorenna|last2=Magnusson|first2=Marie|last3=Paul|first3=Nicholas A.|last4=de Nys|first4=Rocky|last5=Tomkins|first5=Nigel|date=2014-01-22|title=Effects of Marine and Freshwater Macroalgae on In Vitro Total Gas and Methane Production|journal=PLoS ONE|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=e85289|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0085289|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3898960|pmid=24465524}}</ref> Of 20 types of seaweed tested, ''A. taxiformis'' showed the most promise, with nearly 99 percent effectiveness.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blog.csiro.au/seaweed-hold-key-cutting-methane-emissions-cow-burps/|title=Seaweed could hold the key to cutting methane emissions from cow burps - CSIROscope|date=2016-10-14|work=CSIROscope|access-date=2018-10-01|language=en-US}}</ref> The findings spurred interest from leading academic and trade organizations to further investigate its effects on ruminant animal production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/can-seaweed-cut-methane-emissions-dairy-farms/|title=Can Seaweed Cut Methane Emissions on Dairy Farms?|website=UC Davis|language=en|access-date=2018-10-01|date=2018-05-24}}</ref> Some findings of research on these effects have been that the [[dichloromethane]] extract (found in A. taxiformis) was the most potent bioactive, reducing methane production by 79 %. Other bioactives found were [[bromoform]], [[dibromochloromethane]], bromochloroacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299274346_Identification_of_bioactives_from_the_red_seaweed_Asparagopsis_taxiformis_that_promote_antimethanogenic_activity_in_vitro Identification of bioactives from the red seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis that promote antimethanogenic activity in vitro]</ref>
+Supply from wild harvest is not expected to be adequate to support broad adoption. Subsequent to the Australian study, CSIRO established [[FutureFeed]] Pty Ltd., which holds the global [[intellectual property]] (IP) rights for the use of ''Asparagopsis'' for livestock feed, with the aim of significantly reducing enteric methane emissions in ruminants.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=WO2015109362A2|title=Method for reducing total gas production and/or methane production in a ruminant animal|gdate=2015-07-30|invent1=MACHADO|invent2=MAGNUSSON|invent3=TOMKINS|invent4=KINLEY|inventor1-first=Lorenna|inventor2-first=Marie Elisabeth|inventor3-first=Nigel William|inventor4-first=Robert Douglas|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2015109362A2/en}}</ref> In 2020, FutureFeed won a Food Planet Prize worth USD $1 million for the research behind its inception.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FutureFeed |url=https://foodplanetprize.org/initiatives/prizewinner-futurefeed/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Food Planet Prize |language=en-GB}}</ref>
-Supply from wild harvest is not expected to be adequate to support broad adoption.
-''A. taxiformis'' has yet to be commercially farmed at scale. A research/development initiative called Greener Grazing is seeking to close the life cycle of ''A. taxiformis'' and demonstrate ocean based grow-out.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/31b0a326b3614135a270d9fc2dfcfe7d|title=Gassy cows are bad for the planet; could seaweed diet help?|work=AP News|access-date=2018-10-01|language=en-US}}</ref>
+=== Aquaculture ===
-A startup out of [[KTH Royal Institute of Technology]]; [https://voltagreentech.com/ Volta Greentech] and [https://www.symbrosiasolutions.com/ Symbrosia] from [[Yale University]], are both working to grow ''A. taxiformis.'' Symbrosia is looking to integrate the cultivation with [[Whiteleg shrimp]] on land, using a patent-pending technology.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.symbrosiasolutions.com/|title = Symbrosia | access-date=2018-11-21|language=en-US}}</ref>
+''A. taxiformis'' has yet to be commercially farmed at scale, but several companies are working towards it as they make the seaweed available to the livestock industry. A research/development initiative called Greener Grazing is seeking to close the life cycle of ''A. taxiformis'' and demonstrate ocean-based grow-out.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/31b0a326b3614135a270d9fc2dfcfe7d|title=Gassy cows are bad for the planet; could seaweed diet help?|work=AP News|access-date=2018-10-01|language=en-US}}</ref>
+A startup out of [[KTH Royal Institute of Technology]], Volta Greentech, Sea Forest, SeaStock, Immersion Group, Synergraze, Symbrosia and Blue Ocean Barns, are growing ''A. taxiformis'' in vertical, near-shore land-based tanks, using [[seawater]] to provide the proper temperature and nutrients.<ref name="auto1">Tatiana Schlossberg (November 27, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2020/11/27/climate-solutions-seaweed-methane/ "An unusual snack for cows, a powerful fix for climate; Feeding them seaweed slashes the amount of methane they burp into the atmosphere,"] ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Duggan |first=Tara |date=October 27, 2021 |title=Dairy cows' greenhouse gas emissions cut by 52% after eating seaweed at Bay Area farm |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/climate/article/Dairy-cows-greenhouse-gas-emissions-cut-by-52-16567144.php |website=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> Symbrosia, from [[Yale University]], is looking to integrate the cultivation with [[whiteleg shrimp]] on land, using a patent-pending technology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Symbrosia |url=https://city.yale.edu/projects/symbrosia |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Tsai CITY |language=en}}</ref> Another start-up, {{Proper name|CH4 Global}}, has developed energy-efficient EcoParks in Australia and New Zealand to produce ''A. taxiformis'' for use in its solutions for feedlot cattle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Gareth |date=2022-08-29 |title=The seaweed that could save the earth |url=https://www.fishfarmingexpert.com/the-seaweed-that-could-save-the-earth/1400879 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=www.fishfarmingexpert.com |language=nb-no}}</ref> {{Proper name|CH4 Global}} has partnered with Clean Seas to grow ''A. taxiformis''  at Arno Bay, Australia, where it uses carbon and nitrogen waste from Clean Seas’ ocean-based fish farms as food for the seaweed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kingfish and Asparagopsis producers team up |url=https://thefishsite.com/articles/kingfish-and-asparagopsis-producers-team-up-clean-seas-ch4-australia |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=thefishsite.com |date=3 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In 2023 CH4 global reported its first commercial sale and intentions to feed the additive to 10,000 cattle.<ref> {{Cite web |title=Methane reducing- supplement- makes first commercial sale |url=https://www.tradefarmmachinery.com.au/methane-reducing-supplement-makes-first-commercial-sale/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.tradefarmmachinery.com.au |date=28 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
+Volta Greentech, Blue Ocean Barns, Symbrosia and {{Proper name|CH4 Global}} have been backed by [[venture capital]] funds.
 ==See also==
-*[[Limu (algae)]]
+* {{annotated link|Algaculture}}
+* {{annotated link|Edible seaweed}}
+*[[Limu (algae)]] – Edible plants living under water or near water
+{{clear}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 37: / Line 51: @@
 * [http://www.hawaii.edu/reefalgae/publications/ediblelimu/index.htm Edible Limu of Hawaii]
 *[https://www.greenergrazing.org Greener Grazing]
+*[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/208548-Asparagopsis-taxiformis iNaturalist], especially for more photos.
-{{AlgaeBase species|name=''Asparagopsis taxiformis''|id=636&-}}
+*{{AlgaeBase species|name=''Asparagopsis taxiformis''|id=636&-}}
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q4807687}}
-[[Category:Bonnemaisoniales]]
+[[Category:Bonnemaisoniaceae]]
 [[Category:Algae of Hawaii]]
 [[Category:Edible algae]]
 [[Category:Hawaiian cuisine]]
-[[Category:Sea vegetables]]
+[[Category:Edible seaweeds]]
-[[Category:Climate change mitigation]]
+[[Category:Emissions reduction]]
+[[Category:Seaweeds]]
+[[Category:Red algae genera]]
+[[Category:Bonnemaisoniales]]
-{{Rhodophyta-stub}}