Soy formula: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Substitute for human breast milk}} |
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'''Soy formula''' is a substitute for human [[breast milk]]. It is a commercial product based on the proteins found in soybeans. Soy infant formula uses processed soybeans as its source of protein, and comes in powdered or liquid form.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK153456/|title= |
'''Soy formula''' is a substitute for human [[breast milk]]. It is a commercial product based on the proteins found in soybeans. Soy [[infant formula]] uses processed soybeans as its source of protein, and comes in powdered or liquid form.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK153456/|title=Promoting Breastfeeding During Pregnancy – Step 3|date=7 August 2017|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=7 August 2017|via=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822183222/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK153456/|archive-date=22 August 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> Usually lactose-free, soy infant formula contains a different sugar. Infants who are intolerant of cows' milk protein may also be intolerant of soy protein. It differs from human breast milk in a number of ways.<ref>{{cite book | last = Walker | first = Marsha | title = Breastfeeding management for the clinician : using the evidence | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Publishers | location = Sudbury, Mass | year = 2011 | isbn = 9780763766511 }}</ref> Soy protein inhibits the absorption of iron. The soy-based formulas discussed by the [[World Health Organization]] reports that soy formula is fortified with iron to compensate for this effect.<ref name=whoanemia>{{cite web | url =https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/anaemia_iron_deficiency/9241542497.pdf?ua=1 | publisher = The World Health Organization | title = Preventing and Controlling Iron Defiency Anaemia Through Primary Health Care | date = 1990 | accessdate = 9 August 2017 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170808032740/http://www.jiaci.org/summary/vol27-issue1-num1451 | archive-date = 8 August 2017 }}</ref> One naturally occurring plant-based compound found in soy-based infant formula is [[phytic acid]]. It is also a strong inhibitor of iron absorption, though it can be removed in processing. It is not known how many manufacturers of soy-based formula incorporate this practice. China and Vietnam have regulated soy-based infant formulas to include NaFeEDTA (sodium-feric [[ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid]]) to fortify the formula and enhance the absorption of iron by the infant. When iron compounds are added to soy-based infant formula, the iron compound is encapsulated to prevent it from making the formula dark.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guide_food_fortification_micronutrients.pdf?ua=1 |title=JIACI · Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology |accessdate=2017-08-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808032740/http://www.jiaci.org/summary/vol27-issue1-num1451 |archive-date=2017-08-08 }}</ref> |
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==Constituents== |
==Constituents== |
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Genetically modified ingredients may be present in soy-based infant formula. It may also be of lower nutritional value.<ref name=mwalker>{{cite journal|title=Formula Supplementation of Breastfed Infants: Helpful or Hazardous?|first=Marsha|last=Walker|date=1 August 2015|journal=[[ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition]]|volume=7|issue=4|pages=198–207|doi=10.1177/1941406415591208 |
Genetically modified ingredients may be present in soy-based infant formula. It may also be of lower nutritional value.<ref name=mwalker>{{cite journal|title=Formula Supplementation of Breastfed Infants: Helpful or Hazardous?|first=Marsha|last=Walker|date=1 August 2015|journal=[[ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition]]|volume=7|issue=4|pages=198–207|doi=10.1177/1941406415591208|doi-access=free}}</ref> Soy-based infant formula can have [[Aluminium|aluminum]], [[Phytic acid|phytates]], and [[phytoestrogens]] (isoflavones) that might cause unanticipated effects. Other constituents are [[Amino acid|amino acids]]: such as [[taurine]], [[methionine]], and [[carnitine]]. Added minerals are phosphore, calcium, iron, and [[zinc]]. SIF also contains soy-isolate that supplies 95% of protein. |
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==Indications== |
==Indications== |
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Breastfeeding is still the best option for feeding infants.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Soy infant formula: is it that bad?|first1=Yvan|last1=Vandenplas|first2=Elisabeth|last2=De Greef|first3=Thierry|last3=Devreker|first4=Bruno|last4=Hauser|date=1 February 2011|journal=Acta Paediatrica|volume=100|issue=2|pages=162–166|doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02021.x|pmid = 20860705| |
Breastfeeding is still the best option for feeding infants.<ref name=yvan>{{cite journal|title=Soy infant formula: is it that bad?|first1=Yvan|last1=Vandenplas|first2=Elisabeth|last2=De Greef|first3=Thierry|last3=Devreker|first4=Bruno|last4=Hauser|date=1 February 2011|journal=Acta Paediatrica|volume=100|issue=2|pages=162–166|doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02021.x|pmid = 20860705|s2cid=44418196}}</ref> There are instances when breastfeeding is not possible and the use of formula is appropriate.<ref name= mwalker/> |
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Indications for the use of soy-based infant formula are [[galactosaemia]] and [[lactase deficiency]]. When a child develops an allergy to cows' milk, soy-based formula is used. SBF is less costly than other breast milk formula substitutes.<ref name=yvan |
Indications for the use of soy-based infant formula are [[galactosaemia]] and [[lactase deficiency]]. When a child develops an allergy to cows' milk, soy-based formula is used. SBF is less costly than other breast milk formula substitutes.<ref name=yvan /> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Past reports of the effects of soy formula have suggested that a constituent of soy formula may affect reproductive functions. However, studies have shown that no correlation exists between the consumption of soy formula and abnormality in reproductive anatomy or function.<ref>{{cite journal |
Past reports of the effects of soy formula have suggested that a constituent of soy formula may affect reproductive functions. However, studies have shown that no correlation exists between the consumption of soy formula and abnormality in reproductive anatomy or function.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Compared with Feeding Infants Breast Milk or Cow-Milk Formula, Soy Formula Feeding Does Not Affect Subsequent Reproductive Organ Size at 5 Years of Age|first1=Aline|last1=Andres|first2=Mary B.|last2=Moore|first3=Leann E.|last3=Linam|first4=Patrick H.|last4=Casey|first5=Mario A.|last5=Cleves|first6=Thomas M.|last6=Badger|date=1 May 2015|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|volume=145|issue=5|pages=871–875|doi=10.3945/jn.114.206201|pmid=25761499|doi-access=free}}</ref> Soy-based infant formula has been used for over the past 100 years. By late 1800s and the early 1900s, supplementation of breastfeeding with formula was acceptable.<ref name= mwalker/> Soy-based formula was used as early as 1909.<ref name = yvan/> |
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==Allergies and other concerns== |
==Allergies and other concerns== |
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Soy-based infant formula is associated with [[Allergies in children|allergies in infants]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Non–IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy|first1=Anna|last1=Nowak-Węgrzyn|first2=Yitzhak|last2=Katz|first3=Sam Soheil|last3=Mehr|first4=Sibylle|last4=Koletzko|date=1 May 2015|journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=135|issue=5|pages=1114–1124|doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.025|pmid=25956013| |
Soy-based infant formula is associated with [[Allergies in children|allergies in infants]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Non–IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy|first1=Anna|last1=Nowak-Węgrzyn|first2=Yitzhak|last2=Katz|first3=Sam Soheil|last3=Mehr|first4=Sibylle|last4=Koletzko|date=1 May 2015|journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=135|issue=5|pages=1114–1124|doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.025|pmid=25956013|doi-access=free}}</ref> Chronic food protein-induced [[enterocolitis]] syndrome (FPIES) has been observed in infants aged younger than three months who were fed with soy formula.<ref name="Nowak-WęgrzynJarocka-Cyrta2017">{{cite journal|last1=Nowak-Węgrzyn|first1=A|last2=Jarocka-Cyrta|first2=E|last3=Moschione Castro|first3=APB|title=Food Protein–Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome|journal=Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology|volume=27|issue=1|year=2017|pages=1–18|issn=1018-9068|doi=10.18176/jiaci.0135|pmid=28211341|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[France]] has taken soy-based infant formula off the market. Soy-base formula accounts for about 20% of the infant formula purchased in the US. In [[New Zealand]] formula use is around 10%, and in [[Belgium]] and the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and about 5%.<ref name = yvan/> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Infants and their care}} |
{{Infants and their care}} |
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[[Category:Infant |
[[Category:Infant formula]] |
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[[Category:Baby products]] |
[[Category:Baby products]] |
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[[Category:Babycare]] |
[[Category:Babycare]] |
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Latest revision as of 14:50, 27 November 2023
Soy formula is a substitute for human breast milk. It is a commercial product based on the proteins found in soybeans. Soy infant formula uses processed soybeans as its source of protein, and comes in powdered or liquid form.[1] Usually lactose-free, soy infant formula contains a different sugar. Infants who are intolerant of cows' milk protein may also be intolerant of soy protein. It differs from human breast milk in a number of ways.[2] Soy protein inhibits the absorption of iron. The soy-based formulas discussed by the World Health Organization reports that soy formula is fortified with iron to compensate for this effect.[3] One naturally occurring plant-based compound found in soy-based infant formula is phytic acid. It is also a strong inhibitor of iron absorption, though it can be removed in processing. It is not known how many manufacturers of soy-based formula incorporate this practice. China and Vietnam have regulated soy-based infant formulas to include NaFeEDTA (sodium-feric ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) to fortify the formula and enhance the absorption of iron by the infant. When iron compounds are added to soy-based infant formula, the iron compound is encapsulated to prevent it from making the formula dark.[4]
Constituents
[edit]Genetically modified ingredients may be present in soy-based infant formula. It may also be of lower nutritional value.[5] Soy-based infant formula can have aluminum, phytates, and phytoestrogens (isoflavones) that might cause unanticipated effects. Other constituents are amino acids: such as taurine, methionine, and carnitine. Added minerals are phosphore, calcium, iron, and zinc. SIF also contains soy-isolate that supplies 95% of protein.
Indications
[edit]Breastfeeding is still the best option for feeding infants.[6] There are instances when breastfeeding is not possible and the use of formula is appropriate.[5]
Indications for the use of soy-based infant formula are galactosaemia and lactase deficiency. When a child develops an allergy to cows' milk, soy-based formula is used. SBF is less costly than other breast milk formula substitutes.[6]
History
[edit]Past reports of the effects of soy formula have suggested that a constituent of soy formula may affect reproductive functions. However, studies have shown that no correlation exists between the consumption of soy formula and abnormality in reproductive anatomy or function.[7] Soy-based infant formula has been used for over the past 100 years. By late 1800s and the early 1900s, supplementation of breastfeeding with formula was acceptable.[5] Soy-based formula was used as early as 1909.[6]
Allergies and other concerns
[edit]Soy-based infant formula is associated with allergies in infants.[8] Chronic food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) has been observed in infants aged younger than three months who were fed with soy formula.[9] France has taken soy-based infant formula off the market. Soy-base formula accounts for about 20% of the infant formula purchased in the US. In New Zealand formula use is around 10%, and in Belgium and the UK and about 5%.[6]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ "Promoting Breastfeeding During Pregnancy – Step 3". World Health Organization. 7 August 2017. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017 – via www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Walker, Marsha (2011). Breastfeeding management for the clinician : using the evidence. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 9780763766511.
- ^ "Preventing and Controlling Iron Defiency Anaemia Through Primary Health Care". The World Health Organization. 1990. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
- ^ "JIACI · Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology". Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
- ^ a b c Walker, Marsha (1 August 2015). "Formula Supplementation of Breastfed Infants: Helpful or Hazardous?". ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition. 7 (4): 198–207. doi:10.1177/1941406415591208.
- ^ a b c d Vandenplas, Yvan; De Greef, Elisabeth; Devreker, Thierry; Hauser, Bruno (1 February 2011). "Soy infant formula: is it that bad?". Acta Paediatrica. 100 (2): 162–166. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02021.x. PMID 20860705. S2CID 44418196.
- ^ Andres, Aline; Moore, Mary B.; Linam, Leann E.; Casey, Patrick H.; Cleves, Mario A.; Badger, Thomas M. (1 May 2015). "Compared with Feeding Infants Breast Milk or Cow-Milk Formula, Soy Formula Feeding Does Not Affect Subsequent Reproductive Organ Size at 5 Years of Age". The Journal of Nutrition. 145 (5): 871–875. doi:10.3945/jn.114.206201. PMID 25761499.
- ^ Nowak-Węgrzyn, Anna; Katz, Yitzhak; Mehr, Sam Soheil; Koletzko, Sibylle (1 May 2015). "Non–IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 135 (5): 1114–1124. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.025. PMID 25956013.
- ^ Nowak-Węgrzyn, A; Jarocka-Cyrta, E; Moschione Castro, APB (2017). "Food Protein–Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome". Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology. 27 (1): 1–18. doi:10.18176/jiaci.0135. ISSN 1018-9068. PMID 28211341.
