Jörmungandr: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Latest revision as of 03:10, 9 November 2024

In Norse mythology, Jörmungandr (Old Norse: Jǫrmungandr, lit. 'the Vast 'gand'', see Etymology), also known as the Midgard Serpent or World Serpent (Old Norse: Miðgarðsormr), is an unfathomably large sea serpent or worm who dwells in the world sea, encircling the Earth (Midgard) and biting its own tail, an example of an ouroboros. As a result of it surrounding Midgard (the Earth) it is referred to as the World Serpent. Jörmungandr releasing its tail is one of the signs of the beginning of Ragnarök (the final battle of the world).

Jörmungandr is said to be the middle child of the trickster god Loki and the giantess Angrboða. According to the Prose Edda, Odin took Loki's three children by Angrboða – the wolf Fenrir, the goddess Hel, and the serpent Jörmungandr – and removed them from Asgard (the world of the Æsir). The serpent Jörmungandr was tossed into the great ocean that encircles Midgard.^[1] There the serpent grew so large that it was able to surround the Earth and grasp its own tail.^[1] The old Norse thunder-god, Thor, has an on-going feud with Jörmungandr in their epics and the two can be seen as archfoes. During Ragnarök, Thor and Jörmungandr will fight each other to the death.

Etymology

The name Jǫrmungandr is a poetic title and consists of the prefix jǫrmun- and the word gandr. The prefix "jǫrmun-" denotes something huge, vast, or superhuman.^[2] The word "gandr" can mean a variety of things in Old Norse, but mainly refers to elongated entities and or supernatural beings. Gandr can refer to, among other things: snake, fjord, river, staff, cane, mast, penis, bind, and the like (mainly in "supernatural" or "living" senses).^[3]^[4] The term "Jörmungandr" therefore has several possible meanings in connection with its mythology, such as: "the vast serpent", "the vast river" (a synonym for the sea where he dwells), "the vast staff or stick" (a connection to the world tree Yggdrasil), as well as "the vast bind" (the serpent's coiling around the world, biting its own tail, symbolising the world's circle of life).^[3]^[4]

Sources

The major sources for myths about Jörmungandr are the Prose Edda, the skaldic poem Húsdrápa, and the Eddic poems Hymiskviða and Völuspá. Other sources include the early skaldic poem Ragnarsdrápa and kennings in other skaldic poems; for example, in Þórsdrápa, faðir lögseims, "father of the sea-thread", is used as a kenning for Loki. There are also several image stones depicting the story of Thor fishing for Jörmungandr.

Stories

There are three preserved myths detailing Thor's encounters with Jörmungandr:

Lifting the cat

In one story, Thor encounters the giant king Útgarða-Loki and has to perform deeds for him, one of which is a challenge of Thor's strength. Útgarða-Loki goads Thor into attempting to lift the World Serpent, disguised by magic as a huge cat. Thor grabs the cat around its midsection but manages to raise the cat only high enough for one of its paws to leave the floor. Útgarða-Loki later explains his deception and that Thor's lifting the cat was an impressive deed, as he had stretched the serpent so that it had almost reached the sky. Many watching became fearful when they saw one paw lift off the ground.^[5] If Thor had managed to lift the cat completely from the ground, he would have altered the boundaries of the universe.^[6]

Thor's fishing trip

Jörmungandr and Thor meet again when Thor goes fishing with the giant Hymir. When Hymir refuses to provide Thor with bait, Thor strikes the head off Hymir's largest ox to use it. They row to a point where Hymir often sat and caught flatfish and where he drew up two whales. Thor demands to go further out to sea and does so despite Hymir's protest. Thor then prepares a strong line and a large hook and baits it with the ox head, which Jörmungandr bites. Thor pulls the serpent from the water, and the two face one another, Jörmungandr blowing atter.^[7] Hymir goes pale with fear. As Thor grabs his hammer to kill the serpent, the giant cuts the line, leaving the serpent to sink beneath the waves and return to its original position encircling the earth.^[7]^[8] The Eddic poem Hymiskviða has a similar ending to the story, but in earlier Scandinavian versions of the myth in skaldic poetry, Thor successfully captures and kills the serpent by striking it on the head.^[8]^[9]

Thor's fishing for Jörmungandr was one of the most popular motifs in Norse art. Four picture stones that are believed to depict the myth are the Altuna Runestone and the Ardre VIII image stone in Sweden, the Hørdum stone in Denmark, and a stone slab at Gosforth, Cumbria by the same sculptor as the Gosforth Cross.^[10]^[11]^[12] Many of these depictions show the giant cutting the fishing line; on the Altuna stone, Thor is alone, implying he successfully killed the serpent.^[8] The Ardre VIII stone may depict more than one stage in the events: a man entering a house where an ox is standing, two men leaving, one with something on his shoulder, and two men using a spear to fish.^[13] The image on this stone has been dated to the 8th^[10] to 10th^[14] century. If the stone is correctly interpreted as a depiction of this myth, it would indicate that the story was preserved essentially unchanged for several centuries prior to the recording of the version in the Prose Edda around the year 1220.^[13]^[9]

Ragnarök

As recounted in Snorri's Gylfaginning based on the Eddic poem Völuspá, one sign of the coming of Ragnarök is the violent unrest of the sea as Jörmungandr releases its tail from its mouth. The sea will flood and the serpent will thrash onto the land.^[1] It will advance, spraying poison to fill the air and water, beside Fenrir, whose eyes and nostrils blaze with fire and whose gape touches the earth and the sky. They will join the sons of Muspell to confront the gods on the plain of Vigrid. Here is where the last meeting between the serpent and Thor is predicted to occur. He will eventually kill Jörmungandr but will fall dead after walking nine paces, having been poisoned by the serpent's deadly venom.^[15] Thor's final battle with Jörmungandr has been identified, with other scenes of Ragnarök, on the Gosforth Cross.^[12]

Analysis

Thor's fishing for Jörmungandr has been taken as one of the similarities between him and the Hindu god Indra, who in Vedic mythology slays the dragon Vritra,^[16]^[17] and has also been related to a Balto-Slavic motif of the storm god combatting a serpent.^[18] An alternative analysis of the episode by Preben Meulengracht Sørensen is that it was a youthful indiscretion on the part of Thor, retold to emphasize the order and balance of the cosmos, in which Jörmungandr played a vital role.^[19] John Lindow draws a parallel between Jörmungandr's biting of its own tail and the binding of Fenrir, as part of a recurring theme of the bound monster in Norse mythology, where an enemy of the gods is bound but destined to break free at Ragnarök.^[20]

Eponym

Asteroid 471926 Jörmungandr was named after the mythological sea serpent.^[21] The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 (M.P.C. 111804).^[22]

Popular culture media appearances

Jörmungandr has made a variety of appearances in popculture media. Some notable examples include:

Vikings (TV series) – Jörmungandr makes an appearance in season six of the History Channel television show Vikings.^[23]
God of War (franchise) – Jörmungandr is a mainstay character in the video games God of War from 2018 and God of War Ragnarök from 2022.^[24]
Vinland Saga (manga) - Early in the manga and anime, the child Thorfinn had a dream of duelling Jörmungandr at sea. It was only interrupted when his older sister smothered him against her chest while keeping warm in their shared bed.

Gallery

Thor fishing for the Midgard Serpent in an illustration from an 18th-century Icelandic manuscript
Thor Battering the Midgard Serpent (1790) by Henry Fuseli
Thor and the Midgard Serpent (1905) by Emil Doepler
The children of Loki (1920) by Willy Pogany
Jörmungandr rising to the ox head bait, from the 17th-century Icelandic manuscript AM 738 4to
Thor and Jörmungandr by Lorenz Frølich

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Snorri Sturluson; Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist (trans.) (1916). The Prose Edda. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation. Gylfaginning ch.LI , p. 109.
^ "Jörmun-". old-icelandic.vercel.app. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Fornvännen 94" (PDF). Fornvännen. Journal of Swedish Antiquarian Research (in Swedish): 61. 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Gand, seid og åndevind" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
^ Snorri Sturluson (1916) Gylfaginning ch. xlvi, xlvii, pp. 65, 67.
^ Thury, Eva M.; Devinney, Margaret K. (2017). Introduction to Mythology (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 302–03. ISBN 978-0-19-026298-3.
^ ^a ^b Snorri Sturluson (1916) Gylfaginning ch. xlviii, pp. 68–70.
^ ^a ^b ^c Meulengracht Sørensen, Preben; Williams, Kirsten (trans.) (1986). "Þorr's Fishing Expedition". In Steinsland, Gro (ed.). Words and Objects: Towards a Dialogue Between Archaeology and History of Religion. Oslo: The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture; Norwegian University Press. pp. 270–71. ISBN 82-00-07751-9. Meulengracht Sørensen, Preben; Williams, Kirsten (trans.) (2002). "Þorr's Fishing Expedition (Hymiskviða)". In Acker, Paul; Larrington, Carolyne (eds.). The Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Mythology. London / New York: Routledge. pp. 130–31. ISBN 0-8153-1660-7.
^ ^a ^b Clunies Ross, Margaret (1989). "Two of Þórr's Great Fights according to Hymiskviða" (PDF). Leeds Studies in English. 20: 8–10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2019.
^ ^a ^b Meulengracht Sørensen (1986) p. 260, (2002) p. 123.
^ Kopár, Lilla (2018) [2016]. "Eddic poetry and the imagery of stone monuments". In Larrington, Carolyne; Quinn, Judy; Schorn, Brittany (eds.). A Handbook to Eddic Poetry: Myths and Legends of Early Scandinavia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 203–08. ISBN 978-1-316-50129-0.
^ ^a ^b Fee, Christopher R.; Leeming, David A. (2001). Gods, Heroes, & Kings: The Battle for Mythic Britain. Oxford University Press. p. 36. ISBN 0-19-513479-6. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
^ ^a ^b Meulengracht Sørensen (1986) p. 269, (2002) p. 130.
^ Kopár, p. 208.
^ Snorri Sturluson (2016) Gylfaginning ch. li, pp. 78–80.
^ Turville-Petre, E. O. G. (1964). Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. History of Religions. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 104. OCLC 460550410.
^ Dumézil, Georges (1952). Les Dieux des Indo-Européens. Mythes et religions (in French). Vol. 29. Presses universitaires de France. p. 24. OCLC 459390464.
^ Ivanov, Vjaceslav V.; Toporov, Vladimir N.; Karvovski, A. (trans.) (1970). "Le mythe indo-européen du dieu de l'orage poursuivant le serpent: réconstruction du schéma". In Pouillon, Jean; Maranda, Pierre (eds.). Échanges et communications: mélanges offerts à Claude Lévi-Strauss à l'occasion de son 60ème anniversaire. Studies in general anthropology (in French). Vol. 2. Mouton. pp. 1180–1206. OCLC 849278587.
^ Meulengracht Sørensen (1986) p. 272, (2002) p. 132.
^ Lindow, John (2002) [2001]. "Bound Monster". Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN 0-19-515382-0.
^ "471926 Jormungandr (2013 KN6)". Minor Planet Center. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
^ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Archived from the original on 5 March 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
^ Tyler, Adrienne (5 December 2020). "Vikings Season 6: What The Giant Serpent Creature Is". ScreenRant. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
^ "God of War: Ragnarok: Who is Jormungandr?". spieltimes.com. 9 November 2022. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2023.

Bibliography

Simek, Rudolf; Hall, Angela (trans.) (2000) [1993]. "Jǫrmungandr". Dictionary of Northern Mythology. Woodbridge, Suffolk / Rochester, New York: D.S. Brewer. p. 179. ISBN 0-85991-513-1.

[ProseEdda37-1] Snorri Sturluson; Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist (trans.) (1916). The Prose Edda. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation. Gylfaginning ch.LI , p. 109.

[Jörmun--2] "Jörmun-". old-icelandic.vercel.app. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.

[Fornvännen_94-3] "Fornvännen 94" (PDF). Fornvännen. Journal of Swedish Antiquarian Research (in Swedish): 61. 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.

[Gand,_seid_og_åndevind-4] "Gand, seid og åndevind" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2022.

[ProseEdda51-5] Snorri Sturluson (1916) Gylfaginning ch. xlvi, xlvii, pp. 65, 67.

[6] Thury, Eva M.; Devinney, Margaret K. (2017). Introduction to Mythology (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 302–03. ISBN 978-0-19-026298-3.

[ProseEdda54-7] Snorri Sturluson (1916) Gylfaginning ch. xlviii, pp. 68–70.

[:1-8] Meulengracht Sørensen, Preben; Williams, Kirsten (trans.) (1986). "Þorr's Fishing Expedition". In Steinsland, Gro (ed.). Words and Objects: Towards a Dialogue Between Archaeology and History of Religion. Oslo: The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture; Norwegian University Press. pp. 270–71. ISBN 82-00-07751-9. Meulengracht Sørensen, Preben; Williams, Kirsten (trans.) (2002). "Þorr's Fishing Expedition (Hymiskviða)". In Acker, Paul; Larrington, Carolyne (eds.). The Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Mythology. London / New York: Routledge. pp. 130–31. ISBN 0-8153-1660-7.

[:2-9] Clunies Ross, Margaret (1989). "Two of Þórr's Great Fights according to Hymiskviða" (PDF). Leeds Studies in English. 20: 8–10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2019.

[Sor123-10] Meulengracht Sørensen (1986) p. 260, (2002) p. 123.

[11] Kopár, Lilla (2018) [2016]. "Eddic poetry and the imagery of stone monuments". In Larrington, Carolyne; Quinn, Judy; Schorn, Brittany (eds.). A Handbook to Eddic Poetry: Myths and Legends of Early Scandinavia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 203–08. ISBN 978-1-316-50129-0.

[Battle-12] Fee, Christopher R.; Leeming, David A. (2001). Gods, Heroes, & Kings: The Battle for Mythic Britain. Oxford University Press. p. 36. ISBN 0-19-513479-6. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2021.

[Sørensen-13] Meulengracht Sørensen (1986) p. 269, (2002) p. 130.

[14] Kopár, p. 208.

[ProseEdda61-15] Snorri Sturluson (2016) Gylfaginning ch. li, pp. 78–80.

[16] Turville-Petre, E. O. G. (1964). Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. History of Religions. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 104. OCLC 460550410.

[17] Dumézil, Georges (1952). Les Dieux des Indo-Européens. Mythes et religions (in French). Vol. 29. Presses universitaires de France. p. 24. OCLC 459390464.

[18] Ivanov, Vjaceslav V.; Toporov, Vladimir N.; Karvovski, A. (trans.) (1970). "Le mythe indo-européen du dieu de l'orage poursuivant le serpent: réconstruction du schéma". In Pouillon, Jean; Maranda, Pierre (eds.). Échanges et communications: mélanges offerts à Claude Lévi-Strauss à l'occasion de son 60ème anniversaire. Studies in general anthropology (in French). Vol. 2. Mouton. pp. 1180–1206. OCLC 849278587.

[19] Meulengracht Sørensen (1986) p. 272, (2002) p. 132.

[20] Lindow, John (2002) [2001]. "Bound Monster". Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN 0-19-515382-0.

[21] "471926 Jormungandr (2013 KN6)". Minor Planet Center. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2018.

[22] "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Archived from the original on 5 March 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2018.

[23] Tyler, Adrienne (5 December 2020). "Vikings Season 6: What The Giant Serpent Creature Is". ScreenRant. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2023.

[24] "God of War: Ragnarok: Who is Jormungandr?". spieltimes.com. 9 November 2022. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2023.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|World Serpent in Norse mythology}}
+{{Short description|Sea serpent in Norse mythology}}
-{{about|the sea serpent in Norse mythology|the [[Marvel Comics]] version|Midgard Serpent (Marvel Comics)|the manga series|Jormungand (manga)}}
+{{About|the sea serpent in Norse mythology|the [[Marvel Comics]] version|Midgard Serpent (Marvel Comics)|the manga series|Jormungand (manga)|the extinct genus of recumbirostran|Joermungandr bolti|the extinct genus of mosasaur|Jormungandr walhallaensis}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
-{{Infobox deity
-| name         = Jörmungandr
-| image        = Jormungandr.jpg
-<!--| image_size   = 110 -->
-| caption      = Jörmungandr gets fished by an ox head, from the 17th century Icelandic manuscript AM 738 4to
-| parents      = [[Loki]] and [[Angrboda]]
-| siblings     = [[Fenrir]], [[Hel (being)|Hel]]
-| type         = norse
-}}
+[[File:Ragnarok - Louis Moe (17006) - cropped (cropped).png|thumb|300px|Jörmungandr in the sea during [[Ragnarök]], drawn by the Norwegian illustrator [[Louis Moe]] in 1898.]]
-In [[Norse mythology]], '''Jörmungandr''' ({{lang-non|Jǫrmungandr}}, pronounced {{IPA-non|ˈjɔrmunˌɡandr̥|}}, meaning "huge monster"<ref>[http://www.nordicnames.de/wiki/J%C7%ABrmungandr Rudolf Simek, ''Dictionary of Northern Mythology'' (1993)]</ref>), also known as the '''Midgard (World) Serpent''' ({{lang-non| Miðgarðsormr}}), is a [[sea serpent]], the middle child of the [[Jötunn|giantess]] [[Angrboða]] and [[Loki]]. According to the ''[[Prose Edda]]'', [[Odin]] took Loki's three children by Angrboða—the wolf [[Fenrir]], [[Hel (being)|Hel]], and Jörmungandr—and tossed Jörmungandr into the great ocean that encircles [[Midgard]].<ref name="ProseEdda37">Sturluson, ''[[Gylfaginning]]'' ch. xxxiv, 2008:37.</ref> The serpent grew so large that it was able to surround the [[earth]] and grasp its own tail.<ref name="ProseEdda37" /> As a result, it received the name of the Midgard Serpent or World Serpent. When it releases its tail, [[Ragnarök]] will begin. Jörmungandr's [[arch-enemy]] is the thunder-god, [[Thor]]. It is an example of an [[ouroboros]].
+In [[Norse mythology]], '''Jörmungandr''' ({{langx|non|Jǫrmungandr|lit=the Vast 'gand'}}, see [[#Etymology|Etymology]]), also known as the '''Midgard Serpent''' or '''World Serpent''' ({{langx|non|Miðgarðsormr}}), is an unfathomably large [[sea serpent]] or [[Germanic dragon|worm]] who dwells in the world sea, encircling the Earth ([[Midgard]]) and biting its own tail, an example of an [[ouroboros]]. As a result of it surrounding Midgard (the Earth) it is referred to as the World Serpent. Jörmungandr releasing its tail is one of the signs of the beginning of [[Ragnarök]] (the final battle of the world).
+Jörmungandr is said to be the middle child of the trickster god [[Loki]] and the [[Jötunn|giantess]] [[Angrboða]]. According to the ''[[Prose Edda]]'', [[Odin]] took Loki's three children by Angrboða – the wolf [[Fenrir]], the goddess [[Hel (being)|Hel]], and the serpent Jörmungandr – and removed them from [[Asgard]] (the world of the [[Æsir]]). The serpent Jörmungandr was tossed into the great ocean that encircles Midgard.<ref name="ProseEdda37">[[Snorri Sturluson]]; [[Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur|Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist]] (trans.) (1916). ''[[Prose Edda|The Prose Edda]]''. New York: [[The American-Scandinavian Foundation]]. ''[[Gylfaginning]]'' ch.LI&nbsp;, p.&nbsp;109.</ref> There the serpent grew so large that it was able to surround the [[Earth]] and grasp its own tail.<ref name="ProseEdda37" /> The old Norse thunder-god, [[Thor]], has an on-going feud with Jörmungandr in their [[Epic poetry|epics]] and the two can be seen as [[archfoe]]s. During [[Ragnarök]], Thor and Jörmungandr will fight each other to the death.
+== Etymology ==
+The name ''Jǫrmungandr'' is a poetic title and consists of the prefix ''jǫrmun-'' and the word ''gandr''. The prefix "jǫrmun-" denotes something huge, vast, or superhuman.<ref name="Jörmun-">{{cite web |title=Jörmun- |url=https://old-icelandic.vercel.app/word/jormun |website=old-icelandic.vercel.app |access-date=16 November 2022 |ref=A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, by Geir Zoëga |archive-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116075708/https://old-icelandic.vercel.app/word/jormun |url-status=live }}</ref> The word "gandr" can mean a variety of things in Old Norse, but mainly refers to elongated entities and or supernatural beings. Gandr can refer to, among other things: snake, fjord, river, staff, cane, mast, penis, bind, and the like (mainly in "supernatural" or "living" senses).<ref name="Fornvännen 94">{{cite journal |title=Fornvännen 94 |journal=Fornvännen. Journal of Swedish Antiquarian Research |date=1999 |pages=61 |url=http://www.diva-portal.se/smash/get/diva2:1226996/FULLTEXT01.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114022148/http://www.diva-portal.se/smash/get/diva2:1226996/FULLTEXT01.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=16 November 2022 |language=sv}}</ref><ref name="Gand, seid og åndevind">{{cite web |title=Gand, seid og åndevind |url=https://eldar-heide.net/onewebmedia/PDFer/Kultur-%20og%20religionshistorie/Heide%202006,%20Gand,%20seid%20og%20%C3%A5ndevind.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920003151/https://eldar-heide.net/onewebmedia/PDFer/Kultur-%20og%20religionshistorie/Heide%202006,%20Gand,%20seid%20og%20%C3%A5ndevind.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref> The term "Jörmungandr" therefore has several possible meanings in connection with its mythology, such as: "the vast serpent", "the vast river" (a synonym for the sea where he dwells), "the vast staff or stick" (a connection to the world tree [[Yggdrasil]]), as well as "the vast bind" (the serpent's coiling around the world, biting its own tail, symbolising the world's circle of life).<ref name="Fornvännen 94"/><ref name="Gand, seid og åndevind"/>
 == Sources ==
-The major sources for myths about Jörmungandr are the ''Prose Edda'', the [[skaldic poetry|skaldic poem]] ''[[Húsdrápa]]'', and the [[Eddic poem]]s ''[[Hymiskviða]]'' and ''[[Völuspá]]''. Other sources include [[kennings]] in other skaldic poems. For example, in ''[[Þórsdrápa]]'', ''faðir lögseims'', "father of the sea-thread", is used as a kenning for Loki. There are also image stones from ancient times depicting the story of Thor fishing for Jörmungandr.
+The major sources for myths about Jörmungandr are the ''Prose Edda'', the [[skaldic poetry|skaldic poem]] ''[[Húsdrápa]]'', and the [[Eddic poem]]s ''[[Hymiskviða]]'' and ''[[Völuspá]]''. Other sources include the early skaldic poem ''[[Ragnarsdrápa]]'' and [[kennings]] in other skaldic poems; for example, in ''[[Þórsdrápa]]'', ''faðir lögseims'', "father of the sea-thread", is used as a kenning for Loki. There are also several image stones depicting the story of Thor fishing for Jörmungandr.
 == Stories ==
@@ Line 21: / Line 18: @@
 === Lifting the cat ===
+[[File:Thor lifts the cat.jpg|thumb|[[Thor]] lifts Jörmungandr, disguised as a cat. ([[Lorenz Frølich]])]]
-In one story, Thor encounters the [[Jötunn|giant]] king [[Útgarða-Loki]] and has to perform deeds for him, one of which is a challenge of Thor's strength.  Útgarða-Loki goads Thor into lifting the serpent disguised by magic in the form of a magic colossal cat. Thor grabs the cat around the middle of its belly but is unable to lift such a monstrous creature as Jörmungandr. He manages to raise the cat high enough for only one of its paws to lift from off the floor.<ref name="ProseEdda51">Sturluson, ''Gylfaginning'' ch. xlvi, xlvii, 2008:52, 54.</ref> Útgarða-Loki expresses how the result was expected and later explains his deception. <ref name="ProseEdda51" />He acknowledges Thor's lifting of the cat as an impressive deed as he stretched the serpent to where it almost reached the sky. Many watching became fearful when they saw one paw lift off the ground. If Thor had managed to lift the cat completely from the ground, he would have altered the boundaries of the universe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Introduction to Mythology Fourth Edition|last=Thury, Eva M. 1|first=Devinney, Margaret K. 2|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-19-026298-3|location=New York, USA|pages=302-303}}</ref>
+In one story, Thor encounters the [[Jötunn|giant]] king [[Útgarða-Loki]] and has to perform deeds for him, one of which is a challenge of Thor's strength.  Útgarða-Loki goads Thor into attempting to lift the World Serpent, disguised by magic as a huge cat. Thor grabs the cat around its midsection but manages to raise the cat only high enough for one of its paws to leave the floor. Útgarða-Loki later explains his deception and that Thor's lifting the cat was an impressive deed, as he had stretched the serpent so that it had almost reached the sky. Many watching became fearful when they saw one paw lift off the ground.<ref name="ProseEdda51">Snorri Sturluson (1916) ''Gylfaginning'' ch.&nbsp;xlvi, xlvii, pp.&nbsp;65, 67.</ref> If Thor had managed to lift the cat completely from the ground, he would have altered the boundaries of the universe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Introduction to Mythology |edition=4th |last1=Thury |first1=Eva M. |last2=Devinney |first2=Margaret K. |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-19-026298-3|location=New York |pages=302–03}}</ref>
 === Thor's fishing trip ===
+[[File:U1161 Altunastenen Tors fiskafänge 2.jpg|thumb|upright|Thor's fishing trip depicted on the [[Altuna Runestone]], one of the few confirmed [[Viking Age]] depictions of Jörmungandr.]]
+Jörmungandr and Thor meet again when Thor goes fishing with the giant [[Hymir]]. When Hymir refuses to provide Thor with bait, Thor strikes the head off Hymir's largest ox to use it. They row to a point where Hymir often sat and caught flatfish and where he drew up two whales. Thor demands to go further out to sea and does so despite Hymir's protest. Thor then prepares a strong line and a large hook and baits it with the ox head, which Jörmungandr bites. Thor pulls the serpent from the water, and the two face one another, Jörmungandr blowing [[atter]].<ref name="ProseEdda54" /> Hymir goes pale with fear. As Thor grabs his [[Mjölnir|hammer]] to kill the serpent, the giant cuts the line, leaving the serpent to sink beneath the waves and return to its original position encircling the earth.<ref name="ProseEdda54">Snorri Sturluson (1916) ''Gylfaginning'' ch.&nbsp;xlviii, pp.&nbsp;68–70.</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |first1=Preben |last1=Meulengracht Sørensen |first2=Kirsten (trans.) |last2=Williams |editor-first=Gro |editor-last=Steinsland |editor-link=Gro Steinsland |contribution=Þorr's Fishing Expedition |title=Words and Objects: Towards a Dialogue Between Archaeology and History of Religion |publisher=The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture; Norwegian University Press |location=Oslo |year=1986 |isbn=82-00-07751-9 |pages=270–71 }} {{cite book |first1=Preben |last1=Meulengracht Sørensen |first2=Kirsten (trans.) |last2=Williams |editor1-last=Acker |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Larrington |editor2-first=Carolyne |authorlink=Carolyne Larrington |contribution=Þorr's Fishing Expedition (Hymiskviða) |title=The Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Mythology |location=London / New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=0-8153-1660-7 |pages=130–31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j4bufbA_UpQC&q=decisive+importance }}</ref> The [[Eddic poem]] ''[[Hymiskviða]]'' has a similar ending to the story, but in earlier Scandinavian versions of the myth in [[skaldic poetry]], Thor successfully captures and kills the serpent by striking it on the head.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Clunies Ross|first=Margaret |authorlink=Margaret Clunies Ross |date=1989|title=Two of Þórr's Great Fights according to Hymiskviða|url=http://tango.bol.ucla.edu/nord_myth/gods_giants-readings.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428023010/http://tango.bol.ucla.edu/nord_myth/gods_giants-readings.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2019 |journal=Leeds Studies in English|volume=20|pages=8–10}}</ref>
+Thor's fishing for Jörmungandr was one of the most popular [[Motif (visual arts)|motifs]] in [[Norse art]]. Four [[picture stone]]s that are believed to depict the myth are the [[Altuna Runestone]] and the [[Ardre image stones|Ardre VIII image stone]] in Sweden, the [[Hørdum stone]] in Denmark, and a stone slab at [[Gosforth, Cumbria]] by the same sculptor as the [[Gosforth Cross]].<ref name="Sor123">Meulengracht Sørensen (1986) p.&nbsp;260, (2002) p.&nbsp;123.</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Lilla |last=Kopár |contribution=Eddic poetry and the imagery of stone monuments |editor1-first=Carolyne |editor1-last=Larrington |editor2-first=Judy |editor2-last=Quinn <!-- NOTE: NOT [[Judy Quinn]] -->|editor3-first=Brittany |editor3-last=Schorn |title=A Handbook to Eddic Poetry: Myths and Legends of Early Scandinavia |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |orig-year=2016 |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-316-50129-0 |pages=203–08 }}</ref><ref name=Battle>{{Cite book |last1=Fee |first1=Christopher R. |author-link=Christopher R. Fee |last2=Leeming |first2=David A. |title=Gods, Heroes, & Kings: The Battle for Mythic Britain |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFlLHEIuVlgC&q=Gosforth+Cross+contains+an+illustration |isbn=0-19-513479-6 |page=36 |access-date=2 December 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413025157/https://books.google.com/books?id=sFlLHEIuVlgC&q=Gosforth+Cross+contains+an+illustration |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of these depictions show the giant cutting the fishing line; on the Altuna stone, Thor is alone, implying he successfully killed the serpent.<ref name=":1" /> The Ardre VIII stone may depict more than one stage in the events: a man entering a house where an ox is standing, two men leaving, one with something on his shoulder, and two men using a spear to fish.<ref name="Sørensen">Meulengracht Sørensen (1986) p.&nbsp;269, (2002) p.&nbsp;130.</ref> The image on this stone has been dated to the 8th<ref name="Sor123" /> to 10th<ref>Kopár, p. 208.</ref> century. If the stone is correctly interpreted as a depiction of this myth, it would indicate that the story was preserved essentially unchanged for several centuries prior to the recording of the version in the ''Prose Edda'' around the year 1220.<ref name="Sørensen" /><ref name=":2" />
-Jörmungandr and Thor meet again when Thor goes fishing with the giant [[Hymir]]. When Hymir refuses to provide Thor with bait, Thor strikes the head off Hymir's largest ox to use as his bait.<ref name="ProseEdda54">Sturluson, ''Gylfaginning'' ch. xlviii, 2008:54-56.</ref> They row to a point where Hymir often sat and caught flat fish and where he drew up two whales. Thor demands to go further out to sea and does so despite Hymir's protest. Oshizora and Apothicon
-Thor then prepares a strong line and a large hook and baits it with the ox head, which Jörmungandr bites. Thor pulls the serpent from the water, and the two face one another, Jörmungandr dribbling [[eitr|poison]] and blood.<ref name="ProseEdda54" /> Hymir goes pale with fear. As Thor grabs his [[Mjölnir|hammer]] to kill the serpent, the giant cuts the line leaving the serpent to sink beneath the waves and returns to its original position encircling the earth.<ref name="ProseEdda54" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Mythology|last=Acker, Paul 1|first=Larrington, Carolyne 2|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-0-415-65385-5|location=New York, USA|pages=116-118}}</ref> In earlier Scandinavian versions of the myth, Thor successfully captures and kills the serpent by striking it on the head.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Ross|first=Margaret Clunies|date=1989|title=Two of Þórr's Great Fights according to Hymiskviða|url=http://tango.bol.ucla.edu/nord_myth/gods_giants-readings.pdf|journal=Leeds Studies in English|volume=20|pages=8-10|via=}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
+=== Ragnarök ===
-This encounter with Thor shows to have been one of the most popular [[Motif (visual arts)|motifs]] in [[Norse art]]. Four [[picture stone]]s that have been believed to have been linked with the myth are the [[Altuna Runestone]], [[Ardre image stones|Ardre VIII image stone]], the [[Hørdum stone]], and the [[Gosforth Cross]].<ref name="Sor123">Sørensen 2002:122-123.</ref> A stone slab that may be a portion of a second cross at Gosforth also shows a scene of a man fishing for a serpent-like creature using an ox head.<ref>[[Christopher R. Fee|Fee]] & Leeming 2001:36.</ref> These stones did not agree on the myth's conclusion as some had displayed scenes of the serpent escaping by the giant and some of its death.<ref name=":1" /> The Ardre VIII stone depicts a man entering a house where an ox is standing, and another scene showing two men using a spear to fish.<ref name="Sørensen">Sørensen 2002:130.</ref> The image on this stone is dated to the 8th<ref name="Sor123" /> or 9th century.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Mythology|last=Acker, Paul 1|first=Larrington, Carolyne 2|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-0-415-65385-5|location=New York, USA|pages=110}}</ref> If the stone was correctly interpreted as a depiction of this myth, it would demonstrate that the same of a similar version of the myth remained unchanging for a period of about 500 years prior to the recording of the version in the ''Prose Edda'' around the year 1220.<ref name="Sørensen" /><ref name=":2" />
+As recounted in Snorri's ''Gylfaginning'' based on the Eddic poem ''[[Völuspá]]'', one sign of the coming of [[Ragnarök]] is the violent unrest of the sea as Jörmungandr releases its tail from its mouth. The sea will flood and the serpent will thrash onto the land.<ref name="ProseEdda37" /> It will advance, spraying poison to fill the air and water, beside [[Fenrir]], whose eyes and nostrils blaze with fire and whose gape touches the earth and the sky. They will join the sons of [[Muspelheim|Muspell]] to confront the gods on the plain of [[Vígríðr|Vigrid]]. Here is where the last meeting between the serpent and Thor is predicted to occur. He will eventually kill Jörmungandr but will fall dead after walking [[Numbers in Norse mythology|nine]] paces, having been poisoned by the serpent's deadly venom.<ref name="ProseEdda61">Snorri Sturluson (2016) ''Gylfaginning'' ch.&nbsp;li, pp.&nbsp;78–80.</ref> Thor's final battle with Jörmungandr has been identified, with other scenes of Ragnarök, on the Gosforth Cross.<ref name=Battle/>
-===Ragnarok===
-One sign for the coming of [[Ragnarok]] is the violent unrest of the sea as Jörmungandr releases its tail from its mouth and thrashes its way onto land. [[Fenrir]] will set ablaze one half of the world with fire while Jörmungandr sprays poison to fill the skies and seas of the other half.<ref name="ProseEdda61">Sturluson, ''Gylfaginning'' ch. li, 2008:61-62.</ref> Fenrir and Jörmungandr will then join the sons of [[Muspelheim|Muspell]] into the plain of [[Vígríðr|Vigrid]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Introduction to Mythology Fourth Edition|last=Thury, Eva M.1|first=Devinney, Margaret K. 2|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-19-026298-3|location=New York, USA|pages=206-207}}</ref> Here is where the last meeting between the serpent and Thor is predicted to occur. Thor will become occupied with battling the serpent and is unable to help others as they fight their own battles. He will eventually kill Jörmungandr but will fall dead after walking [[Numbers in Norse mythology|nine]] paces, having been poisoned by the serpent's deadly venom.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Introduction to Mythology Fourth Edition|last=Thury, Eva M. 1|first=Devinney, Margaret K. 2|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-19-026298-3|location=New York, USA|pages=208}}</ref>
 == Analysis ==
-[[John Lindow]] draws a parallel between Jörmungandr's biting of its own tail and the binding of [[Fenrir]], as part of a recurring theme of the [[bound monster]] in Norse mythology, where an enemy of the gods is bound but destined to break free at Ragnarok.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs |last=Lindow |first=John |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-19-515382-0 |location=New York |pages=82-83}}</ref>
+Thor's fishing for Jörmungandr has been taken as one of the similarities between him and the Hindu god [[Indra]], who in [[Vedic mythology]] slays the dragon [[Vritra]],<ref>{{cite book |first=E. O. G. |last=Turville-Petre |author-link=Gabriel Turville-Petre |title=Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia |series=History of Religions |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |year=1964 |oclc=460550410 |page=104 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Georges |last=Dumézil |authorlink=Georges Dumézil |title=Les Dieux des Indo-Européens |series=Mythes et religions |volume=29 |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |year=1952 |oclc=459390464 |page=24 |language=fr }}</ref> and has also been related to a Balto-Slavic motif of the storm god combatting a serpent.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Vjaceslav V. |last1=Ivanov |first2=Vladimir N. |last2=Toporov |first3=A. (trans.) |last3=Karvovski |contribution=Le mythe indo-européen du dieu de l'orage poursuivant le serpent: réconstruction du schéma |editor1-first=Jean |editor1-last=Pouillon |editor2-first=Pierre |editor2-last=Maranda |title=Échanges et communications: mélanges offerts à Claude Lévi-Strauss à l'occasion de son 60ème anniversaire |series=Studies in general anthropology |publisher=Mouton |year=1970 |oclc=849278587 |volume=2 |pages=1180–1206 |language=fr }}</ref> An alternative analysis of the episode by Preben Meulengracht Sørensen is that it was a youthful indiscretion on the part of Thor, retold to emphasize the order and balance of the cosmos, in which Jörmungandr played a vital role.<ref>Meulengracht Sørensen (1986) p.&nbsp;272, (2002) p.&nbsp;132.</ref> [[John Lindow]] draws a parallel between Jörmungandr's biting of its own tail and the binding of [[Fenrir]], as part of a recurring theme of the [[bound monster]] in Norse mythology, where an enemy of the gods is bound but destined to break free at Ragnarök.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/norsemythologygu00lind_201/page/n98 |chapter-url-access=limited |last=Lindow |first=John |authorlink=John Lindow |chapter=Bound Monster |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |orig-year=2001 |isbn=0-19-515382-0 |location=New York |pages=82–83 }}</ref>
 == Eponym ==
-Asteroid [[471926 Jörmungandr]] was named after the fictional sea serpent.<ref name="MPC-object" /> The official {{MoMP|471926|naming citation}} was published by the [[Minor Planet Center]] on 25 September 2018 ({{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 111804}}).<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" />
+Asteroid [[471926 Jörmungandr]] was named after the mythological sea serpent.<ref>{{cite web |title= 471926 Jormungandr (2013 KN6) |publisher= Minor Planet Center |url= https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=471926 |access-date= 17 October 2018 |archive-date= 8 March 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210308101331/https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=471926 |url-status= live }}</ref> The official {{MoMP|471926|naming citation}} was published by the [[Minor Planet Center]] on 25 September 2018 ({{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 111804}}).<ref>{{cite web |title= MPC/MPO/MPS Archive |publisher= Minor Planet Center |url= https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html |access-date= 17 October 2018 |archive-date= 5 March 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190305034952/https://minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html |url-status= live }}</ref>
+== Popular culture media appearances ==
+Jörmungandr has made a variety of appearances in popculture media. Some notable examples include:
+*[[Vikings (TV series)]] – Jörmungandr makes an appearance in season six of the [[History (American TV network)|History Channel]] television show Vikings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyler |first=Adrienne |date=5 December 2020 |title=Vikings Season 6: What The Giant Serpent Creature Is |url=https://screenrant.com/vikings-season-6-midgard-serpent-monster-jormungandr-explained/ |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=ScreenRant |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426024151/https://screenrant.com/vikings-season-6-midgard-serpent-monster-jormungandr-explained/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+*[[God of War (franchise)]] – Jörmungandr is a mainstay character in the video games [[God of War (2018 video game)|God of War]] from 2018 and [[God of War Ragnarök]] from 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=God of War: Ragnarok: Who is Jormungandr? |url=https://www.spieltimes.com/original/guides/gow-ragnarok/god-of-war-ragnarok-who-is-jormungandr/ |website=spieltimes.com |date=9 November 2022 |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210235944/https://www.spieltimes.com/original/guides/gow-ragnarok/god-of-war-ragnarok-who-is-jormungandr/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+*[[Vinland Saga (manga)]] - Early in the manga and anime, the child Thorfinn had a dream of duelling Jörmungandr at sea. It was only interrupted when his older sister smothered him against her chest while keeping warm in their shared bed.
 == Gallery ==
 <gallery>
+Thor and Hymir.jpg|Thor fishing for the Midgard Serpent in an illustration from an 18th-century Icelandic manuscript
-Altunastenen U 1161 (Raä-nr Altuna 42-1) Tors fiskafänge 0646.jpg|The [[Altuna Runestone]]
-Thor and Hymir.jpg|Thor goes fishing for the Midgard Serpent in this picture from an 18th-century [[Iceland]]ic manuscript
 Johann Heinrich Fussli-Tor and Jormundgandr.jpg|''[[Thor Battering the Midgard Serpent]]'' (1790) by [[Henry Fuseli]]
-Thor und die Midgardsschlange.jpg|Thor and the Midgard Serpent, [[Emil Doepler]] painting.
+Thor und die Midgardsschlange.jpg|''Thor and the Midgard Serpent'' (1905) by [[Emil Doepler]]
-The children of Loki by Willy Pogany.png|"The children of Loki" (1920) by [[Willy Pogany]]
+The children of Loki by Willy Pogany.png|''The children of Loki'' (1920) by [[Willy Pogany]]
+Jormungandr.jpg|Jörmungandr rising to the ox head bait, from the 17th-century Icelandic manuscript AM&nbsp;738 4to
+Thor and Jörmungandr by Frølich.svg|''Thor and Jörmungandr'' by Lorenz Frølich
 </gallery>
 == See also ==
 {{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
-* Ananta [[Shesha]]
 * [[Apep]]
 * [[Bakunawa]]
 * [[European dragon]]
+* [[Germanic dragon]]
 * [[Horned Serpent]]
+* [[Lernaean Hydra]]
 * [[Leviathan]]
 * [[Makara (Hindu mythology)]]
 * [[Níðhöggr]]
-* [[Norse dragon]]
+* [[Ophiotaurus]]
 * [[Ouroboros]]
+* [[Python (mythology)]]
 * [[Sea monster]]
+* [[Shesha]]
 * [[Typhon]]
-* [[Vritra]]
 {{Div col end}}
 == References ==
+{{Reflist}}
-{{reflist|30em|refs=
-<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
-  |title      = 471926 Jormungandr (2013 KN6)
-  |work       = Minor Planet Center
-  |url        = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=471926
-  |accessdate = 17 October 2018}}</ref>
-<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web
-  |title      = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive
-  |work       = Minor Planet Center
-  |url        = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html
-  |accessdate = 17 October 2018}}</ref>
-}} <!-- end of reflist -->
-== Further reading ==
+== Bibliography ==
+*{{cite book |first1=Rudolf |last1=Simek |authorlink=Rudolf Simek |first2=Angela (trans.) |last2=Hall |chapter=Jǫrmungandr |title=Dictionary of Northern Mythology |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk / Rochester, New York |publisher=D.S. Brewer |year=2000 |orig-year=1993 |isbn=0-85991-513-1 |page=179 }}
-* {{Cite book |last=Fee |first=Christopher R. |author-link=Christopher R. Fee |last2=Leeming |first2=David A. |author2-link= |title=Gods, Heroes, & Kings: The Battle for Mythic Britain |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |location= |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFlLHEIuVlgC&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0-19-513479-6}}
-* {{Cite book |last=Sørensen |first=Preben M. |others=Williams, Kirsten (trans.) |editor-last=Acker |editor-first=Paul |editor2-last=Larrington |editor2-first=Carolyne |contribution=Þorr's Fishing Expedition (Hymiskviða) |title=The Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Mythology |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |pages=119–138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j4bufbA_UpQC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false |isbn=0-8153-1660-7}}
-* {{Cite book |author1=Snorri Sturluson |authorlink1=Snorri Sturluson |last2=Brodeur |first2=Arthur Gilchrist (transl.) |authorlink2=Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur |title=Prose Edda |publisher=[[The American-Scandinavian Foundation]] |year=1916 |location= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_T1cAAAAMAAJ |isbn=}}
 {{Norse mythology}}
@@ Line 100: / Line 89: @@
 [[Category:Scandinavian legendary creatures]]
 [[Category:Thor]]
-[[Category:Dragons]]
+[[Category:Loki]]
-[[Category:Sea monsters]]
+[[Category:European dragons]]
+[[Category:Sea serpents]]