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== (Before) the Christian Era? ==
==Yes, but what does it mean?==

Currently BCE\CE is defined as (Before the) Current or Common Era. Why is the (Before) the Christian Era definition not referenced? Seems like a curious oversight. Yes I'm aware AD is mentioned, but that is derived from the Latin term. Not sure if an amendment or an explanation is needed. [[User:人族|人族]] ([[User talk:人族|talk]]) <!--Template:Undated--><small class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment added 12:45, 10 September 2017 (UTC)</small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
:Seems the purpose (in part) was/is to avoid the appearance of ''promoting'' any specific religion. [[User:Vsmith|Vsmith]] ([[User talk:Vsmith|talk]]) 14:09, 10 September 2017 (UTC)
:I believe this discussion has come up before, in fact earlier revisions of this article did mention "Christian Era", but a cabal of users decided it was somehow not notable or too closely affiliated with Anno Domini rather than "Common Era", so it was removed. Despite the fact that a copious amount of sources refer to "Christian Era" in tandem with the acronym "CE". So I'd certainly be in favor of re-adding it, I don't see a reason not to other than the subjective opinions of some who seem to believe that referencing the phrase "Christian" era somehow taints the supposed secular purpose of CE. — '''[[User talk:Crumpled Fire|<font face="Lucida Fax"><font color="#2695A9">Crumpled Fire</font></font>]]'''<small> • ''[[Special:Contributions/Crumpled Fire|contribs]]'' •</small> 19:02, 12 September 2017 (UTC)

::In [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&type=revision&diff=800580655&oldid=799944365 these two edits] {{u|2a02:c7f:8634:8100:a419:fbec:fbb2:1ed}} added the term "Christian Era" to the lead. I reverted the edit because I feel it was premature; this discussion has not reached a consensus.


As of this date, 2022-10-01, this article does not explain what BCE and CE actually ''mean''. It's a history of the terms' usage, but the article assumes that people reading this article already understand what BCE and CE ''are''. I was looking for a clear explanation of what BCE ''is'' -- how it is used, what that number means, how a given date is calculated, etc. <!-- Template:Unsigned IP --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/205.220.233.223|205.220.233.223]] ([[User talk:205.220.233.223#top|talk]]) 16:52, 1 October 2022 (UTC)</small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
::As for the substance of the discussion, I feel {{u|Crumpled Fire}}'s claim that there are 'a copious amount of sources refer to "Christian Era" in tandem with the acronym "CE"' I'd like to see that list. When I've searched, I've found many sources that use "Christian Era" alone, in conjunction with "AD", or "Christian Era" just means the period of time that the Christian religion has existed, without specifically meaning the year numbering system that labels the year that Apollo 11 landed on the moon as 1969. There are so many such sources that I've been unable to weed out all the sources that are off-point and find reliable sources that actually say "CE" can stand for "Christian Era". [[User:Jc3s5h]] ([[User talk:Jc3s5h|talk]]) 12:47, 14 September 2017‎
::I agree with Jc3s5h. There is no reasonable basis to assert that "a cabal of users has conspired to exclude any mention of Christianity" (or words to that effect). I believe that frequent editors are entirely neutral on the subject. As is the case for all of Wikipedia, if a statement can be supported by a [[wp:notable]] source, then of course it should be and will be included. But the problem here, as Jc3s5h says, is that we haven't got a citation for Christian Era <u>as a dating system</u>. Has ''anyone'' ever written (for example) "2017 CE" and then gone on to explain that they meant "2017 Christian Era" rather than "2017 Common Era"? --[[User:John Maynard Friedman|John Maynard Friedman]] ([[User talk:John Maynard Friedman|talk]]) 18:20, 30 September 2017 (UTC)
:It means the [[calendar era]] commonly used today. Do {{tq|Common Era and Before the Common Era are alternatives to the [[Anno Domini]] (AD) and [[Before Christ]] (BC) notations used by [[Dionysius Exiguus#Anno Domini|Dionysius Exiguus]]}} and {{tq|Since the later 20th century, CE and BCE have become popular in academic and scientific publications because BCE and CE are religiously neutral terms}} not explain that sufficiently? --[[User:John Maynard Friedman|𝕁𝕄𝔽]] ([[User talk:John Maynard Friedman|talk]]) 21:08, 1 October 2022 (UTC)


== CE/BCE are also abbreviations for Christian Era/Before Christian Era ==
==Archiving==
I see that this talk page was archived in the past, but this is no longer being done. Do editors think archiving should resume? [[User:Jc3s5h|Jc3s5h]] ([[User talk:Jc3s5h|talk]]) 18:09, 30 March 2018 (UTC)
:Done. [[User:Jc3s5h|Jc3s5h]] ([[User talk:Jc3s5h|talk]]) 00:48, 2 April 2018 (UTC)


Given that '''CE''' and '''BCE are''' also abbreviations for '''Christian Era''' and '''Before Christian Era''' respectively, it would be better to include clarifying notes at the beginning of the article, near ''CE'' an ''BCE'', stating that they are also used as abbreviations for ''Christian Era'' and ''Before Christian Era''.
== Explanation of why CE and AD are equivalent ==


Ref: [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ce?q=CE CE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary] [https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/CE CE Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary]
I consider it unnecessary. However, it is not related to Jesus's birth. The original source was unclear as to whether conception, birth<strike>, or resurrection<strike> was intended. Since he missed all of them by at least a few years, it seems inappropriate to speculate. — [[User:Arthur Rubin|Arthur Rubin]] [[User talk:Arthur Rubin|(talk)]] 21:27, 13 May 2018 (UTC)
:Why does it benefit the reader not to know the ''real'' reason they are equivalent: the CE/BCE chose to use the dominant year-numbering system, which was and is AD/BC. Christ has nothing to do with it. — [[User:Arthur Rubin|Arthur Rubin]] [[User talk:Arthur Rubin|(talk)]] 21:37, 13 May 2018 (UTC)
::Our current year is 2018 and that is based upon BC/AD. Thus if you look at BCE you will see that it correlates to the dates of Jesus. Conception or resurrection are not what people typically go by when talking about birth.
::The main idea here is that BCE is based upon Christ and thus it does the reader a disservice to ignore this fact. <!-- Template:Unsigned IP --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/173.17.166.113|173.17.166.113]] ([[User talk:173.17.166.113#top|talk]]) 21:54, 13 May 2018 (UTC)</small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
:::CE is based on AD, without regard as to whether the latter is based on Christ. (Our sources say it is based on the '''Incarnation''' of Christ, not the birth of Christ. But it would take too much time to explain that term, for limited benefits to the reader.) One might say it is based on Christ, but I fail to see what benefit that provides to the reader. The real reason they are equivalent is that, whenever Common Era was used, it was ''chosen'' to be equivalent. — [[User:Arthur Rubin|Arthur Rubin]] [[User talk:Arthur Rubin|(talk)]] 22:06, 13 May 2018 (UTC)


[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/bce?q=BCE BCE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary] [https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/BCE BCE Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary] [[User:EXANXC|EXANXC]] ([[User talk:EXANXC|talk]]) 14:57, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
:The title [[Christ (title)|Christ]] means "the anointed one". Use of this title in Wikipedia's voice is a violation of the [[WP:NPOV|neutral point of view policy]].
: No, it would just be clutter. This article is "Common Era". It is not [[CE (disambiguation)]]. (The latter explicitly includes Christian Era as one of it possible interpretations.) CE does not redirect here. To put your proposal in context, an equivalent proposal would require the [[Anno Domini]] article to have a hat note explaining that AD is just one way of denoting years our current era according to the Gregorian calendar and that Common Era is the other. --[[User:JMF|𝕁𝕄𝔽]] ([[User talk:JMF|talk]]) 15:58, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
::I think it's confusing for [[User:JMF|JMF]] to use the link "CE (disambiguation)" when that is merely a redirect to "[[CE]]", which is indeed a disambiguation page. The page "CE" does not contain the word "Christian". [[User:Jc3s5h|Jc3s5h]] ([[User talk:Jc3s5h|talk]]) 16:25, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
:::Yes, it is{{snd}}I gave way to the system nagging me for attempting to use an ambiguous term.
:::Also my mistake: I was certain that the CE article mentioned Christian Era but I was wrong, it did not: it does now because I've added it. ({{tq|* "Christian Era", better known as [[Anno Domini]]}}.)
:::My objection stands, notwithstanding these details. --[[User:JMF|𝕁𝕄𝔽]] ([[User talk:JMF|talk]]) 17:53, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
::::No matter what new term is used to exclude the Lord Jesus Christ from history, time is still defined as before and after this, the most important life and event in history of mankind, Salvation and Peace are His alone. [[Special:Contributions/2603:8081:8DF0:9560:4804:BD3D:4BD4:EC8D|2603:8081:8DF0:9560:4804:BD3D:4BD4:EC8D]] ([[User talk:2603:8081:8DF0:9560:4804:BD3D:4BD4:EC8D|talk]]) 22:10, 5 October 2023 (UTC)
:::::OK [[User:AntiDionysius|AntiDionysius]] ([[User talk:AntiDionysius|talk]]) 22:12, 5 October 2023 (UTC)
:::::But no, [[time]] is not defined by that event. Time existed long before this solar system was formed and will continue long after it has been destroyed. ''Counting'' of years in the AD/CE era begins from a moment about five years after the [[date of birth of Jesus|birth of Jesus of Nazareth]]. This era and its [[epoch]] is just [[Calendar era|one of many]]: that this one has become the ''de facto'' standard [[civil calendar]] worldwide is due to economic reasons not religious ones. The CE notation is not "chosen to exclude" your Lord; merely that people of other faiths (and none) have other Lords and choose not to give precedence to your choice. [[List of religious populations|Rather less than one third]] of the world population are Christian. No-one is stopping you from using AD, no-one is compelling you to use CE. Wikipedia's policy on the topic is given at [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Era style]]. --[[User:JMF|𝕁𝕄𝔽]] ([[User talk:JMF|talk]]) 10:29, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
:That's all fine - except for the logic: the "C" could mean both "Christian" and "Common" - with or without the following "E". So it is not logical but a convention to change the meaning of the "C" to "Common" by adding the "E". However, the ISO requires simply using the minus sign for "BC" anyway, thus avoiding the "C" altogether.[[User:HJJHolm|HJJHolm]] ([[User talk:HJJHolm|talk]]) 05:36, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
::Again, this article is [[Common Era]], not [[CE]]. The {{angbr|E}} abbreviates [[era]]. ''q.v.''. No-one 'changed' the C from 'Christian' to 'Common', if anything the reverse is more likely. As is explained in detail the article, the original phrase was [[Vulgar Era]], meaning 'common era' in modern English. In the last couple of centuries, the word "vulgar" changed meaning from "of the common people" to "rude" (another word that has changed meaning!). Finally and most importantly, Wikipedia describes reality as it is, warts and all, logical or otherwise; if you want a sanitised echo-chamber, try Conservapedia. --[[User:JMF|𝕁𝕄𝔽]] ([[User talk:JMF|talk]]) 12:14, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
::The [[International Organization for Standardization]], short form ISO, has many standards about dates, and each of those has gone through may revisions. Unless you give the number and edition of the standard you are thinking of, your statement about ISO cannot be verified. Also, ISO doesn't require anything. It offers voluntary standards which people and organizations can adopt, or not. [[User:Jc3s5h|Jc3s5h]] ([[User talk:Jc3s5h|talk]]) 17:40, 2 January 2024 (UTC)


== "Earliest found" aka Original research? ==
:The uncertainty is about birth (see "[[Nativity of Jesus]]") or conception [see "[[Incarnation (Christianity)]]"]. Christians think the "[[Resurrection of Jesus]]" occurred roughly thirty years after the incarnation; claiming AD is based on the year of the resurrection is clear error. The inventor of the Anno Domini year numbering system used the phrase "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060109025617/http://hbar.phys.msu.su/gorm/chrono/paschata.htm incarnatione Domini nostri Jesu Christi], not "birth". [[User:Jc3s5h|Jc3s5h]] ([[User talk:Jc3s5h|talk]]) 22:16, 13 May 2018 (UTC)


I've been cleaning up some very poorly written "citations" (like {{code|1=Title=First recorded use}} [!]). There are plenty more to do, mañana. But I'm concerned that the material I'm correcting reads to me like a [[WP:OR]] analysis of primary sources. "Earliest found" appears to be "the earliest that the contributing editor found. We really need to replace this with a secondary RS that makes the analysis. Anyone? [[User:JMF|𝕁𝕄𝔽]] ([[User talk:JMF|talk]]) 20:33, 28 November 2023 (UTC)
@Both,
: I have [[WP:WEASEL]]ed "is" to "may be". --[[User:JMF|𝕁𝕄𝔽]] ([[User talk:JMF|talk]]) 17:29, 29 November 2023 (UTC)
"whenever Common Era was used, it was chosen to be equivalent" Thats my entire point. When we say 2018 we mean 2018 years from birth of Christ. Thus when we see 2018 BCE its the same system in place all based upon the same person. <!-- Template:Unsigned IP --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/173.17.166.113|173.17.166.113]] ([[User talk:173.17.166.113#top|talk]]) 22:45, 13 May 2018 (UTC)</small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
:173.17.166.113: Please ATTEMPT to use proper talk page conventions. And you've disproven your point. They were chosen to be equivalent. Period. There is no reason to bring [[Jesus]] (not [[Christ]]) into the lead. — [[User:Arthur Rubin|Arthur Rubin]] [[User talk:Arthur Rubin|(talk)]] 22:50, 13 May 2018 (UTC)
:The source cited by 173.17.166.113, https://www.livescience.com/, is inferior to the sources already cited in this article such as Pedersen (contributor to ''The Gregorian Reform of the Calendar'' published by the [[Vatican Observatory]]) and Doggett (''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, published by University Science Books on behalf of the [[US Naval Observatory]] and [[Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office]]). Just because the general public is ignorant of subtle points does not mean Wikipedia should be dumbed down to echo ignorance. [[User:Jc3s5h|Jc3s5h]] ([[User talk:Jc3s5h|talk]]) 23:01, 13 May 2018 (UTC)
::Do we need an RfC to remove the ''incorrect'' information from the lead? — [[User:Arthur Rubin|Arthur Rubin]] [[User talk:Arthur Rubin|(talk)]] 03:10, 14 May 2018 (UTC)
::Although the article is semiprotected, it might be best if [[WP:CONSENSUS|consensus]] could be established that the information is unnecessary and/or incorrect. [[WP:BURDEN]] suggests it should be removed, anyway, but I've been accused of misinterpreting that guideline before. — [[User:Arthur Rubin|Arthur Rubin]] [[User talk:Arthur Rubin|(talk)]] 05:33, 14 May 2018 (UTC)
:::This article is really a branch of "''Anno Domini''", created to separate the bickering over notation from the historical issues of its creation and spread. The edit in question is largely a summary of what is already stated at the other article. Maybe there was an RfC at "Anno Domini" that would settle the issue. I don't have time to look for it at the moment. [[User:Jc3s5h|Jc3s5h]] ([[User talk:Jc3s5h|talk]]) 14:57, 14 May 2018 (UTC)


===Cleanup continues===
I have reverted the pov-pushing and restored the npov version that has stood here for many moons. If anyone wants to know the basis for AD, there is an article for that. This article says simply that CE/BCE is an alternative designation for our current era. Apart from everything else, going into the traditions of just one of the world's many faiths contravenes [[wp:fork]] and will not be accepted. --[[User:John Maynard Friedman|John Maynard Friedman]] ([[User talk:John Maynard Friedman|talk]]) 19:38, 14 May 2018 (UTC)
* After cleaning out another "citation", I have decided to delete this, since it proves nothing either way: {{tq|In 1856, Rabbi and historian [[Morris Jacob Raphall]] used the abbreviations C.E. and B.C.E. in his book ''Post-Biblical History of The Jews''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Raphall |first=Morris Jacob |date=1856 |title=Post-Biblical History of the Jews: From the Close of the Old Testament, about the Year 420 B. C, till the destruction of the Second Temple in the year 70 CE |url=https://archive.org/details/RaphallMJPostBiblicalHistoryOfTheJewsVol11856/page/n9/mode/2up |publisher=Trübner |location=London}} [The term ''common era'' does not appear in this book; the term ''Christian era'' does appear a number of times. Nowhere in the book are the abbreviations C.E. or B.C.E. explained or expanded directly, as search for "common" or "era" shows.]</ref>}} If anyone disagrees, please explain. --[[User:JMF|𝕁𝕄𝔽]] ([[User talk:JMF|talk]]) 17:29, 29 November 2023 (UTC)


@Josh, how would you like to word the article to reflect that BCE is based upon Jesus Christ for the reader? I am not so concerned about the details such as is it his exact day of physical birth vs conception etc etc. Also I've removed the agenda pushing opening and replaced it with a neutral opening. Just b/c something has been incorrect for quite some time does not make it correct. [[User:SGT-Craig|SGT-Craig]] ([[User talk:SGT-Craig|talk]]) 07:37, 16 May 2018 (UTC)
:Not without a source. CE is based on AD, not on what AD was based on. (Inconsistent tenses are somewhat intentional.) — [[User:Arthur Rubin|Arthur Rubin]] [[User talk:Arthur Rubin|(talk)]] 17:44, 16 May 2018 (UTC)


{{reflist talk}}
Removed opinionated statements, added back the basis for what the entire system is based upon. Please provide references going forward. [[User:SGT-Craig|SGT-Craig]] ([[User talk:SGT-Craig|talk]]) 19:09, 16 May 2018 (UTC)

Latest revision as of 01:57, 24 July 2024

}}

Yes, but what does it mean?

[edit]

As of this date, 2022-10-01, this article does not explain what BCE and CE actually mean. It's a history of the terms' usage, but the article assumes that people reading this article already understand what BCE and CE are. I was looking for a clear explanation of what BCE is -- how it is used, what that number means, how a given date is calculated, etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.220.233.223 (talk) 16:52, 1 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

It means the calendar era commonly used today. Do Common Era and Before the Common Era are alternatives to the Anno Domini (AD) and Before Christ (BC) notations used by Dionysius Exiguus and Since the later 20th century, CE and BCE have become popular in academic and scientific publications because BCE and CE are religiously neutral terms not explain that sufficiently? --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 21:08, 1 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

CE/BCE are also abbreviations for Christian Era/Before Christian Era

[edit]

Given that CE and BCE are also abbreviations for Christian Era and Before Christian Era respectively, it would be better to include clarifying notes at the beginning of the article, near CE an BCE, stating that they are also used as abbreviations for Christian Era and Before Christian Era.

Ref: CE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary CE Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary

BCE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary BCE Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary EXANXC (talk) 14:57, 29 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]

No, it would just be clutter. This article is "Common Era". It is not CE (disambiguation). (The latter explicitly includes Christian Era as one of it possible interpretations.) CE does not redirect here. To put your proposal in context, an equivalent proposal would require the Anno Domini article to have a hat note explaining that AD is just one way of denoting years our current era according to the Gregorian calendar and that Common Era is the other. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 15:58, 29 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]
I think it's confusing for JMF to use the link "CE (disambiguation)" when that is merely a redirect to "CE", which is indeed a disambiguation page. The page "CE" does not contain the word "Christian". Jc3s5h (talk) 16:25, 29 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Yes, it is – I gave way to the system nagging me for attempting to use an ambiguous term.
Also my mistake: I was certain that the CE article mentioned Christian Era but I was wrong, it did not: it does now because I've added it. (* "Christian Era", better known as Anno Domini.)
My objection stands, notwithstanding these details. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 17:53, 29 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]
No matter what new term is used to exclude the Lord Jesus Christ from history, time is still defined as before and after this, the most important life and event in history of mankind, Salvation and Peace are His alone. 2603:8081:8DF0:9560:4804:BD3D:4BD4:EC8D (talk) 22:10, 5 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]
OK AntiDionysius (talk) 22:12, 5 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]
But no, time is not defined by that event. Time existed long before this solar system was formed and will continue long after it has been destroyed. Counting of years in the AD/CE era begins from a moment about five years after the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. This era and its epoch is just one of many: that this one has become the de facto standard civil calendar worldwide is due to economic reasons not religious ones. The CE notation is not "chosen to exclude" your Lord; merely that people of other faiths (and none) have other Lords and choose not to give precedence to your choice. Rather less than one third of the world population are Christian. No-one is stopping you from using AD, no-one is compelling you to use CE. Wikipedia's policy on the topic is given at Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Era style. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 10:29, 16 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]
That's all fine - except for the logic: the "C" could mean both "Christian" and "Common" - with or without the following "E". So it is not logical but a convention to change the meaning of the "C" to "Common" by adding the "E". However, the ISO requires simply using the minus sign for "BC" anyway, thus avoiding the "C" altogether.HJJHolm (talk) 05:36, 2 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Again, this article is Common Era, not CE. The ⟨E⟩ abbreviates era. q.v.. No-one 'changed' the C from 'Christian' to 'Common', if anything the reverse is more likely. As is explained in detail the article, the original phrase was Vulgar Era, meaning 'common era' in modern English. In the last couple of centuries, the word "vulgar" changed meaning from "of the common people" to "rude" (another word that has changed meaning!). Finally and most importantly, Wikipedia describes reality as it is, warts and all, logical or otherwise; if you want a sanitised echo-chamber, try Conservapedia. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 12:14, 2 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
The International Organization for Standardization, short form ISO, has many standards about dates, and each of those has gone through may revisions. Unless you give the number and edition of the standard you are thinking of, your statement about ISO cannot be verified. Also, ISO doesn't require anything. It offers voluntary standards which people and organizations can adopt, or not. Jc3s5h (talk) 17:40, 2 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]

"Earliest found" aka Original research?

[edit]

I've been cleaning up some very poorly written "citations" (like Title=First recorded use [!]). There are plenty more to do, mañana. But I'm concerned that the material I'm correcting reads to me like a WP:OR analysis of primary sources. "Earliest found" appears to be "the earliest that the contributing editor found. We really need to replace this with a secondary RS that makes the analysis. Anyone? 𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 20:33, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]

I have WP:WEASELed "is" to "may be". --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 17:29, 29 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Cleanup continues

[edit]


References

  1. ^ Raphall, Morris Jacob (1856). Post-Biblical History of the Jews: From the Close of the Old Testament, about the Year 420 B. C, till the destruction of the Second Temple in the year 70 CE. London: Trübner. [The term common era does not appear in this book; the term Christian era does appear a number of times. Nowhere in the book are the abbreviations C.E. or B.C.E. explained or expanded directly, as search for "common" or "era" shows.]