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==Description==
==Description==
These are small, fairly drab species superficially similar, but not closely related to, [[Old World sparrow|sparrow]]s. They are 14 to 18 cm in length, and weigh between 25 and 35 g.<ref name=EoB>{{cite book |editor=Forshaw, Joseph|author = McClure, H. Elliott|year=1991|title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds|publisher= Merehurst Press|location=London|pages= 184|isbn= 1-85391-186-0}}</ref> However, accentors have thin sharp bills, reflecting their diet of ground-dwelling insects in summer, augmented with seeds and berries in winter. They may also swallow grit and sand to help their stomach break up these seeds.<ref name="f&w">{{cite book|title=The Funk & Wagnalls Wildlife Encyclopedia|author1=Burton, Maurice |author2=Burton, Robert|year=1974|publisher=Funk and Wagnalls|volume=1|location=New York, N.Y.|oclc=20316938}}</ref>
These are small, fairly drab species superficially similar, but not closely related to, [[Old World sparrow|sparrow]]s. They are 14 to 18 cm in length, and weigh between 25 and 35 g.<ref name=EoB>{{cite book |editor=Forshaw, Joseph|author = McClure, H. Elliott|year=1991|title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds|publisher= Merehurst Press|location=London|pages= 184|isbn= 1-85391-186-0}}</ref> However, accentors have thin sharp bills, reflecting their diet of ground-dwelling insects in summer, augmented with small seeds and berries in winter. They may also swallow grit and sand to help their stomach break up these seeds.<ref name=hbw/><ref name="f&w">{{cite book|title=The Funk & Wagnalls Wildlife Encyclopedia|author1=Burton, Maurice |author2=Burton, Robert|year=1974|publisher=Funk and Wagnalls|volume=1|location=New York, N.Y.|oclc=20316938}}</ref>


Most of the species live together in flocks. The dunnock is an exception since it prefers to be solitary except when feeding. The dunnock also earned a nickname of "shuffle-wing" since it most strongly displays the characteristic wing flicks used during courtship and other displays.<ref name="f&w"/>
Most of the species live together in flocks. The dunnock is an exception since it prefers to be solitary except when feeding. The dunnock also earned a nickname of "shuffle-wing" since it most strongly displays the characteristic wing flicks used during courtship and other displays.<ref name="f&w"/>


Accentors may have two to three broods a year. Courtship consists of a great deal of song from the males, which may include short lark-like song flights to attract a mate. In most species, the male and female share in the nest making, with the dunnocks again being an exception – their males have no part in nest building or incubation. They build neat cup nests and lay about 4 unspotted green or blue eggs.<ref name=EoB/> The eggs are incubated for around 12 days. The young are fed by both parents and take an additional 12 days or so to fledge.<ref name="f&w"/>
Accentors may have one to three broods a year. Courtship consists of a great deal of song from the males, which may include short lark-like song flights to attract a mate. In most species, the male and female share in the nest making, with the dunnocks again being an exception; their males have no part in nest building or incubation. They build neat cup nests and lay 3–6 unspotted green or blue eggs.<ref name=hbw/><ref name=EoB/> The eggs are incubated for around 12 days. The young are fed by both parents and take an additional 12 days or so to fledge.<ref name=hbw/>


==Habitat==
==Habitat==
Their typical habitat is mountainous regions in an area far above the tree-line, but below the snow-line. The Himalayan accentor can be found as high as {{cvt|17,000|ft|m|abbr=on}} above sea level when breeding; however, most accentors breed in scrub vegetation at lower levels. Most species migrate downwards to spend the winter, with only some being hardy enough to remain. Accentors spend the majority of their time in the undergrowth and even when flushed, stay low to the ground until reaching cover.<ref name="f&w"/>
Their typical habitat is mountainous regions in an area far above the tree-line, but below the snow-line. The Alpine accentor has been observed at nearly {{cvt|8,000|m|ft|abbr=on}} altitude in the [[Himalaya]] and the Altai and Robin accentors at {{cvt|5,500|m|ft|abbr=on}};<ref name=hbw/> however, most accentors breed in scrub vegetation at lower levels. Most species are [[bird migration|altitudinal migrants]], descending to lower altitudes to spend the winter, but some are long-distance migrants, most notably the Siberian accentor, which migrates 3,000–5,000 km from northern Siberia to China and Korea.<ref name=hbw/> Accentors spend the majority of their time in the undergrowth and even when flushed, stay low to the ground until reaching cover.<ref name=hbw/>


==Species list==
==Species list==
Twelve species are currently accepted:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2024 | title=Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits | work=World Bird List Version 14.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/waxbills/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=24 August 2024 }}</ref>
'''FAMILY: PRUNELLIDAE'''
* '''Genus: ''Prunella'''''
* [[Alpine accentor]] ''Prunella collaris''
** [[Alpine accentor]], ''Prunella collaris''
* [[Altai accentor]] ''Prunella himalayana''
** [[Altai accentor]], ''Prunella himalayana''
* [[Robin accentor]] ''Prunella rubeculoides''
** [[Black-throated accentor]], ''Prunella atrogularis''
* [[Rufous-breasted accentor]] ''Prunella strophiata''
** [[Brown accentor]], ''Prunella fulvescens''
* [[Siberian accentor]] ''Prunella montanella''
** [[Dunnock]], ''Prunella modularis''
* [[Brown accentor]] ''Prunella fulvescens''
* [[Radde's accentor]] ''Prunella ocularis'' (includes the formerly accepted Arabian accentor ''Prunella fagani'', lumped in 2018<ref name=ioc/>)
** [[Japanese accentor]], ''Prunella rubida''
** [[Maroon-backed accentor]], ''Prunella immaculata''
* [[Black-throated accentor]] ''Prunella atrogularis''
** [[Mongolian accentor]], ''Prunella koslowi''
* [[Kozlov's accentor]] ''Prunella koslowi''
** [[Radde's accentor]], ''Prunella ocularis''
* [[Dunnock]] ''Prunella modularis''
** [[Robin accentor]], ''Prunella rubeculoides''
* [[Japanese accentor]] ''Prunella rubida''
** [[Rufous-breasted accentor]], ''Prunella strophiata''
* [[Maroon-backed accentor]] ''Prunella immaculata''
** [[Siberian accentor]], ''Prunella montanella''


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 23:27, 24 August 2024

Accentor
Dunnock (Prunella modularis)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Prunellidae
Richmond, 1908
Genus: Prunella
Vieillot, 1816
Type species
Motacilla modularis
Linnaeus, 1758
Species

See text.

Synonyms

Laiscopus

The accentors are a genus of birds in the family Prunellidae, which is endemic to the Old World.[1] This small group of closely related passerines are all in the genus Prunella. All but the dunnock and the Japanese accentor are inhabitants of the mountainous regions of Europe and Asia; these two also occur in lowland areas, as does the Siberian accentor in the far north of Siberia. These birds are not strongly migratory, but they will leave the coldest parts of their range in winter and make altitudinal movements.[2]

Taxonomy and etymology

[edit]

The genus Prunella was introduced by the French ornithologist Louis Vieillot in 1816 with the dunnock (Prunella modularis) as the type species.[3][4] Although the genus is usually used for all the accentors, the alpine accentor and Altai accentor are sometimes separated into the genus Laiscopus.[5]

Harrison [6] used the group name dunnock for all of the species, not just Prunella modularis (thus e.g. Japanese dunnock for P. rubida); this usage is based on the oldest known name for any of the species (old English dun-, brown, + -ock, small: "little brown bird"[7]). Accentor derives from the old scientific name for the Alpine accentor (Accentor collaris). It comes from Late Latin, meaning "sing with another" (ad + cantor).[8] The genus name Prunella is from the German Braunelle, "dunnock", a diminutive of braun, "brown".[9]

Description

[edit]

These are small, fairly drab species superficially similar, but not closely related to, sparrows. They are 14 to 18 cm in length, and weigh between 25 and 35 g.[2] However, accentors have thin sharp bills, reflecting their diet of ground-dwelling insects in summer, augmented with small seeds and berries in winter. They may also swallow grit and sand to help their stomach break up these seeds.[5][10]

Most of the species live together in flocks. The dunnock is an exception since it prefers to be solitary except when feeding. The dunnock also earned a nickname of "shuffle-wing" since it most strongly displays the characteristic wing flicks used during courtship and other displays.[10]

Accentors may have one to three broods a year. Courtship consists of a great deal of song from the males, which may include short lark-like song flights to attract a mate. In most species, the male and female share in the nest making, with the dunnocks again being an exception; their males have no part in nest building or incubation. They build neat cup nests and lay 3–6 unspotted green or blue eggs.[5][2] The eggs are incubated for around 12 days. The young are fed by both parents and take an additional 12 days or so to fledge.[5]

Habitat

[edit]

Their typical habitat is mountainous regions in an area far above the tree-line, but below the snow-line. The Alpine accentor has been observed at nearly 8,000 m (26,000 ft) altitude in the Himalaya and the Altai and Robin accentors at 5,500 m (18,000 ft);[5] however, most accentors breed in scrub vegetation at lower levels. Most species are altitudinal migrants, descending to lower altitudes to spend the winter, but some are long-distance migrants, most notably the Siberian accentor, which migrates 3,000–5,000 km from northern Siberia to China and Korea.[5] Accentors spend the majority of their time in the undergrowth and even when flushed, stay low to the ground until reaching cover.[5]

Species list

[edit]

Twelve species are currently accepted:[11]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Liu, B. et al. (2017) Explosive radiation and spatial expansion across the cold environments of the Old World in an avian family. Ecology and Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3136
  2. ^ a b c McClure, H. Elliott (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 184. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.
  3. ^ Vieillot, Louis Pierre (1816). Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire (in French). Paris: Deterville/self. p. 43.
  4. ^ Mayr, Ernst; Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, eds. (1964). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 10. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 3.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Hatchwell, B.J. (2005). "Family Prunellidae (Accentors)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Christie, D.A. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 10: Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 496–513. ISBN 978-84-87334-72-6.
  6. ^ Harrison, An Atlas of the Birds of the Western Palaearctic, 1982
  7. ^ Chambers Dictionary
  8. ^ "Accentor". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  9. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 318. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  10. ^ a b Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert (1974). The Funk & Wagnalls Wildlife Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York, N.Y.: Funk and Wagnalls. OCLC 20316938.
  11. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2024). "Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits". World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
[edit]
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