Teresa Mañé: Difference between revisions

Teresa Mañé
Teresa Mañé
	Teresa Mañé (1929)
Born	Teresa Mañé i Miravet; 29 November 1865; Cubelles, Spain
Died	5 February 1939 (aged 73); Perpinyà, France
Nationality	Catalan
Other names	Soledad Gustavo
Occupation	Teacher
Notable work	La Revista Blanca
Movement	Anarchism; progressive education;
Spouse	Joan Montseny i Carret (m. 1891)
Children	Frederica Montseny i Mañé

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Teresa Mañé i Miravet (1865–1939), also known by her pen name Soledad Gustavo, was a Catalan teacher, editor and writer. As a proponent of progressive education, Mañé founded some of the first secular schools in Catalonia. With her husband Joan Montseny, she edited the magazine La Revista Blanca, in which she elaborated her ideas on anarchism, feminism and pedagogy. Her daughter Frederica Montseny i Mañé went on to become a leading figure in the Spanish anarchist movement and the Minister of Health of the Second Spanish Republic.

Biography

Teresa Mañé i Miravet was born in Cubelles, Spain, on 29 November 1865 into a relatively well-off family, who raised her in nearby Vilanova i la Geltrú.^[1] In 1883, she studied teaching in Barcelona and in 1886,^[2] she collaborated with Bartomeu Gabarró i Borràs [ca]^[3] in founding Catalonia's first secular school in Vilanova.^[4]

Politically, she initially considered herself federal republican but eventually became a committed anarchist,^[5] after meeting a number of Catalan anarchists, such as Josep Llunas i Pujals and Teresa Claramunt.^[6] She then went on to write for the radical press under the pseudonym of "Soledad Gustavo".^[7] In 1889, she participated in the Certamen Socialista literary competition in Barcelona, where she won a prize for writing El amor libre, an essay on free love.^[8] Soon after, she met Joan Montseny (alias Federico Urales), who she married in 1891.^[9] The new couple moved to Reus,^[10] where they established another secular school,^[11] which taught children using the pedagogical approaches of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Maria Montessori.^[12] Mañé was a member of the Confederation of Lay Teachers of Catalonia and promoted methods of progressive education, years before Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia established his Modern School.^[13]

In the repression that followed the 1896 Barcelona Corpus Christi procession bombing, Montseny was imprisoned and later escaped into exile.^[14] By 1898, Montseny had clandestinely returned to Spain and settled with Mañé in Madrid, where they established the fortnightly magazine La Revista Blanca and the daily newspaper Tierra y Libertad.^[15] In these periodicals, Mañé wrote hundreds of articles on topics such as women's emancipation and progressive education,^[16] and also served as translator for contributions from Louise Michel and Antonio Labriola.^[17] She collaborated closely with her husband, with the couple often helping finish each other's essays. Her works saw publication as far away as Paterson, New Jersey, United States, where the Italian Women's Emancipation Group (Italian: Gruppo Emancipazione della Donna) was based. She collaborated with a number of foreign writers, such as the Galician anarchist Ricardo Mella, the Dutch socialist Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis and the Italian feminist Anna Maria Mozzoni.^[18]

In 1905 she had a daughter, Frederica Montseny i Mañé,^[19] and soon moved to a house near Vallecas, where her extended family and friends lived on subsistence agriculture and through the earnings from their writings.^[20] But after a lawsuit against Joan by Arturo Soria y Mata threatened his arrest, the family moved back to Catalonia,^[21] where they took up livestock farming, while Mañé worked as a translator.^[22] Back in Barcelona, Mañé homeschooled her daughter using methods of progressive education,^[23] providing her with a wide range of material and allowing her the freedom to choose her own subjects to study.^[24] Mañé and her family also resumed publication of La Revista Blanca,^[25] which flourished despite attempts at repression by the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera.^[26]

Following the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic, Mañé's daughter Frederica became a leading figure within the Spanish anarchist movement, taking prominent positions within the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT), the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI) and the Mujeres Libres (ML).^[27] When the anarchists became a leading force in the Spanish Civil War, Frederica was invited to join the Republican government of Francisco Largo Caballero and became the country's Minister of Health, against the wishes of Mañé, who held firm to anti-statism.^[28] In late 1938, a nationalist offensive forced Mañé and her family to flee Catalonia into exile.^[29] Her health had rapidly deteriorated during the war,^[30] leaving her unable to cope with the stresses of their winter journey to Northern Catalonia. Mañé died on 5 February 1939 in Perpinyà, France.^[31]

Views

Mañé propagated a form of anarcho-communism that stood in contrast to the dominant Spanish anarchist tendency of anarcho-syndicalism. In the debate between the anarchists and the syndicalists of the CNT, Mañé and her family took the side of the former, arguing that trade unions were a product of capitalism and that they therefore should not form the basis for a socialist economy.^[32] In July 1923, Mañé published El sindicalismo y la anarquia (English: Syndicalism and anarchy) in La Revista Blanca, in which she declared that "there are workers because there are bosses. Workerism will disappear with capitalism, and syndicalism with wages."^[33] Instead of syndicalism, Mañé argued for municipalism, focusing on a more communal form of organization based in the traditional municipio libre (English: free municipality). During the Spanish Revolution of 1936, Mañé's focus on community organizing saw successes in the advancement of women's rights, where workplace organizing fell short.^[34]

Mañé was also a prolific advocate of feminism.^[35] Along with Teresa Claramunt, she pioneered the tendency of anarchist feminism, which aspired for greater gender equality.^[36] Mañé was skeptical of free love, due to anarchist men's lack of feminism in practice.^[37] In October 1923, Mañé published Hablemos de la mujer (English: Let's talk about women) in La Revista Blanca, in which she stated that: "a man may like the idea of the emancipation of women, but he is not so fond of her actually practicing it... In the end, he may desire the other's woman, but he will lock up his own."^[38] In the same article,^[39] Mañé also insisted that the implementation of gender equality was the responsibility of women themselves, who would need to "demonstrate by their deeds that they think, are capable of conceiving ideas, of grasping principles, of striving for ends."^[40]

Works

Essays

El laicismo no es ateo (1888)^[41]
El amor libre (1889)^[42]
Dos Cartas (co-authored with Joan Montseny), (1891)^[43]
Las Preocupaciones de los Despreocupados (co-authored with Joan Montseny) (1891)^[44]
A las Proletarias (1896)^[45]
El anarquismo y la mujer (1900)^[46]
Concepto de la anarquía (1902)^[47]
Las diosas de la vida (1910)^[48]
Sindicalismo y Anarquía (1933)^[49]
Política y Sociología (1933)^[49]

Translations

The Conquest of Bread (Peter Kropotkin)^[50]
The Future Society (Peter Kropotkin)^[50]

Periodicals

La Revista Blanca (1898–1905; 1925–1936)^[51]
Tierra y Libertad (1899–1904)^[52]
El Luchador (1931)^[50]
El Mundo al Día (1935–1936)^[50]

Collections

La Novela Ideal (1925–1938)^[50]
La Novela Libre (1933–1938)^[50]

Conferences

La sociedad futura (Agrupación republicana Germinal, Madrid, 1899)^[50]
La cuestión social (Ateneo de Madrid, 1902)^[50]

References

^ Montagut Contreras 2015; Puente Pérez 2016, p. 21.
^ Montagut Contreras 2015; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 22–23; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 1.
^ Montagut Contreras 2015; Micó i Millan 2002, p. 4; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 23–24.
^ Greene 1998, p. 107; Montagut Contreras 2015; Micó i Millan 2002, p. 4; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 23–24; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 1.
^ Lee 2009, p. 1; Montagut Contreras 2015; Micó i Millan 2002, pp. 4–5; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 25–26.
^ Montagut Contreras 2015; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 26–28.
^ Davies 1998, pp. 137–138; Greene 1998, p. 107; Puente Pérez 2016, p. 25.
^ Greene 1998, p. 107; Lee 2009, p. 1; Montagut Contreras 2015; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 1.
^ Davies 1998, p. 137; Lee 2009, p. 1; Montagut Contreras 2015; Micó i Millan 2002, p. 6; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 28–31; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 1.
^ Montagut Contreras 2015; Micó i Millan 2002, p. 6; Puente Pérez 2016, p. 31.
^ Davies 1998, p. 137; Montagut Contreras 2015; Micó i Millan 2002, p. 4; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 31–32.
^ Davies 1998, p. 137.
^ Lee 2009, p. 1; Micó i Millan 2002, p. 4.
^ Davies 1998, p. 138; Montagut Contreras 2015; Micó i Millan 2002, pp. 6–7; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 37–40.
^ Davies 1998, p. 138; Montagut Contreras 2015; Micó i Millan 2002, p. 7; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 40–50; Soriano Jiménez 2016, pp. 1–2.
^ Greene 1998, pp. 107–108; Lee 2009, p. 1; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 2.
^ Lee 2009, p. 1; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 2.
^ Lee 2009, p. 1.
^ Davies 1998, p. 137; Montagut Contreras 2015; Micó i Millan 2002, p. 8; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 54–55.
^ Davies 1998, p. 138; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 56–58.
^ Davies 1998, p. 138; Montagut Contreras 2015; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 56–59.
^ Davies 1998, p. 138; Micó i Millan 2002, p. 8; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 59–61; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 2.
^ Davies 1998, pp. 138–139; Micó i Millan 2002, p. 8; Puente Pérez 2016, p. 55.
^ Davies 1998, pp. 138–139.
^ Ackelsberg 2005, p. 240; Davies 1998, p. 139; Montagut Contreras 2015; Micó i Millan 2002, pp. 8–9; Puente Pérez 2016, p. 62; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 2.
^ Davies 1998, p. 139; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 62–70.
^ Davies 1998, pp. 139–140.
^ Davies 1998, p. 140; Puente Pérez 2016, p. 74.
^ Davies 1998, pp. 140–141; Micó i Millan 2002, p. 11; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 76–77.
^ Lee 2009, p. 1; Montagut Contreras 2015.
^ Davies 1998, p. 141; Lee 2009, p. 1; Montagut Contreras 2015; Puente Pérez 2016, p. 78.
^ Ackelsberg 2005, p. 44; Micó i Millan 2002, pp. 9–10; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 70–71.
^ Ackelsberg 2005, pp. 44, 240.
^ Ackelsberg 2005, pp. 44–45.
^ Davies 1998, p. 110; Greene 1998, pp. 108–110.
^ Brey 2012, p. 10; Greene 1998, p. 106; Puente Pérez 2016, p. 50.
^ Ackelsberg 2005, pp. 51–52.
^ Ackelsberg 2005, pp. 52, 242.
^ Ackelsberg 2005, p. 244.
^ Ackelsberg 2005, p. 60.
^ Micó i Millan 2002, p. 5; Puente Pérez 2016, p. 24.
^ Montagut Contreras 2015; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 27–28, 85; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 1.
^ Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 30, 86; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 1.
^ Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 32–33; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 1.
^ Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 37, 85; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 1.
^ Puente Pérez 2016, p. 45; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 2.
^ Puente Pérez 2016, p. 44; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 2.
^ Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 58–59.
^ ^a ^b Micó i Millan 2002, p. 9; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 70–71.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 2.
^ Micó i Millan 2002, pp. 7–9.
^ Micó i Millan 2002, pp. 7–8; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 2.

Bibliography

Ackelsberg, Martha (2005) [1991]. "Anarchist Revolution and the Liberation of Women". Free Women of Spain (2nd ed.). Oakland: AK Press. pp. 37–60. ISBN 1-902593-96-0. LCCN 2003113040. OCLC 63382446.
Brey, Gérard (2012). "Tierra y Libertad. Cien años de anarquismo en España". Cahiers de civilisation espagnole contemporaine (in Spanish). 1. doi:10.4000/ccec.4126. ISSN 1957-7761. OCLC 8081367052. Retrieved 8 October 2022 – via OpenEdition Journals.
Davies, Catherine (1998). "The Libertarian Superwoman: Federica Montseny (1905-1994)". Spanish Women's Writing 1849–1996. London: Athlone Press. pp. 137–151. ISBN 0-485-91006-3. LCCN 98-11468. OCLC 468307323.
Greene, Patricia V. (1998). "Prensa y praxis feminista en La Revista Blanca (1898-1905)". Actas del XIII Congreso de la Asociación Internacional de Hispanistas (PDF) (in Spanish). Vol. IV. Madrid: Castilia. pp. 105–110. ISBN 9788470398483. OCLC 1202073571 – via Centro Virtual Cervantes.
Lee, Andrew H. (2009). "Gustavo, Soledad (1865–1939)". In Ness, Immanuel (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 1. doi:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0667. ISBN 9781405198073. OCLC 8682165860. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
Micó i Millan, Joan (2002). Teresa Mañé i Miravet (1865-1939) (PDF). Retrat (in Catalan). Vol. 16. Vilanova i la Geltrú: Ajuntament de Vilanova i la Geltrú. OCLC 433040492.
Montagut Contreras, Eduardo (5 March 2015). "Soledad Gustavo: la intensa lucha de una maestra y editora". Los Ojos de Hipatia (in Spanish). Torrent. ISSN 2341-0612. OCLC 1201148620. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
Puente Pérez, Ginés (2016). De Soledad Gustavo a Teresa Mañé (1865-1939) (Master's) (in Spanish). Barcelona: University of Barcelona.
Sánchez Parra, Jenny Cristina (2018). ""Amo la ciencia y la verdad, pero si todo el tiempo me lo ocupa el trabajo…"". Diacronie (in Spanish). 34 (2). doi:10.4000/diacronie.8475. ISSN 2038-0925. OCLC 8049576649. S2CID 240452227 – via OpenEdition Journals.
Soriano Jiménez, Ignacio C. (2016). Semblanza de Teresa Mañé i Miravet, Soledad Gustavo (1865–1939) (in Spanish). Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes - Portal Editores y Editoriales Iberoamericanos (siglos XIX–XXI) - EDI-RED. pp. 1–3. OCLC 857718597.

External links

"Soledad Gustavo (1865-1939)". Biblioteca Nacional de España. Escritores en la BNE (in Spanish). Madrid.
"Teresa Mañé i Miravet". CFA Teresa Mañé (in Catalan). Vilanova i la Geltrú.
"Teresa Mañé i Miravet". Patrimoni VNG. Personatges i figures singulars (in Catalan). Vilanova i la Geltrú. 22 October 2014.

[FOOTNOTEMontagut_Contreras2015Puente_Pérez201621-1] Montagut Contreras 2015; Puente Pérez 2016, p. 21.

[FOOTNOTEMontagut_Contreras2015Puente_Pérez201622–23Soriano_Jiménez20161-2] Montagut Contreras 2015; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 22–23; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTEMontagut_Contreras2015Micó_i_Millan20024Puente_Pérez201623–24-3] Montagut Contreras 2015; Micó i Millan 2002, p. 4; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 23–24.

[FOOTNOTEGreene1998107Montagut_Contreras2015Micó_i_Millan20024Puente_Pérez201623–24Soriano_Jiménez20161-4] Greene 1998, p. 107; Montagut Contreras 2015; Micó i Millan 2002, p. 4; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 23–24; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTELee20091Montagut_Contreras2015Micó_i_Millan20024–5Puente_Pérez201625–26-5] Lee 2009, p. 1; Montagut Contreras 2015; Micó i Millan 2002, pp. 4–5; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 25–26.

[FOOTNOTEMontagut_Contreras2015Puente_Pérez201626–28-6] Montagut Contreras 2015; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 26–28.

[FOOTNOTEDavies1998137–138Greene1998107Puente_Pérez201625-7] Davies 1998, pp. 137–138; Greene 1998, p. 107; Puente Pérez 2016, p. 25.

[FOOTNOTEGreene1998107Lee20091Montagut_Contreras2015Soriano_Jiménez20161-8] Greene 1998, p. 107; Lee 2009, p. 1; Montagut Contreras 2015; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTEDavies1998137Lee20091Montagut_Contreras2015Micó_i_Millan20026Puente_Pérez201628–31Soriano_Jiménez20161-9] Davies 1998, p. 137; Lee 2009, p. 1; Montagut Contreras 2015; Micó i Millan 2002, p. 6; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 28–31; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTEMontagut_Contreras2015Micó_i_Millan20026Puente_Pérez201631-10] Montagut Contreras 2015; Micó i Millan 2002, p. 6; Puente Pérez 2016, p. 31.

[FOOTNOTEDavies1998137Montagut_Contreras2015Micó_i_Millan20024Puente_Pérez201631–32-11] Davies 1998, p. 137; Montagut Contreras 2015; Micó i Millan 2002, p. 4; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 31–32.

[FOOTNOTEDavies1998137-12] Davies 1998, p. 137.

[FOOTNOTELee20091Micó_i_Millan20024-13] Lee 2009, p. 1; Micó i Millan 2002, p. 4.

[FOOTNOTEDavies1998138Montagut_Contreras2015Micó_i_Millan20026–7Puente_Pérez201637–40-14] Davies 1998, p. 138; Montagut Contreras 2015; Micó i Millan 2002, pp. 6–7; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 37–40.

[FOOTNOTEDavies1998138Montagut_Contreras2015Micó_i_Millan20027Puente_Pérez201640–50Soriano_Jiménez20161–2-15] Davies 1998, p. 138; Montagut Contreras 2015; Micó i Millan 2002, p. 7; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 40–50; Soriano Jiménez 2016, pp. 1–2.

[FOOTNOTEGreene1998107–108Lee20091Soriano_Jiménez20162-16] Greene 1998, pp. 107–108; Lee 2009, p. 1; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 2.

[FOOTNOTELee20091Soriano_Jiménez20162-17] Lee 2009, p. 1; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 2.

[FOOTNOTELee20091-18] Lee 2009, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTEDavies1998137Montagut_Contreras2015Micó_i_Millan20028Puente_Pérez201654–55-19] Davies 1998, p. 137; Montagut Contreras 2015; Micó i Millan 2002, p. 8; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 54–55.

[FOOTNOTEDavies1998138Puente_Pérez201656–58-20] Davies 1998, p. 138; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 56–58.

[FOOTNOTEDavies1998138Montagut_Contreras2015Puente_Pérez201656–59-21] Davies 1998, p. 138; Montagut Contreras 2015; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 56–59.

[FOOTNOTEDavies1998138Micó_i_Millan20028Puente_Pérez201659–61Soriano_Jiménez20162-22] Davies 1998, p. 138; Micó i Millan 2002, p. 8; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 59–61; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 2.

[FOOTNOTEDavies1998138–139Micó_i_Millan20028Puente_Pérez201655-23] Davies 1998, pp. 138–139; Micó i Millan 2002, p. 8; Puente Pérez 2016, p. 55.

[FOOTNOTEDavies1998138–139-24] Davies 1998, pp. 138–139.

[FOOTNOTEAckelsberg2005240Davies1998139Montagut_Contreras2015Micó_i_Millan20028–9Puente_Pérez201662Soriano_Jiménez20162-25] Ackelsberg 2005, p. 240; Davies 1998, p. 139; Montagut Contreras 2015; Micó i Millan 2002, pp. 8–9; Puente Pérez 2016, p. 62; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 2.

[FOOTNOTEDavies1998139Puente_Pérez201662–70-26] Davies 1998, p. 139; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 62–70.

[FOOTNOTEDavies1998139–140-27] Davies 1998, pp. 139–140.

[FOOTNOTEDavies1998140Puente_Pérez201674-28] Davies 1998, p. 140; Puente Pérez 2016, p. 74.

[FOOTNOTEDavies1998140–141Micó_i_Millan200211Puente_Pérez201676–77-29] Davies 1998, pp. 140–141; Micó i Millan 2002, p. 11; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 76–77.

[FOOTNOTELee20091Montagut_Contreras2015-30] Lee 2009, p. 1; Montagut Contreras 2015.

[FOOTNOTEDavies1998141Lee20091Montagut_Contreras2015Puente_Pérez201678-31] Davies 1998, p. 141; Lee 2009, p. 1; Montagut Contreras 2015; Puente Pérez 2016, p. 78.

[FOOTNOTEAckelsberg200544Micó_i_Millan20029–10Puente_Pérez201670–71-32] Ackelsberg 2005, p. 44; Micó i Millan 2002, pp. 9–10; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 70–71.

[FOOTNOTEAckelsberg200544,_240-33] Ackelsberg 2005, pp. 44, 240.

[FOOTNOTEAckelsberg200544–45-34] Ackelsberg 2005, pp. 44–45.

[FOOTNOTEDavies1998110Greene1998108–110-35] Davies 1998, p. 110; Greene 1998, pp. 108–110.

[FOOTNOTEBrey201210Greene1998106Puente_Pérez201650-36] Brey 2012, p. 10; Greene 1998, p. 106; Puente Pérez 2016, p. 50.

[FOOTNOTEAckelsberg200551–52-37] Ackelsberg 2005, pp. 51–52.

[FOOTNOTEAckelsberg200552,_242-38] Ackelsberg 2005, pp. 52, 242.

[FOOTNOTEAckelsberg2005244-39] Ackelsberg 2005, p. 244.

[FOOTNOTEAckelsberg200560-40] Ackelsberg 2005, p. 60.

[FOOTNOTEMicó_i_Millan20025Puente_Pérez201624-41] Micó i Millan 2002, p. 5; Puente Pérez 2016, p. 24.

[FOOTNOTEMontagut_Contreras2015Puente_Pérez201627–28,_85Soriano_Jiménez20161-42] Montagut Contreras 2015; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 27–28, 85; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTEPuente_Pérez201630,_86Soriano_Jiménez20161-43] Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 30, 86; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTEPuente_Pérez201632–33Soriano_Jiménez20161-44] Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 32–33; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTEPuente_Pérez201637,_85Soriano_Jiménez20161-45] Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 37, 85; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTEPuente_Pérez201645Soriano_Jiménez20162-46] Puente Pérez 2016, p. 45; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 2.

[FOOTNOTEPuente_Pérez201644Soriano_Jiménez20162-47] Puente Pérez 2016, p. 44; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 2.

[FOOTNOTEPuente_Pérez201658–59-48] Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 58–59.

[FOOTNOTEMicó_i_Millan20029Puente_Pérez201670–71-49] Micó i Millan 2002, p. 9; Puente Pérez 2016, pp. 70–71.

[FOOTNOTESoriano_Jiménez20162-50] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 2.

[FOOTNOTEMicó_i_Millan20027–9-51] Micó i Millan 2002, pp. 7–9.

[FOOTNOTEMicó_i_Millan20027–8Soriano_Jiménez20162-52] Micó i Millan 2002, pp. 7–8; Soriano Jiménez 2016, p. 2.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Catalan teacher, editor, and writer (1865–1939)}}
 {{family name hatnote|Mañé|Miravet|lang=Catalan}}
+{{good article}}
-{{Use dmy|date=October 2022}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
 {{Infobox person
 | honorific_prefix   =
-| name               = Teresa Mañé i Miravet
+| name               = Teresa Mañé
 | honorific_suffix   =
-| image              = Soledad gustavo.jpg
+| image              = Teresa Mañé.png
 | image_upright      =
 | landscape          = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank -->
-| alt                = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software -->
+| alt                = Portrait photograph of Teresa Mañé
-| caption            =
+| caption            = Teresa Mañé (1929)
 | native_name        =
 | native_name_lang   =
 | pronunciation      =
-| birth_name         = <!-- only use if different from name -->
+| birth_name         = Teresa Mañé i Miravet
 | birth_date         = {{birth date|df=y|1865|11|29}}
 | birth_place        = [[Cubelles]], Spain
 | baptised           = <!-- will not display if birth_date is entered -->
-| death_date         = {{Death-date and age|5 February 1939|29 November 1865}}
+| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1939|02|05|1865|11|29|df=y}}
-| death_place        = [[Perpignan|Perpinyà]], France
+| death_place        = [[Perpinyà]], France
 | resting_place      =
 | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
@@ Line 31: / Line 32: @@
 | education          =
 | alma_mater         =
-| occupation         = [[Teacher]]
+| occupation         = Teacher
 | years_active       =
 | era                =
@@ Line 48: / Line 49: @@
 | party              =
 | otherparty         =
-| movement           = [[Anarchism in Spain|Anarchism]], [[progressive education]]
+| movement           = {{hlist|[[Anarchism in Spain|Anarchism]]|[[progressive education]]}}
 | opponents          =
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 | criminal_penalty   =
 | criminal_status    =
-| spouse             = [[Joan Montseny|Joan Montseny i Carret]]
+| spouse             = {{marriage|[[Joan Montseny|Joan Montseny i Carret]]|1891}}
 | partner            = <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) -->
 | children           = [[Federica Montseny|Frederica Montseny i Mañé]]
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 }}
 {{Anarcha-feminism sidebar|people}}
-'''Teresa Mañé i Miravet''' (1865–1939), also known by her [[pen name]] '''Soledad Gustavo''', was a Catalan teacher, editor and writer. As a proponent of [[progressive education]], Mañé founded some of the first [[secular education|secular schools]] in Catalonia. With her husband [[Joan Montseny]], she edited the magazine ''[[La Revista Blanca]]'', in which she elaborated her ideas on [[anarchism]], [[feminism]] and [[pedagogy]]. Her daughter [[Federica Montseny|Frederica Montseny i Mañé]] went on to become a leading figure in the [[Anarchism in Spain|Spanish anarchist movement]] and the [[Ministry of Health (Spain)|Minister of Health]] of the [[Second Spanish Republic]].
+'''Teresa Mañé i Miravet''' (1865–1939), also known by her pen name '''Soledad Gustavo''', was a Catalan teacher, editor and writer. As a proponent of [[progressive education]], Mañé founded some of the first [[secular education|secular schools]] in Catalonia. With her husband [[Joan Montseny]], she edited the magazine ''[[La Revista Blanca]]'', in which she elaborated her ideas on [[anarchism]], [[feminism]] and [[pedagogy]]. Her daughter [[Federica Montseny|Frederica Montseny i Mañé]] went on to become a leading figure in the [[Anarchism in Spain|Spanish anarchist movement]] and the [[Ministry of Health (Spain)|Minister of Health]] of the [[Second Spanish Republic]].
 ==Biography==
-Teresa Mañé i Miravet was born in [[Cubelles]], into a relatively well-off family, who raised her in nearby [[Vilanova i la Geltrú]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Montagut Contreras|1y=2015|2a1=Puente Pérez|2y=2016|2p=21}} In 1883, she studied teaching in Barcelona and in 1886,{{Sfnm|1a1=Montagut Contreras|1y=2015|2a1=Puente Pérez|2y=2016|2pp=22-23|3a1=Soriano Jiménez|3y=2016|3p=1}} she collaborated with {{ill|Bartomeu Gabarró i Borràs|ca}}{{Sfnm|1a1=Montagut Contreras|1y=2015|2a1=Micó i Millan|2y=2002|2p=4|3a1=Puente Pérez|3y=2016|3pp=23-24}} in founding Catalonia's first [[Secular education|secular school]] in Vilanova.{{Sfnm|1a1=Greene|1y=1998|1p=107|2a1=Montagut Contreras|2y=2015|3a1=Micó i Millan|3y=2002|3p=4|4a1=Puente Pérez|4y=2016|4pp=23-24|5a1=Soriano Jiménez|5y=2016|5p=1}}
+Teresa Mañé i Miravet was born in [[Cubelles]], Spain, on 29 November 1865 into a relatively well-off family, who raised her in nearby [[Vilanova i la Geltrú]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Montagut Contreras|1y=2015|2a1=Puente Pérez|2y=2016|2p=21}} In 1883, she studied teaching in Barcelona and in 1886,{{Sfnm|1a1=Montagut Contreras|1y=2015|2a1=Puente Pérez|2y=2016|2pp=22-23|3a1=Soriano Jiménez|3y=2016|3p=1}} she collaborated with {{ill|Bartomeu Gabarró i Borràs|ca}}{{Sfnm|1a1=Montagut Contreras|1y=2015|2a1=Micó i Millan|2y=2002|2p=4|3a1=Puente Pérez|3y=2016|3pp=23-24}} in founding Catalonia's first [[Secular education|secular school]] in Vilanova.{{Sfnm|1a1=Greene|1y=1998|1p=107|2a1=Montagut Contreras|2y=2015|3a1=Micó i Millan|3y=2002|3p=4|4a1=Puente Pérez|4y=2016|4pp=23-24|5a1=Soriano Jiménez|5y=2016|5p=1}}
-Politically, she initially considered herself [[federal republic]]an but eventually became a committed anarchist,{{Sfnm|1a1=Lee|1y=2009|1p=1|2a1=Montagut Contreras|2y=2015|3a1=Micó i Millan|3y=2002|3pp=4-5|4a1=Puente Pérez|4y=2016|4pp=25-26}} after meeting a number of Catalan anarchists, such as [[Josep Llunas i Pujals]] and [[Teresa Claramunt Creus|Teresa Claramunt i Creus]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Montagut Contreras|1y=2015|2a1=Puente Pérez|2y=2016|2pp=26-28}} She then went on to write for the radical press under the psuedonym of "Soledad Gustavo".{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1pp=137-138|2a1=Greene|2y=1998|2p=107|3a1=Puente Pérez|3y=2016|3p=25}} In 1889, she participated in the ''Certamen Socialista'' literary competition in [[Barcelona]], where she won a prize for writing ''El amor libre'', an essay on [[free love]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Greene|1y=1998|1p=107|2a1=Lee|2y=2009|2p=1|3a1=Montagut Contreras|3y=2015|4a1=Soriano Jiménez|4y=2016|4p=1}} Soon after, she met [[Joan Montseny]] (aka Federico Urales), who she married in 1891.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=137|2a1=Lee|2y=2009|2p=1|3a1=Montagut Contreras|3y=2015|4a1=Micó i Millan|4y=2002|4p=6|5a1=Puente Pérez|5y=2016|5pp=28-31|6a1=Soriano Jiménez|6y=2016|6p=1}} The new couple moved to [[Reus]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Montagut Contreras|1y=2015|2a1=Micó i Millan|2y=2002|2p=6|3a1=Puente Pérez|3y=2016|3p=31}} where they established another secular school,{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=137|2a1=Montagut Contreras|2y=2015|3a1=Micó i Millan|3y=2002|3p=4|4a1=Puente Pérez|4y=2016|4pp=31-32}} which taught children using the pedagogical approaches of [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] and [[Maria Montessori]].{{Sfn|Davies|1998|p=137}} Mañé herself was a member of the Confederation of Lay Teachers of Catalonia and promoted methods of [[progressive education]], years before [[Francisco Ferrer|Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia]] established his [[Ferrer movement|Modern School]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Lee|1y=2009|1p=1|2a1=Micó i Millan|2y=2002|2p=4}}
+Politically, she initially considered herself [[federal republic]]an but eventually became a committed anarchist,{{Sfnm|1a1=Lee|1y=2009|1p=1|2a1=Montagut Contreras|2y=2015|3a1=Micó i Millan|3y=2002|3pp=4-5|4a1=Puente Pérez|4y=2016|4pp=25-26}} after meeting a number of Catalan anarchists, such as [[Josep Llunas i Pujals]] and [[Teresa Claramunt]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Montagut Contreras|1y=2015|2a1=Puente Pérez|2y=2016|2pp=26-28}} She then went on to write for the radical press under the pseudonym of "'''Soledad Gustavo'''".{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1pp=137-138|2a1=Greene|2y=1998|2p=107|3a1=Puente Pérez|3y=2016|3p=25}} In 1889, she participated in the ''Certamen Socialista'' literary competition in [[Barcelona]], where she won a prize for writing ''El amor libre'', an essay on [[free love]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Greene|1y=1998|1p=107|2a1=Lee|2y=2009|2p=1|3a1=Montagut Contreras|3y=2015|4a1=Soriano Jiménez|4y=2016|4p=1}} Soon after, she met [[Joan Montseny]] (alias Federico Urales), who she married in 1891.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=137|2a1=Lee|2y=2009|2p=1|3a1=Montagut Contreras|3y=2015|4a1=Micó i Millan|4y=2002|4p=6|5a1=Puente Pérez|5y=2016|5pp=28-31|6a1=Soriano Jiménez|6y=2016|6p=1}} The new couple moved to [[Reus]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Montagut Contreras|1y=2015|2a1=Micó i Millan|2y=2002|2p=6|3a1=Puente Pérez|3y=2016|3p=31}} where they established another secular school,{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=137|2a1=Montagut Contreras|2y=2015|3a1=Micó i Millan|3y=2002|3p=4|4a1=Puente Pérez|4y=2016|4pp=31-32}} which taught children using the pedagogical approaches of [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] and [[Maria Montessori]].{{Sfn|Davies|1998|p=137}} Mañé was a member of the Confederation of Lay Teachers of Catalonia and promoted methods of [[progressive education]], years before [[Francisco Ferrer|Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia]] established his [[Ferrer movement|Modern School]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Lee|1y=2009|1p=1|2a1=Micó i Millan|2y=2002|2p=4}}
-In the repression that followed the [[1896 Barcelona Corpus Christi procession bombing]], Montseny was imprisoned and later escaped into exile.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=138|2a1=Montagut Contreras|2y=2015|3a1=Micó i Millan|3y=2002|3pp=6-7|4a1=Puente Pérez|4y=2016|4pp=37-40}} By 1898, Montseny had clandestinely returned to Spain and settled with Mañé in [[Madrid]], where they established the fortnightly magazine ''[[La Revista Blanca]]'' and the daily newspaper ''{{ill|Tierra y Libertad (newspaper){{!}}Tierra y Libertad|ca|Tierra y Libertad}}''.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=138|2a1=Montagut Contreras|2y=2015|3a1=Micó i Millan|3y=2002|3p=7|4a1=Puente Pérez|4y=2016|4pp=40-50|5a1=Soriano Jiménez|5y=2016|5pp=1-2}} In these periodicals, Mañé wrote hundreds of articles on topics such as women's emancipation and progressive education,{{Sfnm|1a1=Greene|1y=1998|1pp=107-108|2a1=Lee|2y=2009|2p=1|3a1=Soriano Jiménez|3y=2016|3p=2}} and also served as translator for contributions from [[Louise Michel]] and [[Antonio Labriola]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Lee|1y=2009|1p=1|2a1=Soriano Jiménez|2y=2016|2p=2}} She collaborated closely with her husband, with the couple often helping finish each other's essays. Her works saw publication as far away as [[Paterson, New Jersey]], where the Italian ''Gruppo Emancipazione della Donna'' was based, and she collaborated with a number of foreign writers, such as the Galician anarchist [[Ricardo Mella]], the Dutch socialist [[Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis]] and the Italian feminist [[Anna Maria Mozzoni]].{{Sfn|Lee|2009|p=1}}
+In the repression that followed the [[1896 Barcelona Corpus Christi procession bombing]], Montseny was imprisoned and later escaped into exile.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=138|2a1=Montagut Contreras|2y=2015|3a1=Micó i Millan|3y=2002|3pp=6-7|4a1=Puente Pérez|4y=2016|4pp=37-40}} By 1898, Montseny had clandestinely returned to Spain and settled with Mañé in [[Madrid]], where they established the fortnightly magazine ''[[La Revista Blanca]]'' and the daily newspaper ''[[Tierra y Libertad (newspaper)|Tierra y Libertad]]''.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=138|2a1=Montagut Contreras|2y=2015|3a1=Micó i Millan|3y=2002|3p=7|4a1=Puente Pérez|4y=2016|4pp=40-50|5a1=Soriano Jiménez|5y=2016|5pp=1-2}} In these periodicals, Mañé wrote hundreds of articles on topics such as women's emancipation and progressive education,{{Sfnm|1a1=Greene|1y=1998|1pp=107-108|2a1=Lee|2y=2009|2p=1|3a1=Soriano Jiménez|3y=2016|3p=2}} and also served as translator for contributions from [[Louise Michel]] and [[Antonio Labriola]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Lee|1y=2009|1p=1|2a1=Soriano Jiménez|2y=2016|2p=2}} She collaborated closely with her husband, with the couple often helping finish each other's essays. Her works saw publication as far away as [[Paterson, New Jersey]], United States, where the Italian Women's Emancipation Group ({{langx|it|Gruppo Emancipazione della Donna}}) was based. She collaborated with a number of foreign writers, such as the Galician anarchist [[Ricardo Mella]], the Dutch socialist [[Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis]] and the Italian feminist [[Anna Maria Mozzoni]].{{Sfn|Lee|2009|p=1}}
-In 1905 she had a daughter, [[Federica Montseny|Frederica Montseny i Mañé]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=137|2a1=Montagut Contreras|2y=2015|3a1=Micó i Millan|3y=2002|3p=8|4a1=Puente Pérez|4y=2016|4pp=54-55}} and soon moved to a house near [[Vallecas]], where her extended family and friends lived on [[subsistence agriculture]] and through the earnings from their writings.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=138|2a1=Puente Pérez|2y=2016|2pp=56-58}} But after a lawsuit against Joan by [[Arturo Soria y Mata]] threatened his arrest, the family moved back to Catalonia,{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=138|2a1=Montagut Contreras|2y=2015|3a1=Puente Pérez|3y=2016|3pp=56-59}} where they took up livestock farming, while Mañé herself worked as a translator.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=138|2a1=Micó i Millan|2y=2002|2p=8|3a1=Puente Pérez|3y=2016|3pp=59-61|4a1=Soriano Jiménez|4y=2016|4p=2}} Back in Barcelona, Mañé [[Homeschooling|homeschooled]] her daughter using methods of [[progressive education]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1pp=138-139|2a1=Micó i Millan|2y=2002|2p=8|3a1=Puente Pérez|3y=2016|3p=55}} providing her with a wide range of material and allowing her the freedom to choose her own subjects to study.{{Sfn|Davies|1998|pp=138-139}} Mañé and her family also resumed publication of ''La Revista Blanca'',{{Sfnm|1a1=Ackelsberg|1y=2005|1p=240|2a1=Davies|2y=1998|2p=139|3a1=Montagut Contreras|3y=2015|4a1=Micó i Millan|4y=2002|4pp=8-9|5a1=Puente Pérez|5y=2016|5p=62|6a1=Soriano Jiménez|6y=2016|6p=2}} which flourished despite attempts at repression by the [[dictatorship of Primo de Rivera]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=139|2a1=Puente Pérez|2y=2016|2pp=62-70}}
+In 1905 she had a daughter, [[Federica Montseny|Frederica Montseny i Mañé]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=137|2a1=Montagut Contreras|2y=2015|3a1=Micó i Millan|3y=2002|3p=8|4a1=Puente Pérez|4y=2016|4pp=54-55}} and soon moved to a house near [[Vallecas]], where her extended family and friends lived on [[subsistence agriculture]] and through the earnings from their writings.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=138|2a1=Puente Pérez|2y=2016|2pp=56-58}} But after a lawsuit against Joan by [[Arturo Soria y Mata]] threatened his arrest, the family moved back to Catalonia,{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=138|2a1=Montagut Contreras|2y=2015|3a1=Puente Pérez|3y=2016|3pp=56-59}} where they took up livestock farming, while Mañé worked as a translator.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=138|2a1=Micó i Millan|2y=2002|2p=8|3a1=Puente Pérez|3y=2016|3pp=59-61|4a1=Soriano Jiménez|4y=2016|4p=2}} Back in Barcelona, Mañé [[Homeschooling|homeschooled]] her daughter using methods of progressive education,{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1pp=138-139|2a1=Micó i Millan|2y=2002|2p=8|3a1=Puente Pérez|3y=2016|3p=55}} providing her with a wide range of material and allowing her the freedom to choose her own subjects to study.{{Sfn|Davies|1998|pp=138-139}} Mañé and her family also resumed publication of ''La Revista Blanca'',{{Sfnm|1a1=Ackelsberg|1y=2005|1p=240|2a1=Davies|2y=1998|2p=139|3a1=Montagut Contreras|3y=2015|4a1=Micó i Millan|4y=2002|4pp=8-9|5a1=Puente Pérez|5y=2016|5p=62|6a1=Soriano Jiménez|6y=2016|6p=2}} which flourished despite attempts at repression by the [[dictatorship of Primo de Rivera]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=139|2a1=Puente Pérez|2y=2016|2pp=62-70}}
-Following the proclamation of the [[Second Spanish Republic]], Mañé's daughter Frederica became a leading figure within the [[Anarchism in Spain|Spanish anarchist movement]], taking prominent positions within the [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo]] (CNT), the [[Iberian Anarchist Federation|Federación Anarquista Ibérica]] (FAI) and the [[Mujeres Libres]] (ML).{{Sfn|Davies|1998|pp=139-140}} When the anarchists became a leading force in the [[Spanish Civil War]], Frederica was invited to join the Republican government of [[Francisco Largo Caballero]] and became the country's [[Ministry of Health (Spain)|Minister of Health]], against the wishes of Mañé, who held firm to [[anti-statism]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=140|2a1=Puente Pérez|2y=2016|2p=74}} In late 1938, a [[Catalonia Offensive|nationalist offensive]] forced Mañé and her family to flee [[Revolutionary Catalonia|Catalonia]] into exile.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1pp=140-141|2a1=Micó i Millan|2y=2002|2p=11|3a1=Puente Pérez|3y=2016|3pp=76-77}} Her health had rapidly deteriorated during the war,{{Sfnm|1a1=Lee|1y=2009|1p=1|2a1=Montagut Contreras|2y=2015}} leaving her unable to cope with the stresses of their winter journey to [[Northern Catalonia]]. Teresa Mañé i Miravet died on 5 February 1939 in [[Perpignan|Perpinyà]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=141|2a1=Lee|2y=2009|2p=1|3a1=Montagut Contreras|3y=2015|4a1=Puente Pérez|4y=2016|4p=78}}
+Following the proclamation of the [[Second Spanish Republic]], Mañé's daughter Frederica became a leading figure within the [[Anarchism in Spain|Spanish anarchist movement]], taking prominent positions within the [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo]] (CNT), the [[Iberian Anarchist Federation|Federación Anarquista Ibérica]] (FAI) and the [[Mujeres Libres]] (ML).{{Sfn|Davies|1998|pp=139-140}} When the anarchists became a leading force in the [[Spanish Civil War]], Frederica was invited to join the Republican government of [[Francisco Largo Caballero]] and became the country's [[Ministry of Health (Spain)|Minister of Health]], against the wishes of Mañé, who held firm to [[anti-statism]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=140|2a1=Puente Pérez|2y=2016|2p=74}} In late 1938, a [[Catalonia Offensive|nationalist offensive]] forced Mañé and her family to flee [[Revolutionary Catalonia|Catalonia]] into exile.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1pp=140-141|2a1=Micó i Millan|2y=2002|2p=11|3a1=Puente Pérez|3y=2016|3pp=76-77}} Her health had rapidly deteriorated during the war,{{Sfnm|1a1=Lee|1y=2009|1p=1|2a1=Montagut Contreras|2y=2015}} leaving her unable to cope with the stresses of their winter journey to [[Northern Catalonia]]. Mañé died on 5 February 1939 in [[Perpignan|Perpinyà]], France.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=141|2a1=Lee|2y=2009|2p=1|3a1=Montagut Contreras|3y=2015|4a1=Puente Pérez|4y=2016|4p=78}}
 ==Views==
-Mañé propagated a form of [[anarcho-communism]] that stood in contrast to the dominant Spanish anarchist tendency of [[anarcho-syndicalism]]. In the debate between the [[anarchism|anarchists]] and the [[syndicalism|syndicalists]] of the CNT, Mañé and her family took the side of the former, arguing that [[trade union]]s were a product of capitalism and that they therefore should not form the basis for a socialist economy.{{Sfnm|1a1=Ackelsberg|1y=2005|1p=44|2a1=Micó i Millan|2y=2002|2pp=9-10|3a1=Puente Pérez|3y=2016|3pp=70-71}} In July 1923, Mañé published ''El sindicalismo y la anarquia'' in ''La Revista Blanca'', in which she declared that "there are workers because there are bosses. [[Workerism]] will disappear with [[capitalism]], and syndicalism with wages."{{Sfn|Ackelsberg|2005|pp=44, 240}} Instead of syndicalism, Mañé argued for [[municipalism]], focusing on a more communal form of organization based in the traditional ''municipio libre''. During the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936]], Mañé's focus on community organizing saw successes in the advancement of [[women's rights]], where workplace organizing fell short.{{Sfn|Ackelsberg|2005|pp=44-45}}
+Mañé propagated a form of [[anarcho-communism]] that stood in contrast to the dominant Spanish anarchist tendency of [[anarcho-syndicalism]]. In the debate between the [[anarchism|anarchists]] and the [[syndicalism|syndicalists]] of the CNT, Mañé and her family took the side of the former, arguing that [[trade union]]s were a product of capitalism and that they therefore should not form the basis for a socialist economy.{{Sfnm|1a1=Ackelsberg|1y=2005|1p=44|2a1=Micó i Millan|2y=2002|2pp=9-10|3a1=Puente Pérez|3y=2016|3pp=70-71}} In July 1923, Mañé published ''El sindicalismo y la anarquia'' ({{langx|en|Syndicalism and anarchy}}) in ''La Revista Blanca'', in which she declared that "there are workers because there are bosses. [[Workerism]] will disappear with [[capitalism]], and syndicalism with wages."{{Sfn|Ackelsberg|2005|pp=44, 240}} Instead of syndicalism, Mañé argued for [[municipalism]], focusing on a more communal form of organization based in the traditional ''municipio libre'' ({{langx|en|free municipality}}). During the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936]], Mañé's focus on community organizing saw successes in the advancement of [[women's rights]], where workplace organizing fell short.{{Sfn|Ackelsberg|2005|pp=44-45}}
-Mañé was also a prolific advocate of [[feminism]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=110|2a1=Greene|2y=1998|2pp=108-110}} Along with [[Teresa Claramunt Creus|Teresa Claramunt i Creus]], she pioneered the tendency of [[anarcha-feminism|anarchist feminism]], which aspired to greater [[gender equality]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Brey|1y=2012|1p=10|2a1=Greene|2y=1998|2p=106|3a1=Puente Pérez|3y=2016|3p=50}} Mañé was sceptical of [[free love]], due to anarchist men's lack of feminism in practice.{{Sfn|Ackelsberg|2005|pp=51-52}} In October 1923, Mañé published ''Hablemos de la mujer'' in ''La Revista Blanca'', in which she stated that: "a man may like the idea of the emancipation of women, but he is not so fond of her actually practicing it... In the end, he may desire the other's woman, but he will lock up his own."{{Sfn|Ackelsberg|2005|pp=52, 242}} In the same article,{{Sfn|Ackelsberg|2005|p=244}} Mañé also insisted that the implementation of gender equality was the responsibility of women themselves, who would need to "demonstrate by their deeds that they think, are capable of conceiving ideas, of grasping principles, of striving for ends."{{Sfn|Ackelsberg|2005|p=60}}
+Mañé was also a prolific advocate of [[feminism]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Davies|1y=1998|1p=110|2a1=Greene|2y=1998|2pp=108-110}} Along with [[Teresa Claramunt]], she pioneered the tendency of [[anarcha-feminism|anarchist feminism]], which aspired for greater [[gender equality]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Brey|1y=2012|1p=10|2a1=Greene|2y=1998|2p=106|3a1=Puente Pérez|3y=2016|3p=50}} Mañé was skeptical of [[free love]], due to anarchist men's lack of feminism in practice.{{Sfn|Ackelsberg|2005|pp=51-52}} In October 1923, Mañé published ''Hablemos de la mujer'' ({{langx|en|Let's talk about women}}) in ''La Revista Blanca'', in which she stated that: "a man may like the idea of the emancipation of women, but he is not so fond of her actually practicing it... In the end, he may desire the other's woman, but he will lock up his own."{{Sfn|Ackelsberg|2005|pp=52, 242}} In the same article,{{Sfn|Ackelsberg|2005|p=244}} Mañé also insisted that the implementation of gender equality was the responsibility of women themselves, who would need to "demonstrate by their deeds that they think, are capable of conceiving ideas, of grasping principles, of striving for ends."{{Sfn|Ackelsberg|2005|p=60}}
 == Works ==
 === Essays ===
-* ''El laicismo no es ateo'' (1888)
+* ''El laicismo no es ateo'' (1888){{Sfnm|1a1=Micó i Millan|1y=2002|1p=5|2a1=Puente Pérez|2y=2016|2p=24}}
+* ''El amor libre'' (1889){{Sfnm|1a1=Montagut Contreras|1y=2015|2a1=Puente Pérez|2y=2016|2pp=27-28, 85|3a1=Soriano Jiménez|3y=2016|3p=1}}
-* ''El amor libre'' (1889)
-* ''Dos Cartas'' (co-authored with Joan Montseny), (1891)
+* ''Dos Cartas'' (co-authored with Joan Montseny), (1891){{Sfnm|1a1=Puente Pérez|1y=2016|1pp=30, 86|2a1=Soriano Jiménez|2y=2016|2p=1}}
-* ''Las Preocupaciones de los Despreocupados'' (co-authored with Joan Montseny) (1891)
+* ''Las Preocupaciones de los Despreocupados'' (co-authored with Joan Montseny) (1891){{Sfnm|1a1=Puente Pérez|1y=2016|1pp=32-33|2a1=Soriano Jiménez|2y=2016|2p=1}}
-* ''A las Proletarias'' (1896)
+* ''A las Proletarias'' (1896){{Sfnm|1a1=Puente Pérez|1y=2016|1pp=37, 85|2a1=Soriano Jiménez|2y=2016|2p=1}}
-* ''El anarquismo y la mujer'' (1900)
+* ''El anarquismo y la mujer'' (1900){{Sfnm|1a1=Puente Pérez|1y=2016|1p=45|2a1=Soriano Jiménez|2y=2016|2p=2}}
-* ''Concepto de la anarquía'' (1902)
+* ''Concepto de la anarquía'' (1902){{Sfnm|1a1=Puente Pérez|1y=2016|1p=44|2a1=Soriano Jiménez|2y=2016|2p=2}}
-* ''Las diosas de la vida'' (1909)
+* ''Las diosas de la vida'' (1910){{Sfn|Puente Pérez|2016|pp=58-59}}
-* ''Sindicalismo y Anarquía'' (1932)
+* ''Sindicalismo y Anarquía'' (1933){{Sfnm|1a1=Micó i Millan|1y=2002|1p=9|2a1=Puente Pérez|2y=2016|2pp=70-71}}
-* ''Política y Sociología'' (1932)
+* ''Política y Sociología'' (1933){{Sfnm|1a1=Micó i Millan|1y=2002|1p=9|2a1=Puente Pérez|2y=2016|2pp=70-71}}
 ===Translations===
-* ''[[The Conquest of Bread]]'' ([[Peter Kropotkin]])
+* ''[[The Conquest of Bread]]'' ([[Peter Kropotkin]]){{Sfn|Soriano Jiménez|2016|p=2}}
-* ''The Future Society'' ([[Peter Kropotkin]])
+* ''The Future Society'' ([[Peter Kropotkin]]){{Sfn|Soriano Jiménez|2016|p=2}}
 === Periodicals ===
-* ''[[La Revista Blanca]]'' (1898–1906; 1923–1936)
+* ''[[La Revista Blanca]]'' (1898–1905; 1925–1936){{Sfn|Micó i Millan|2002|pp=7-9}}
-* ''[[Tierra y Libertad (newspaper)|Tierra y Libertad]]'' (1899–1906)
+* ''[[Tierra y Libertad (newspaper)|Tierra y Libertad]]'' (1899–1904){{Sfnm|1a1=Micó i Millan|1y=2002|1pp=7-8|2a1=Soriano Jiménez|2y=2016|2p=2}}
-* ''El Mundo al Día'' (1931)
+* ''El Luchador'' (1931){{Sfn|Soriano Jiménez|2016|p=2}}
+* ''El Mundo al Día'' (1935–1936){{Sfn|Soriano Jiménez|2016|p=2}}
-* ''El Luchador'' (1931)
 === Collections ===
-* ''La Novela Ideal'' (1925–1938)
+* ''La Novela Ideal'' (1925–1938){{Sfn|Soriano Jiménez|2016|p=2}}
-* ''La Novela Libre'' (1933–1938)
+* ''La Novela Libre'' (1933–1938){{Sfn|Soriano Jiménez|2016|p=2}}
 === Conferences ===
-* ''La sociedad futura'' (Agrupación republicana Germinal, Madrid, 1899)
+* ''La sociedad futura'' (Agrupación republicana Germinal, Madrid, 1899){{Sfn|Soriano Jiménez|2016|p=2}}
-* ''[https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/viewer?oid=0002869301 La cuestión social]'' (Ateneo de Madrid, 1902)
+* ''La cuestión social'' (Ateneo de Madrid, 1902){{Sfn|Soriano Jiménez|2016|p=2}}<!-- See at https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/viewer?oid=0002869301 -->
+== See also ==
+* [[Anarchism in Spain]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 130: / Line 135: @@
 ==Bibliography==
-{{refbegin|2}}
+{{refbegin|30em}}
 *{{cite book|last=Ackelsberg|first=Martha|author-link=Martha Ackelsberg|chapter=Anarchist Revolution and the Liberation of Women|title=[[Free Women of Spain]]|location=[[Oakland, California|Oakland]]|publisher=[[AK Press]]|edition=2nd|year=2005|orig-year=1991|pages=37–60|isbn=1-902593-96-0|lccn=2003113040|oclc=63382446}}
-*{{cite journal|url=https://journals.openedition.org/ccec/4126|title=Tierra y Libertad. Cien años de anarquismo en España|first=Gérard|last=Brey|year=2012|volume=1|journal=Cahiers de civilisation espagnole contemporaine|via=[[Centre pour l'Édition Électronique Ouverte|OpenEdition Journals]]|language=es|access-date=8 October 2022|doi=10.4000/ccec.4126|issn=1957-7761|oclc=8081367052}}
+*{{cite journal|url=https://journals.openedition.org/ccec/4126|title=Tierra y Libertad. Cien años de anarquismo en España|first=Gérard|last=Brey|year=2012|volume=1|journal=Cahiers de civilisation espagnole contemporaine|via=[[Centre pour l'Édition Électronique Ouverte|OpenEdition Journals]]|language=es|access-date=8 October 2022|doi=10.4000/ccec.4126|issn=1957-7761|oclc=8081367052|doi-access=free}}
 *{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Catherine|title=Spanish Women's Writing 1849&ndash;1996|chapter=The Libertarian Superwoman: Federica Montseny (1905-1994)|year=1998|publisher=Athlone Press|location=London|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppRtzQXGS8wC&pg=PA138|pages=137–151|isbn=0-485-91006-3|lccn=98-11468|oclc=468307323}}
 *{{cite book|last=Greene|first=Patricia V.|year=1998|chapter=Prensa y praxis feminista en La Revista Blanca (1898-1905)|title=Actas del XIII Congreso de la Asociación Internacional de Hispanistas|location=Madrid|publisher=Castilia|via=Centro Virtual Cervantes|volume=IV|pages=105–110|language=es|url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/aih/pdf/13/aih_13_4_012.pdf|isbn=9788470398483|oclc=1202073571}}
@@ Line 139: / Line 144: @@
 *{{cite web|url=http://losojosdehipatia.com.es/educacion/soledad-gustavo-la-intensa-lucha-de-una-maestra-y-editora/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315024943/http://losojosdehipatia.com.es/educacion/soledad-gustavo-la-intensa-lucha-de-una-maestra-y-editora/|archive-date=15 March 2015|first=Eduardo|last=Montagut Contreras|title=Soledad Gustavo: la intensa lucha de una maestra y editora|date=5 March 2015|work=Los Ojos de Hipatia|location=[[Torrent, Valencia|Torrent]]|issn=2341-0612|oclc=1201148620|access-date=7 October 2022|language=es|url-status=dead}}
 *{{cite thesis|last=Puente Pérez|first=Ginés|title=De Soledad Gustavo a Teresa Mañé (1865-1939)|year=2016|url=http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/131079|type=[[Master's degree|Master's]]|location=[[Barcelona]]|publisher=[[University of Barcelona]]|language=es}}
-*{{cite journal|title="Amo la ciencia y la verdad, pero si todo el tiempo me lo ocupa el trabajo…"|url=https://journals.openedition.org/diacronie/8475|first=Jenny Cristina|last=Sánchez Parra|year=2018|journal=Diacronie|volume=34|issue=2|via=[[Centre pour l'Édition Électronique Ouverte|OpenEdition Journals]]|language=es|issn=2038-0925|doi=10.4000/diacronie.8475|s2cid=240452227 |oclc=8049576649}}
+*{{cite journal|title="Amo la ciencia y la verdad, pero si todo el tiempo me lo ocupa el trabajo…"|url=https://journals.openedition.org/diacronie/8475|first=Jenny Cristina|last=Sánchez Parra|year=2018|journal=Diacronie|volume=34|issue=2|via=[[Centre pour l'Édition Électronique Ouverte|OpenEdition Journals]]|language=es|issn=2038-0925|doi=10.4000/diacronie.8475|s2cid=240452227 |oclc=8049576649|doi-access=free}}
-*{{cite work|last=Soriano Jiménez|first=Ignacio C.|year=2016|title=Semblanza de Teresa Mañé i Miravet, Soledad Gustavo (1865-1939)|location=[[Alicante]]|publisher=[[University of Alicante]]|work=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|url=https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/teresa-mane-i-miravet-soledad-gustavo-cubelles-vilanova-i-la-geltru-1865---perpinan-1939-semblanza/|language=es|pages=1–3|oclc=857718597}}
+*{{cite work|last=Soriano Jiménez|first=Ignacio C.|year=2016|title=Semblanza de Teresa Mañé i Miravet, Soledad Gustavo (1865–1939)|location=[[Alicante]]|publisher=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes - Portal Editores y Editoriales Iberoamericanos (siglos XIX–XXI) - EDI-RED |url=https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/nd/ark:/59851/bmc253j2 |language=es|pages=1–3|oclc=857718597}}
 {{refend}}
 ==Further reading==
-{{refbegin|2}}
+{{refbegin|30em}}
 *{{cite web|url=https://blocs.mesvilaweb.cat/elbarrinaire/la-pensadora-anarquista-teresa-mane/|first=Josep|last=Arasa i Ferrer|title=La pensadora anarquista Teresa Mañe|date=31 October 2013|access-date=8 October 2022|language=ca|work=El Barrinaire|series=Històries del Penedès|publisher=El 3 de vuit}}
 *{{cite web|url=https://www.eldiario.es/madrid/somos/malasana/soledad-gustavo-la-mujer-al-frente-de-la-publicacion-anarquista-mas-importante-de-su-epoca_1_6412348.html|title= Soledad Gustavo, la mujer al frente de la publicación anarquista más importante de su época |first=Luis|last=de la Cruz|location=[[Madrid]]|publisher=Diario de Prensa Digital|work=[[elDiario.es|El Diario]]|date=26 September 2022|access-date=9 October 2022|language=es|oclc=1120668073}}
@@ Line 163: / Line 168: @@
 *{{cite web|url=https://escritores.bne.es/authors/soledad-gustavo-1865-1939/|title=Soledad Gustavo (1865-1939)|location=[[Madrid]]|website=[[Biblioteca Nacional de España]]|series=Escritores en la BNE|language=es}}
 *{{cite web|url=http://www.xtec.cat/cfa-teresamanye/centro.html|title=Teresa Mañé i Miravet|location=[[Vilanova i la Geltrú]]|website=CFA Teresa Mañé|language=ca}}
-*{{cite web|url=https://www.patrimonivng.cat/patrimoni/teresa-mane-i-miravet|title=Teresa Mañé i Miravet|location=[[Vilanova i la Geltrú]]|website=Patrimoni VNG|series=Personatges i figures singulars|language=ca}}
+*{{cite web|url=https://www.patrimonivng.cat/patrimoni/teresa-mane-i-miravet|title=Teresa Mañé i Miravet|location=[[Vilanova i la Geltrú]]|website=Patrimoni VNG|series=Personatges i figures singulars|date=22 October 2014 |language=ca}}
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 171: / Line 176: @@
 [[Category:1939 deaths]]
 [[Category:19th-century Spanish educators]]
-[[Category:19th-century women educators]]
 [[Category:19th-century Spanish women writers]]
-[[Category:20th-century Spanish educators]]
+[[Category:20th-century Spanish writers]]
-[[Category:20th-century women educators]]
 [[Category:20th-century Spanish women writers]]
 [[Category:Anarcha-feminists]]
@@ Line 189: / Line 192: @@
 [[Category:Spanish feminists]]
 [[Category:Spanish magazine founders]]
-[[Category:Spanish women educators]]
+[[Category:20th-century women educational theorists]]
-[[Category:Women educational theorists]]
+[[Category:20th-century educational theorists]]
 [[Category:Women writers from Catalonia]]
+[[Category:20th-century Spanish educators]]
+[[Category:20th-century Spanish women educators]]
+[[Category:19th-century Spanish women educators]]

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