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{{short description|Genus of fishes (fossil)}}
{{short description|Extinct genus of ray-finned fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{more citations needed|date=May 2018}}
| fossil_range = [[Albian]]-[[Maastrichtian]]<br />~{{Fossil range|105|66|latest=55|earliest=121}} Possible [[Barremian]] & [[Paleogene]] records
{{Taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Albian]]-[[Priabonian]]<br />~{{Fossil range|112.6|37.2}}
| image = Enchodus Swimming Down.png
| image = Enchodus Swimming Down.png
| image_caption = ''E. petrosus'' mounted skeleton cast, [[Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center]]
| image_width = 250px
| taxon = Enchodus
| image_caption = ''E. petrosus'' mounted skeleton cast in the [[Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center]] in Woodland Park, Colorado
| authority = [[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1835
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| type_species = {{extinct}}''[[Esox]] lewesiensis''
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| type_species_authority = [[Gideon Mantell|Mantell]], 1822
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subclassis = [[Neopterygii]]
| subdivision = ~26+, see text
| ordo = [[Aulopiformes]]
| synonyms = *''Isodus'' <small>Heckel, 1849</small>
| subordo = [[Aleposauroidei]]
*''Phasganodus'' <small>Leidy, 1857</small>
| familia = †Enchodontidae
*''Ischyrocephalus'' <small>von der Marck, 1858</small>
| genus = '''''Enchodus'''''
*''[[Solenodon]]'' <small>Kramberger, 1881</small> (preocc.)
| genus_authority = [[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1835
*?''Tetheodus'' <small>Cope, 1874</small>
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
*''Holcodon'' <small>Kramberger, 1885</small>
| subdivision =
*''[[Eurygnathus]]'' <small>Davis, 1887</small> (preocc.)
* ''E. amicrodus''<ref>[http://oceansofkansas.com/enchodus.html The Sabre-Toothed Fish of the Cretaceous]</ref>
* ''E. annectens'' {{small|Woodward 1901}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=":8"/>
* ''E. brevis'' {{small|Chalifa 1989}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. dirus'' {{small|Leidy 1857}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. elegans'' {{small|Dartevelle & Casier 1949}}<ref>[http://gni.globalnames.org/name_strings?page=190&search_term=ns%3AENC* Global Names Index]</ref>
* ''E. faujasi'' {{small|Agassiz 1843}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. ferox'' {{small|Leidy 1855}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. gladiolus'' {{small|Cope 1872}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. gracilis'' {{small|Der Marck 1858}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. lamberti'' {{small|Arambourg and Joleaud 1943}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. lemonnieri'' {{small|Dello 1893}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. lewesiensis'' {{small|Mantell 1822}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. libyus''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mundofosil.net/museo_virtual/fichas/chordata/enchodus_libycus.htm |title=Mundo Fosil |access-date=2015-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114004617/http://mundofosil.net/museo_virtual/fichas/chordata/enchodus_libycus.htm |archive-date=2014-11-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''E. longidens'' {{small|Pictet 1850}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. longipectoralis'' {{small|Schaeffer 1947}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. major'' {{small|Davis 1887}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. marchesettii'' {{small|Kramberger 1895}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. mecoanalis'' {{small|Forey et al. 2003}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. oliveirai'' {{small|Maury 1930}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. parvus'' {{citation needed|date=May 2018}}
* ''E. petrosus'' {{small|Cope 1874}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. pulchellus'' {{small|Woodward 1901 }}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. saevus'' {{small|Hay 1903}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. semistriatus'' {{small|Marsh 1869}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. shumardi'' {{small|Leidy 1856}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. subaequilateralis'' {{small|Cope 1885}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. tineidae'' {{small|Holloway ''et al.'' 2017}}<ref name=holloway>{{Cite journal|author1=Waymon L. Holloway |author2=Kerin M. Claeson |author3=Hesham M. Sallam |author4=Sanaa El-Sayed |author5=Mahmoud Kora |author6=Joseph J.W. Sertich |author7=Patrick M. O’Connor |year=2017 |title=A new species of the neopterygian fish ''Enchodus'' from the Duwi Formation, Campanian, Late Cretaceous, Western Desert, central Egypt |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=603–611 |doi=10.4202/app.00331.2016}}</ref>
* ''E. venator'' {{small|Arambourg 1954}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. zipapanensis'' {{small|Fielitz and González-Rodríguez 2010}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
}}
}}


'''''Enchodus''''' (from {{langx|el|ἔγχος}} {{transl|el|enchos}}, 'spear' and {{langx|el|ὀδούς}} {{transl|el|odoús}} 'tooth')<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=George |title=An etymological and explanatory dictionary of the terms and language of geology |date=1839 |publisher=Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans |location=London |page=55 |url=https://archive.org/details/anetymologicala00robegoog |access-date=30 December 2021 |language=English}}</ref> is an extinct [[genus]] of [[aulopiformes|aulopiform]] [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] related to [[alepisaurus|lancetfish]] and [[lizardfish]]. Species of ''Enchodus'' flourished during the [[Late Cretaceous]], where they were a widespread component of marine ecosystems worldwide, and there is some evidence that they may have survived to the [[Paleocene]] or [[Eocene]]; however, this may just represent reworked Cretaceous material.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fielitz |first1=Christopher |last2=González-Rodríguez |first2=Katia A. |title=A New Species of Enchodus (aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) from the Cretaceous (albian to Cenomanian) of Zimapán, Hidalgo, México |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=2010 |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=1343–1351 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2010.501438 |jstor=40864352 |bibcode=2010JVPal..30.1343F |s2cid=84281080 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Rana |first1=R. S. |last2=Kumar |first2=K. |last3=Singh |first3=H. |last4=Rose |first4=K. D. |title=Lower vertebrates from the Late Palaeocene–Earliest Eocene Akli Formation, Giral Lignite Mine, Barmer District, western India |journal=Current Science |date=2005 |volume=89 |issue=9 |pages=1606–1613 |jstor=24110948 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Matthew P. |last2=Fielitz |first2=Christopher |title=Estimating divergence times of lizardfishes and their allies (Euteleostei: Aulopiformes) and the timing of deep-sea adaptations |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=December 2010 |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=1194–1208 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.003 |pmid=20854916 |bibcode=2010MolPE..57.1194D }}</ref>
'''''Enchodus''''' is an extinct [[genus]] of [[aulopiformes|aulopiform]] [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] related to [[alepisaurus|lancet-]] and [[lizardfish]]. Species of ''Enchodus'' flourished during the [[Late Cretaceous]], and survived the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]], persisting into the late [[Eocene]].

== Description ==
''Enchodus'' species were small to medium in size, large species (''E. zinensis'') reached {{convert|172.2|cm}}.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Díaz-Cruz |first1=Jesús Alberto |last2=Alvarado-Ortega |first2=Jesús |last3=Ramírez-Sánchez |first3=Marcia M. |last4=Bernard |first4=Emma Louise |last5=Allington-Jones |first5=Lu |last6=Graham |first6=Mark |title=Phylogenetic morphometrics, geometric morphometrics and the Mexican fossils to understand evolutionary trends of enchodontid fishes |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |date=November 2021 |volume=111 |pages=103492 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103492 |bibcode=2021JSAES.11103492D }}</ref> One of the genus' most notable attributes are the large "fangs" at the front of the upper and lower jaws and on the [[palatine bone]]s, leading to its misleading nickname among [[fossil]] hunters and [[paleoichthyologist]]s, "the saber-toothed [[herring]]". These fangs, along with a long sleek body and large eyes, suggest ''Enchodus'' was a [[predator]]y [[species]].<ref name=Everhart2013>{{cite web|author=Everhart, Mike|date=2013|url=http://www.oceansofkansas.com/Enchodus.html|title=''Enchodus'' sp. - The Sabre-Toothed Fish of the Cretaceous|website=[[Oceans of Kansas]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118171151/http://oceansofkansas.com/enchodus.html|archive-date=November 18, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

''E. petrosus'', with standard length around {{convert|76.7|cm}}<ref name=":0" /> and sometimes over {{convert|1|m}},<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chida |first1=Mori |last2=Brinkman |first2=Donald B. |last3=Murray |first3=Alison M. |title=A large, new dercetid fish (Teleostei: Aulopiformes) from the Campanian Bearpaw Formation of Alberta, Canada |journal=Cretaceous Research |date=October 2023 |volume=150 |pages=105579 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105579 |bibcode=2023CrRes.15005579C |s2cid=258803963 }}</ref> remains of which are common from the [[Niobrara Chalk]], the [[Mooreville Chalk Formation]], the [[Pierre Shale]], and other geological formations deposited within the [[Western Interior Seaway]] and the [[Mississippi Embayment]]. Large individuals of this species had fangs measuring over {{convert|6|cm}} in length, giving its skull an appearance somewhat reminiscent of modern [[deep-sea fish]]es, such as [[anglerfish]] and [[viperfish]]. Other species were considerably smaller, some like ''E. parvus'' were only some centimeters (a few inches) long.<ref>{{cite book|author=Everhart, M.J.|year=2017|title=Oceans of Kansas, Second Edition: A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea (Life of the Past)|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253026323|pages=117}}</ref>

Despite being a formidable predator, remains of ''Enchodus'' are commonly found among the stomach contents of larger predators, including [[shark]]s, other bony fish, [[mosasaurs]], [[plesiosaurs]] and seabirds such as ''[[Baptornis advenus]]''.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

== Distribution ==
''Enchodus'' fossils have been found all over the world. In [[North America]], ''Enchodus'' remains have been recovered from most US states with fossiliferous Late Cretaceous rocks, including [[Kansas]], [[Nebraska]], [[Colorado]], [[Alabama]], [[Mississippi]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Tennessee]], [[Wyoming]], [[Texas]], [[California]], [[North Carolina]], and [[New Jersey]]. Fossils also have been found in the [[Aguja Formation|Aguja]] and [[El Doctor Formation]]s of [[Mexico]] and the [[Ashville Formation|Ashville]], [[Vermillion River Formation|Vermillion River]] and [[Dinosaur Park Formation]]s, and [[Brown Bed Member]] of [[Canada]]. The taxon is also known from coeval strata in Mexico, South America ([[Tiupampan]] [[Santa Lucía Formation]] and [[Maastrichtian]] [[El Molino Formation]] of Bolivia, [[Paraíba]], [[Pernambuco]] and [[Sergipe]] states of Brazil, as well as Argentina, Chile, and Peru<ref name=":6" />), Africa (Egypt, Morocco, the Congo, Angola, Niger, and Equatorial Guinea), the Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine and Jordan), [[Europe]] (England, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Germany, Sweden, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Greece, Ukraine<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kovalchuk |first=Oleksandr |last2=Barkaszi |first2=Zoltán |last3=Anfimova |first3=Galina |date=2022-03-31 |title=Records of Enchodus (Teleostei, Aulopiformes) from the Cenomanian of Ukraine in the light of European distribution of enchodontid fishes |url=https://www.schweizerbart.de//papers/njgpa/detail/303/101174/Records_of_Enchodus_Teleostei_Aulopiformes_from_th?af=crossref |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |language=en |pages=295–307 |doi=10.1127/njgpa/2022/1049}}</ref> and Russia), India, and Japan.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=PBDB Taxon |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=txn:35564 |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=paleobiodb.org}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Geology |first=British Museum (Natural History) Department of |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Catalogue_of_the_Fossil_Fishes_in_the_Br/ZtEKAQAAIAAJ? |title=Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural History): Actinopterygian Teleostomi of the suborders Isospondyli (in part), Ostariophysi, Apodes, Percesoces, Hemibranchii, Acanthopterygii, and Anacanthini |last2=Woodward |first2=Arthur Smith |date=1901 |publisher=order of the Trustees |language=en}}</ref> Potentially the latest ''Enchodus'' remains are known from the earliest [[Eocene]] of [[Barmer district|Barmer]], [[India]].<ref name=":1" /> However, it has also been suggested that all post-Cretaceous ''Enchodus'' records are just reworked material.<ref name=":2" />


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
Species of ''Enchodus'' are generally classified into two different [[clade]]s, the North American and the Mediterranean. It has been proposed that this distinction is the result of several [[allopatric speciation|isolated]] events between the two populations over the Late Cretaceous.<ref name=holloway/>
Species of ''Enchodus'' are generally classified into two different [[clade]]s, the North American and the Mediterranean. It has been proposed that this distinction is the result of several [[allopatric speciation|isolated]] events between the two populations over the Late Cretaceous.<ref name="holloway2" /> The earliest known species is ''E. zimapanensis'' from the late Albian or earliest Cenomanian of Mexico.<ref name=":5" /> Potentially earlier remains are known from the late [[Barremian]]/early Aptian of Brazil ([[Morro de Chaves Formation]]), but these specimens are too fragmentary to confidently assign to this genus.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Universitaria~vertebrata.j@gmail.com |first=Jesús Alberto Díaz-Cruz~Ciudad |last2=México~alvarado@geologia.unam.mx |first2=Jesús Alvarado-Ortega~Universidad Nacional Autónoma de |last3=Birmingham~s.giles.1@bham.ac.uk |first3=Sam Giles~University of Oxford and University of |date=2020-06-21 |title=A long snout enchodontid fish (Aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) from the Early Cretaceous deposits at the El Chango quarry, Chiapas, southeastern Mexico: A multi-approach study |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/current-in-press-articles/3063-a-long-snout-enchodontid-fish |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Palaeontologia Electronica |language=en}}</ref>

{{cladogram|align=center|style=font-size:100%; line-height:100%;width:500px;|title=''Enchodus''<ref name=holloway/>|caption=Phylogeny of the genus with some species|cladogram=
=== Species ===
[[File:Enchodus gracilis.jpg|thumb|Specimen of ''E. gracilis'']]
[[File:Enchodus petrosus 2.jpg|thumb|Reconstructed school of ''E. petrosus'']]
[[File:Enchodus faujasi.jpg|thumb|Specimen of ''E. faujasi'']]
''Enchodus'' was a diverse, long-lived genus with many species known throughout its temporal and geographic range. The following valid species are known:<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Silva |first=Hilda M. A. |last2=Gallo |first2=Valéria |date=2011 |title=Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of Enchodontoidei (Teleostei: Aulopiformes) |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/aabc/a/vPvQZ4v493QvhCLL9wh9zDb/ |journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências |language=en |volume=83 |pages=483–511 |doi=10.1590/S0001-37652011000200010 |issn=0001-3765}}</ref><ref name="FWEnchodus2" />

* '''''E. brevis''''' {{small|Chalifa, 1989}} - [[Cenomanian]] of the [[West Bank]], [[Palestine]] ([[Amminadav Formation]]), potentially [[Lebanon]] ([[Sannine Formation]])
* '''''E. bursauxi''''' {{small|([[Camille Arambourg|Arambourg]], 1952)}} - [[Coniacian]] of [[Angola]] ([[Itombe Formation]]), Late [[Campanian]] of Egypt, [[Maastrichtian]] to potentially [[Danian]] of Morocco ([[Ouled Abdoun Basin]])
* '''''E. dentex''''' {{small|([[Johann Jakob Heckel|Heckel]], 1856)}} - Cenomanian of [[Slovenia]] ([[Komen Limestone]])
* '''''E. dirus''''' {{small|([[Joseph Leidy|Leidy]], 1857)}} - [[Maastrichtian]] of the United States ([[Fox Hills Formation]] of North Dakota, [[Severn Formation]] of Maryland), potentially [[Gavdos]], Greece<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Cavin |first=Lionel |last2=Alexopoulos |first2=Apostolos |last3=Piuz |first3=André |date=2012-12-01 |title=Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) ray-finned fishes from the island of Gavdos, southern Greece, with comments on the evolutionary history of the aulopiform teleost Enchodus |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sgf/bsgf/article-abstract/183/6/561/314035/Late-Cretaceous-Maastrichtian-ray-finned-fishes?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France |volume=183 |issue=6 |pages=561–572 |doi=10.2113/gssgfbull.183.6.561 |issn=0037-9409}}</ref>
* '''''E. elegans''''' {{small|Dartevelle & Casier 1949}} - Coniacian of Angola (Itombe Formation), Maastrichtian of Brazil ([[Gramame Formation]]), [[Niger]], [[Syria]], and [[Jordan]] ([[Alhisa Phosphorite Formation]]); Maastrichtian to potentially Danian of Morocco (Ouled Abdoun Basin)
* '''''E. faujasi''''' {{small|[[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1843}} - Coniacian of Angola (Itombe Formation), Campanian of Israel ([[Mishash Formation]]), Maastrichtian of France ([[Calcarintes du Jadet Formation]]), Maastrichtian/potentially Danian of the Netherlands ([[Maastricht Formation]])<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedman |first=M. |date=2012-01-01 |title=Ray-finned fishes (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii) from the type Maastrichtian, the Netherlands and Belgium |url=https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/428932 |journal=Scripta Geologica. Special Issue |language=en |volume=08 |pages=113–142 |issn=0922-4564}}</ref>
* '''''E. ferox''''' {{small|Leidy, 1855}} - [[Santonian]] of [[Orenburg Oblast|Orenburg]], Russia; Campanian to Maastrichtian (potentially Paleocene) of the United States ([[Marshalltown Formation|Marshalltown]], [[Mount Laurel Formation|Mount Laurel]], [[Navesink Formation|Navesink]], and [[Hornerstown Formation]]s of New Jersey, Marshalltown Formation of Delaware, Severn Formation of Maryland, Arkansas, Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota); Maastrichtian of Argentina ([[Jagüel Formation]]) and India ([[Intertrappean Beds]])
* '''''E. gladiolus''''' {{small|([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1872)}} - Cenomanian to Maastrichtian of the United States ([[Greenhorn Limestone]] of Colorado, Kansas & Iowa, [[Graneros Shale]] & [[Carlile Shale]] of Nebraska, [[Mancos Shale]] of New Mexico, Carlile Shale of Kansas, Arkansas, and [[Merchantville Formation|Merchantville]], Navesink & Hornerstown Formations of New Jersey), Santonian to Campanian of Russia (Orenburg, [[Rybushka Formation]]), Maastrichtian of Argentina (Jagüel Formation), potentially Peru (Vivian Formation)<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Gouiric Cavalli |first=Soledad |last2=Cione |first2=Alberto Luis |last3=Tineo |first3=David |last4=Pérez |first4=Leandro Martín |last5=Iribarne |first5=Martín |last6=Allcca Torres |first6=Miguel A. |last7=Poire |first7=Daniel Gustavo |date=2020 |title=The first Peruvian record of Enchodus (Osteichthyes, Aulopiformes, Enchodontidae) in the Upper Cretaceous Vivian Formation |url=https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/133320 |journal=Andean Geology |doi=10.5027/andgeoV48n2-3337 |issn=0718-7092|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* '''''E. gracilis''''' {{small|(von der Marck, 1858)}} - Campanian of Germany ([[Ahlen Formation]])
* '''''E. lewesiensis''''' {{small|([[Gideon Mantell|Mantell]], 1822)}} ([[type species]]) - Cenomanian to Coniacian of England ([[Chalk Group|English Chalk]], [[Seaford Formation]]), Cenomanian/Turonian of Germany ([[Hesseltal Formation]])<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Amalfitano |first1=Jacopo |last2=Giusberti |first2=Luca |last3=Fornaciari |first3=Eliana |last4=Carnevale |first4=Giorgio |date=2020-04-03 |title=UPPER CENOMANIAN FISHES FROM THE BONARELLI LEVEL (OAE2) OF NORTHEASTERN ITALY |url=https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/RIPS/article/view/13224 |journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia |language=en |volume=126 |issue=2 |doi=10.13130/2039-4942/13224 |issn=2039-4942}}</ref> and the Czech Republic, potentially Maastrichtian of Germany ([[Gerhardsreit Formation]])
* '''''E. libycus''''' <small>(Quaas, 1902)</small> - Cenomanian to Maastrichtian of Brazil ([[Cotinguiba Formation]], Gramame Formation), Campanian of Egypt, Maastrichtian to potentially Danian of Morocco (Ouled Abdoun Basin)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enchodus libycus |url=http://mundofosil.net/museo_virtual/fichas/chordata/enchodus_libycus.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114004617/http://mundofosil.net/museo_virtual/fichas/chordata/enchodus_libycus.htm |archive-date=2014-11-14 |access-date=2015-05-13 |work=Mundo Fosil}}</ref>
* '''''E. longidens''''' {{small|([[François Jules Pictet de la Rive|Pictet]], 1850)}} - [[Santonian]] of Lebanon ([[Sahel Alma (fossil site)|Sahel Alma]]), potentially Paleocene/[[early Eocene]] of India ([[Akli Formation]])<ref name=":1" />
* '''''E. longipectoralis''''' {{small|(Schaeffer, 1947)}} - Cenomanian to Coniacian of Brazil (Cotinguiba Formation)
* '''''E. lycodon''''' <small>[[Rudolf Kner|Kner]], 1867</small> - Cenomanian of Slovenia (Komen Limestone)
* '''''E. macropterus''''' <small>(von der Marck, 1863)</small> - Campanian of Germany ([[Baumberge Formation]])
* '''''E. major''''' {{small|[[James William Davis|Davis]], 1887}} - Santonian of Lebanon ([[Sahel Alma (fossil site)|Sahel Alma]])
* '''''E. marchesettii''''' {{small|([[Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger|Kramberger]], 1895)}} - Cenomanian of Lebanon (Sannine Formation)
* '''''E. mecoanalis''''' {{small|Forey ''et al.'', 2003}} - Cenomanian of Lebanon (Sannine Formation)
* '''''E. oliveirai''''' {{small|[[Carlotta Maury|Maury]], 1930}} - Cenomanian to Maastrichtian of Brazil (Cotinguiba & Gramame Formations)
* '''''E. petrosus''''' {{small|Cope, 1874}} - Cenomanian to late Campanian/early Maastrichtian of the United States ([[Tokio Formation]] of Arkansas, [[Carlile Shale]] of Kansas, [[Niobrara Formation]] of South Dakota, [[Mooreville Chalk|Mooreville]] & [[Demopolis Chalk]] of Alabama, [[Blufftown Formation]] of Georgia, [[Tar Heel/Coachman Formation|Tar Heel Formation]] of North Carolina, [[Donoho Creek Formation]] of South Carolina, [[Navesink Formation]] of New Jersey), Turonian of Canada ([[Northwest Territories]]), Santonian to Campanian of Russia (Orenburg & Rybushka Formation)
* '''''E. shumardi''''' {{small|Leidy, 1856}} - Cenomanian to Santonian of the United States (Greenhorn Limestone of Iowa, Kansas & Colorado, Carlile & Graneros Shale of Nebraska & Kansas, Niobrara Formation of Kansas & South Dakota) and Canada ([[Ashville Formation]] of Saskatchewan, [[Kaskapau Formation]] of Alberta)
* '''''E. subaequilateralis''''' {{small|Cope, 1885}} - Maastrichtian of Brazil (Gramame Formation)
* '''''E. tineidae''''' {{small|Holloway ''et al.'', 2017}} - Campanian of Egypt ([[Duwi Formation]])<ref name="holloway2">{{Cite journal |author1=Waymon L. Holloway |author2=Kerin M. Claeson |author3=Hesham M. Sallam |author4=Sanaa El-Sayed |author5=Mahmoud Kora |author6=Joseph J.W. Sertich |author7=Patrick M. O’Connor |year=2017 |title=A new species of the neopterygian fish ''Enchodus'' from the Duwi Formation, Campanian, Late Cretaceous, Western Desert, central Egypt |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=603–611 |doi=10.4202/app.00331.2016 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* '''''E. venator''''' {{small|Arambourg, 1954}} - Cenomanian of Morocco ([[Jbel Tselfat]]), Italy ([[Scaglia Variegata Alpina Formation]]), and Germany (Hesseltal Formation)
* '''''E. zinensis''''' <small>Chalifa, 1996</small> - Campanian/Maastrichtian of Egypt
* '''''E. zimapanensis''''' {{small|Fielitz & González-Rodríguez, 2010}} - Late [[Albian]]/Cenomanian of Mexico ([[El Doctor Formation]])<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Fielitz |first1=Christopher |last2=GonzáLez-RodríGuez |first2=Katia A. |date=2010 |title=A new species of Enchodus (Aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) from the Cretaceous (Albian to Cenomanian) of Zimapán, Hidalgo, México |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2010.501438 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=1343–1351 |bibcode=2010JVPal..30.1343F |doi=10.1080/02724634.2010.501438 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref>
Many other dubious species based on insufficient remains have been described throughout its range. Even most of the valid ''Enchodus'' species are based on only isolated teeth and bones.<ref name=":3" /> The genus ''[[Parenchodus]]'', considered to be the sister genus of ''Enchodus'', has been synonymized with this genus based on some studies.<ref name=":3" /> However, more recent studies have found it to be a valid genus distinct from ''Enchodus''.<ref name="holloway2" /><ref name=":4" />

=== Phylogeny ===
{{cladogram|align=center|style=font-size:100%; line-height:100%;width:500px;|title=''Enchodus''<ref name="holloway2" />|caption=Phylogeny of the genus with some species|cladogram=
{{clade
{{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
Line 62: Line 80:
|1=''[[Parenchodus]]''
|1=''[[Parenchodus]]''
|2=''E. brevis''
|2=''E. brevis''
|3=''E. lewesiensis
|3=''E. lewesiensis''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
Line 88: Line 106:
}}
}}
}}}}}}}}}}
}}}}}}}}}}

== Description ==
''Enchodus'' species were small to medium in size. One of the genus' most notable attributes are the large "fangs" at the front of the upper and lower jaws and on the [[palatine bone]]s, leading to its misleading nickname among [[fossil]] hunters and [[paleoichthyologist]]s, "the saber-toothed [[herring]]". These fangs, along with a long sleek body and large eyes, suggest ''Enchodus'' was a [[predator]]y [[species]].{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

The largest-known species of ''Enchodus'' is ''E. petrosus'', remains of which are common from the [[Niobrara Chalk]], the [[Mooreville Chalk Formation]], the [[Pierre Shale]], and other geological formations deposited within the [[Western Interior Seaway]] and the [[Mississippi Embayment]]. Large individuals of this species had fangs measuring over {{convert|6|cm}} in length, though the total body length was only about {{convert|1.5|m}}, giving its skull an appearance somewhat reminiscent of modern [[deep-sea fish]]es, such as [[anglerfish]] and [[viperfish]]. Other species were considerably smaller, some like ''E. parvus'' were only some centimeters (a few inches) long.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

Despite being a formidable predator, remains of ''Enchodus'' are commonly found among the stomach contents of larger predators, including [[shark]]s, other bony fish, [[mosasaurs]], [[plesiosaurs]] and seabirds such as ''[[Baptornis advenus]]''.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

== Distribution ==
''Enchodus'' fossils have been found all over the world. In [[North America]], ''Enchodus'' remains have been recovered from most US states with fossiliferous Late Cretaceous rocks, including [[Kansas]], [[Nebraska]], [[Colorado]], [[Alabama]], [[Mississippi]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Tennessee]], [[Wyoming]], [[Texas]], [[California]], [[North Carolina]], and [[New Jersey]]. Fossils also have been found in the [[Aguja Formation|Aguja]] and [[El Doctor Formation]]s of [[Mexico]] and the [[Ashville Formation|Ashville]], [[Vermillion River Formation|Vermillion River]] and [[Dinosaur Park Formation]]s, and [[Brown Bed Member]] of [[Canada]]. The taxon is also known from coeval strata in [[Africa]], the Middle East, [[Europe]], southwest [[Asia]] and the [[Tiupampan]] [[Santa Lucía Formation]] and [[Maastrichtian]] [[El Molino Formation]] of Bolivia and the [[Paraíba]], [[Pernambuco]] and [[Sergipe]] states of Brazil.<ref name=FWEnchodus>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=35564 ''Enchodus''] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>


== Gallery ==
== Gallery ==
<gallery mode=packed heights=120px>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Enchodus petrosus.jpg|Restoration of ''E. petrosus''
File:Enchodus petrosus.png |Restoration of ''E. petrosus''
File:Enchodus lewesiensis.jpg|''E. lewesiensis'' skull
File:Enchodus lewesiensis.jpg|''E. lewesiensis'' skull
File:Enchodontidae - Enchodus elegans.JPG|Teeth of ''E. elegans'' from [[Khouribga]]
File:Enchodontidae - Enchodus elegans.JPG|Teeth of ''E. elegans'' from [[Khouribga]]
File:Enchodontidae - Enchodus libycus.JPG|Teeth of ''E. libyus'' from [[Khouribga]]
File:Enchodontidae - Enchodus libycus.JPG|Teeth of ''E. libycus'' from [[Khouribga]]
</gallery>
</gallery>


Line 112: Line 120:


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* {{aut|[[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope, Edward Drinker]]}} (1874): Review of the Vertebrata of the Cretaceous period found west of the Mississippi River. ''U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories, Bulletin'' '''1'''(2): 3-48.
* {{cite journal |last1=Cope |first1=Edward Drinker |authorlink1=Edward Drinker Cope |title=Review of the Vertebrata of the Cretaceous Period Found West of the Mississippi River |journal=Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories |volume=1 |issue=2 |date=1875 |pages=5–16 |id={{Gale|BAGPVO689069586}} |oclc=879313308 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxW8AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA5 }}
* {{aut|Everhart, Mike}} (2007): [[Oceans of Kansas]]: [http://www.oceansofkansas.com/Enchodus.html ''Enchodus'' sp. - The Sabre-Toothed Fish of the Cretaceous]. Version of 2007-MAY-29. Retrieved 2007-AUG-23.
* {{cite web|author=Everhart, Mike|date=2013|url=http://www.oceansofkansas.com/Enchodus.html|title=''Enchodus'' sp. - The Sabre-Toothed Fish of the Cretaceous|website=[[Oceans of Kansas]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118171151/http://oceansofkansas.com/enchodus.html|archive-date=November 18, 2022|url-status=live}}
* {{aut|Russell, D. A.}} (1988): A check list of North American Marine Cretaceous vertebrates including fresh water fishes. ''Occasional Paper of the Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology'' #4.
* {{cite book |last1=Russell |first1=Dale A. |title=A Check List of North American Marine Cretaceous Vertebrates Including Fresh Water Fishes |date=1988 |publisher=Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |isbn=978-1-55006-106-2 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=Matthew P.|last2=Fielitz|first2=Christopher |title=Estimating divergence times of lizardfishes and their allies (Euteleostei: Aulopiformes) and the timing of their deep-sea adaptations|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=57|year=2010|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.003}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Matthew P. |last2=Fielitz |first2=Christopher |title=Estimating divergence times of lizardfishes and their allies (Euteleostei: Aulopiformes) and the timing of deep-sea adaptations |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=December 2010 |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=1194–1208 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.003 |pmid=20854916 |bibcode=2010MolPE..57.1194D }}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{commonscat inline|Enchodus}}
* {{commons category-inline|Enchodus}}
* [http://www.courtenaymuseum.ca/paleo/paleo/enchodo.html Introduction to Paleontology]
* [http://www.courtenaymuseum.ca/paleo/paleo/enchodo.html Introduction to Paleontology]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q5375425}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5375425}}


[[Category:Enchodontidae]]
[[Category:Prehistoric ray-finned fish genera]]
[[Category:Prehistoric ray-finned fish genera]]
[[Category:Cretaceous bony fish]]
[[Category:Cretaceous bony fish]]
[[Category:Paleocene fish]]
[[Category:Albian genus first appearances]]
[[Category:Eocene fish]]
[[Category:Cenomanian genera]]
[[Category:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary]]
[[Category:Turonian genera]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous genus first appearances]]
[[Category:Coniacian genera]]
[[Category:Eocene genus extinctions]]
[[Category:Santonian genera]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous fish of North America]]
[[Category:Campanian genera]]
[[Category:Mesozoic fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Maastrichtian genus extinctions]]
[[Category:Eocene fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Cretaceous fish of North America]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous fish of South America]]
[[Category:Cretaceous fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous fish of Africa]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous fish of Asia]]
[[Category:Fossils of the United States]]
[[Category:Demopolis Chalk]]
[[Category:Demopolis Chalk]]
[[Category:Mooreville Chalk]]
[[Category:Mooreville Chalk]]
[[Category:Prehistoric fish of South America]]
[[Category:Fossils of Canada]]
[[Category:Fossils of Mexico]]
[[Category:Tiupampan]]
[[Category:Tiupampan]]
[[Category:Paleogene Bolivia]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Bolivia]]
[[Category:Fossils of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Fossils of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Santa Lucía Formation]]
[[Category:Santa Lucía Formation]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Brazil]]
[[Category:Fossils of Brazil]]
[[Category:Fossils of Brazil]]
[[Category:Fossils of Chile]]
[[Category:Fossils of Argentina]]
[[Category:Fossils of Peru]]
[[Category:Fossils of England]]
[[Category:Fossils of France]]
[[Category:Fossils of Spain]]
[[Category:Fossils of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Fossils of Belgium]]
[[Category:Fossils of Sweden]]
[[Category:Fossils of Germany]]
[[Category:Fossils of Italy]]
[[Category:Fossils of the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Fossils of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Fossils of Greece]]
[[Category:Fossils of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Fossils of Russia]]
[[Category:Fossils of Egypt]]
[[Category:Fossils of Morocco]]
[[Category:Fossils of Niger]]
[[Category:Fossils of Angola]]
[[Category:Fossils of Equatorial Guinea]]
[[Category:Fossils of the Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Fossils of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Fossils of Israel]]
[[Category:Fossils of Palestine]]
[[Category:Fossils of Syria]]
[[Category:Fossils of Lebanon]]
[[Category:Fossils of Jordan]]
[[Category:Fossils of India]]
[[Category:Fossils of Japan]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1835]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1835]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Louis Agassiz]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Louis Agassiz]]

Latest revision as of 15:52, 8 January 2025

Enchodus
Temporal range: Albian-Maastrichtian
~105–66 Ma Possible Barremian & Paleogene records
E. petrosus mounted skeleton cast, Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Aulopiformes
Family: †Enchodontidae
Genus: †Enchodus
Agassiz, 1835
Type species
†Esox lewesiensis
Mantell, 1822
Species

~26+, see text

Synonyms[1]
  • Isodus Heckel, 1849
  • Phasganodus Leidy, 1857
  • Ischyrocephalus von der Marck, 1858
  • Solenodon Kramberger, 1881 (preocc.)
  • ?Tetheodus Cope, 1874
  • Holcodon Kramberger, 1885
  • Eurygnathus Davis, 1887 (preocc.)

Enchodus (from Greek: ἔγχος enchos, 'spear' and Greek: ὀδούς odoús 'tooth')[2] is an extinct genus of aulopiform ray-finned fish related to lancetfish and lizardfish. Species of Enchodus flourished during the Late Cretaceous, where they were a widespread component of marine ecosystems worldwide, and there is some evidence that they may have survived to the Paleocene or Eocene; however, this may just represent reworked Cretaceous material.[3][4][5]

Description

[edit]

Enchodus species were small to medium in size, large species (E. zinensis) reached 172.2 centimetres (67.8 in).[6] One of the genus' most notable attributes are the large "fangs" at the front of the upper and lower jaws and on the palatine bones, leading to its misleading nickname among fossil hunters and paleoichthyologists, "the saber-toothed herring". These fangs, along with a long sleek body and large eyes, suggest Enchodus was a predatory species.[7]

E. petrosus, with standard length around 76.7 centimetres (30.2 in)[6] and sometimes over 1 metre (3 ft 3 in),[8] remains of which are common from the Niobrara Chalk, the Mooreville Chalk Formation, the Pierre Shale, and other geological formations deposited within the Western Interior Seaway and the Mississippi Embayment. Large individuals of this species had fangs measuring over 6 centimetres (2.4 in) in length, giving its skull an appearance somewhat reminiscent of modern deep-sea fishes, such as anglerfish and viperfish. Other species were considerably smaller, some like E. parvus were only some centimeters (a few inches) long.[9]

Despite being a formidable predator, remains of Enchodus are commonly found among the stomach contents of larger predators, including sharks, other bony fish, mosasaurs, plesiosaurs and seabirds such as Baptornis advenus.[citation needed]

Distribution

[edit]

Enchodus fossils have been found all over the world. In North America, Enchodus remains have been recovered from most US states with fossiliferous Late Cretaceous rocks, including Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, Tennessee, Wyoming, Texas, California, North Carolina, and New Jersey. Fossils also have been found in the Aguja and El Doctor Formations of Mexico and the Ashville, Vermillion River and Dinosaur Park Formations, and Brown Bed Member of Canada. The taxon is also known from coeval strata in Mexico, South America (Tiupampan Santa Lucía Formation and Maastrichtian El Molino Formation of Bolivia, Paraíba, Pernambuco and Sergipe states of Brazil, as well as Argentina, Chile, and Peru[10]), Africa (Egypt, Morocco, the Congo, Angola, Niger, and Equatorial Guinea), the Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine and Jordan), Europe (England, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Germany, Sweden, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Greece, Ukraine[11] and Russia), India, and Japan.[12][1] Potentially the latest Enchodus remains are known from the earliest Eocene of Barmer, India.[4] However, it has also been suggested that all post-Cretaceous Enchodus records are just reworked material.[5]

Taxonomy

[edit]

Species of Enchodus are generally classified into two different clades, the North American and the Mediterranean. It has been proposed that this distinction is the result of several isolated events between the two populations over the Late Cretaceous.[13] The earliest known species is E. zimapanensis from the late Albian or earliest Cenomanian of Mexico.[14] Potentially earlier remains are known from the late Barremian/early Aptian of Brazil (Morro de Chaves Formation), but these specimens are too fragmentary to confidently assign to this genus.[15][16]

Species

[edit]
Specimen of E. gracilis
Reconstructed school of E. petrosus
Specimen of E. faujasi

Enchodus was a diverse, long-lived genus with many species known throughout its temporal and geographic range. The following valid species are known:[12][1][15][17]

Many other dubious species based on insufficient remains have been described throughout its range. Even most of the valid Enchodus species are based on only isolated teeth and bones.[15] The genus Parenchodus, considered to be the sister genus of Enchodus, has been synonymized with this genus based on some studies.[15] However, more recent studies have found it to be a valid genus distinct from Enchodus.[13][18]

Phylogeny

[edit]
Enchodus[13]
Enchodus

E. marchesettii

Parenchodus

E. brevis

E. lewesiensis

E. gracilis

E. venator

E. shumardi

E. petrosus

E. zipapanensis

E. faujasi

E. gladiolus

E. tineidae

E. dirus

Phylogeny of the genus with some species
[edit]
  • Restoration of E. petrosus
    Restoration of E. petrosus
  • E. lewesiensis skull
    E. lewesiensis skull
  • Teeth of E. elegans from Khouribga
    Teeth of E. elegans from Khouribga
  • Teeth of E. libycus from Khouribga
    Teeth of E. libycus from Khouribga

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Geology, British Museum (Natural History) Department of; Woodward, Arthur Smith (1901). Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural History): Actinopterygian Teleostomi of the suborders Isospondyli (in part), Ostariophysi, Apodes, Percesoces, Hemibranchii, Acanthopterygii, and Anacanthini. order of the Trustees.
  2. ^ Roberts, George (1839). An etymological and explanatory dictionary of the terms and language of geology. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans. p. 55. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  3. ^ Fielitz, Christopher; González-Rodríguez, Katia A. (2010). "A New Species of Enchodus (aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) from the Cretaceous (albian to Cenomanian) of Zimapán, Hidalgo, México". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (5): 1343–1351. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30.1343F. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.501438. JSTOR 40864352. S2CID 84281080.
  4. ^ a b c Rana, R. S.; Kumar, K.; Singh, H.; Rose, K. D. (2005). "Lower vertebrates from the Late Palaeocene–Earliest Eocene Akli Formation, Giral Lignite Mine, Barmer District, western India". Current Science. 89 (9): 1606–1613. JSTOR 24110948.
  5. ^ a b Davis, Matthew P.; Fielitz, Christopher (December 2010). "Estimating divergence times of lizardfishes and their allies (Euteleostei: Aulopiformes) and the timing of deep-sea adaptations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (3): 1194–1208. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57.1194D. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.003. PMID 20854916.
  6. ^ a b Díaz-Cruz, Jesús Alberto; Alvarado-Ortega, Jesús; Ramírez-Sánchez, Marcia M.; Bernard, Emma Louise; Allington-Jones, Lu; Graham, Mark (November 2021). "Phylogenetic morphometrics, geometric morphometrics and the Mexican fossils to understand evolutionary trends of enchodontid fishes". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 111: 103492. Bibcode:2021JSAES.11103492D. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103492.
  7. ^ Everhart, Mike (2013). "Enchodus sp. - The Sabre-Toothed Fish of the Cretaceous". Oceans of Kansas. Archived from the original on November 18, 2022.
  8. ^ Chida, Mori; Brinkman, Donald B.; Murray, Alison M. (October 2023). "A large, new dercetid fish (Teleostei: Aulopiformes) from the Campanian Bearpaw Formation of Alberta, Canada". Cretaceous Research. 150: 105579. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15005579C. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105579. S2CID 258803963.
  9. ^ Everhart, M.J. (2017). Oceans of Kansas, Second Edition: A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea (Life of the Past). Indiana University Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0253026323.
  10. ^ a b Gouiric Cavalli, Soledad; Cione, Alberto Luis; Tineo, David; Pérez, Leandro Martín; Iribarne, Martín; Allcca Torres, Miguel A.; Poire, Daniel Gustavo (2020). "The first Peruvian record of Enchodus (Osteichthyes, Aulopiformes, Enchodontidae) in the Upper Cretaceous Vivian Formation". Andean Geology. doi:10.5027/andgeoV48n2-3337. ISSN 0718-7092.
  11. ^ Kovalchuk, Oleksandr; Barkaszi, Zoltán; Anfimova, Galina (2022-03-31). "Records of Enchodus (Teleostei, Aulopiformes) from the Cenomanian of Ukraine in the light of European distribution of enchodontid fishes". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen: 295–307. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2022/1049.
  12. ^ a b "PBDB Taxon". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-12-26.
  13. ^ a b c d Waymon L. Holloway; Kerin M. Claeson; Hesham M. Sallam; Sanaa El-Sayed; Mahmoud Kora; Joseph J.W. Sertich; Patrick M. O’Connor (2017). "A new species of the neopterygian fish Enchodus from the Duwi Formation, Campanian, Late Cretaceous, Western Desert, central Egypt". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 62 (3): 603–611. doi:10.4202/app.00331.2016.
  14. ^ a b Fielitz, Christopher; GonzáLez-RodríGuez, Katia A. (2010). "A new species of Enchodus (Aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) from the Cretaceous (Albian to Cenomanian) of Zimapán, Hidalgo, México". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (5): 1343–1351. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30.1343F. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.501438. ISSN 0272-4634.
  15. ^ a b c d Silva, Hilda M. A.; Gallo, Valéria (2011). "Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of Enchodontoidei (Teleostei: Aulopiformes)". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 83: 483–511. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652011000200010. ISSN 0001-3765.
  16. ^ Universitaria~vertebrata.j@gmail.com, Jesús Alberto Díaz-Cruz~Ciudad; México~alvarado@geologia.unam.mx, Jesús Alvarado-Ortega~Universidad Nacional Autónoma de; Birmingham~s.giles.1@bham.ac.uk, Sam Giles~University of Oxford and University of (2020-06-21). "A long snout enchodontid fish (Aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) from the Early Cretaceous deposits at the El Chango quarry, Chiapas, southeastern Mexico: A multi-approach study". Palaeontologia Electronica. Retrieved 2024-12-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference FWEnchodus2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ a b Cavin, Lionel; Alexopoulos, Apostolos; Piuz, André (2012-12-01). "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) ray-finned fishes from the island of Gavdos, southern Greece, with comments on the evolutionary history of the aulopiform teleost Enchodus". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 183 (6): 561–572. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.183.6.561. ISSN 0037-9409.
  19. ^ Friedman, M. (2012-01-01). "Ray-finned fishes (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii) from the type Maastrichtian, the Netherlands and Belgium". Scripta Geologica. Special Issue. 08: 113–142. ISSN 0922-4564.
  20. ^ Amalfitano, Jacopo; Giusberti, Luca; Fornaciari, Eliana; Carnevale, Giorgio (2020-04-03). "UPPER CENOMANIAN FISHES FROM THE BONARELLI LEVEL (OAE2) OF NORTHEASTERN ITALY". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 126 (2). doi:10.13130/2039-4942/13224. ISSN 2039-4942.
  21. ^ "Enchodus libycus". Mundo Fosil. Archived from the original on 2014-11-14. Retrieved 2015-05-13.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enchodus&oldid=1268197570"