Alaskan ice cream: Difference between revisions

Eskimo Ice Cream
	Iced akutaq made from raspberries and blueberries
Alternative names	Native ice cream, Alaskan ice cream
Type	Dessert
Place of origin	United States
Region or state	Alaska
Created by	Alaskan Athabaskans, Inuit, Yupik peoples, and Cup'ik Peoples
Main ingredients	dried fish or meat, fat, berries
	Media: Eskimo Ice Cream;

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Eskimo ice cream (also known as Alaskan Indian ice cream, Inuit ice cream, Indian ice cream or Native ice cream, and Inuit-Yupik varieties of which are known as akutaq or akutuq) is a dessert made by Alaskan Athabaskans and other Alaska Natives.

It is traditionally made of whipped fat or tallow (e.g. caribou, moose, or walrus tallow, or seal oil) and meat (such as dried fish, especially pike, sheefish or inconnu, whitefish or cisco, or freshwater whitefishes, or dried moose or caribou) mixed with berries (especially cowberry, bilberry, Vaccinium oxycoccos or other cranberries, bearberry, crowberry, salmonberry, cloudberry or low-bush salmonberry, raspberry, blueberry, or prickly rose) or mild sweeteners such as roots of Indian potato or wild carrot, mixed and whipped with a whisk. It may also include tundra greens. There is also a kind of akutaq which is called snow akutaq. The most common recipes for Indian ice cream consist of dried and pulverized moose or caribou tenderloin that is blended with moose fat (traditionally in a birch bark container) until the mixture is light and fluffy. It may be eaten unfrozen or frozen, and in the latter case it somewhat resembles commercial ice cream.^[1]

It is not to be confused with Canadian Indian ice cream (or sxusem) of First Nations in British Columbia, nor with kulfi (Indian ice cream) from the Indian Subcontinent.

"Ice cream songs" used to be sung during the preparation of Alaskan Athabascan Indian ice cream.^[2]

Akutaq made from raspberries, blueberries and vegetable shortening
Tumnaq, a wooden bowl used to make akutaq
Wild berries from the Innoko National Wildlife Refuge: Vaccinium uliginosum (blue), V. vitis-idaea, and Rubus arcticus

Native names

Athabaskan language	ice cream
Ahtna	?
Dena’ina	nivagi^[3]
Deg Xinag	vanhgiq^[4]^[5]
Holikachuk	nathdlod^[5]
Koyukon	nonaałdlode^[6] (lit. 'creamed one' or 'that which has been whipped up')
Upper Kuskokwim	nemaje^[7]^[8]
Lower Tanana	nonathdlodi^[2]
Tanacross	nanehdlaad^[9]
Upper Tanana	?
Gwich’in	it’suh^[10]
Hän	?
Inuit-Yupik language	ice cream
Inuktitut	akutuq (ᐊᑯᑐᖅ)^[11]
Iñupiaq (Northern)	akutuq (lit. 'mixed/stirred together')
Inupiaq (Bering Straits)	agutaq (lit. 'mixed/stirred together')
Yup'ik	akutaq (lit. 'mixed/stirred together')
Alutiiq (Northern)	akutaq, sisuq
Alutiiq (Southern)	akutaq, pirinaq

References

^ Priscilla Russell Kari, Tanaina Plantlore, Dena'ina K'et'una (1987), p. 61.
^ ^a ^b "Keynote abstracts - HLK 2010, Lund University". Conference.sol.lu.se. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
^ "Land Use and Economy of Lime Village" (PDF). Subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
^ "Course: Deg Xinag Learners' Dictionary". Ankn.uaf.edu. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
^ ^a ^b "ABCD" (PDF). Adfg.alaska.gov. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
^ "EFGH" (PDF). Subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
^ The Upper Kuskokwim People and Gathering Plants in the Upper Kuskokwim Archived December 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Whitefish Biology, Distribution, and Fisheries in the Yukon and Kuskokwim River Drainages in Alaska: a Synthesis of Available Information" (PDF). Rapidresearch.com. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
^ Tanacross Learnersʼ Dictionary Archived 2010-12-02 at the Wayback Machine by I. S. Arnold, G. Holton, and R. Thoman (2009)
^ "Gwich'in Social & Cultural Institute". Plants.gwichin.ca. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
^ "Nunavut — Food and Restaurants". iExplore. Retrieved 13 January 2022.

[1] Priscilla Russell Kari, Tanaina Plantlore, Dena'ina K'et'una (1987), p. 61.

[refSiri-2] "Keynote abstracts - HLK 2010, Lund University". Conference.sol.lu.se. Retrieved 23 April 2018.

[refTp080-3] "Land Use and Economy of Lime Village" (PDF). Subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us. Retrieved 23 April 2018.

[4] "Course: Deg Xinag Learners' Dictionary". Ankn.uaf.edu. Retrieved 23 April 2018.

[refTp289-5] "ABCD" (PDF). Adfg.alaska.gov. Retrieved 23 April 2018.

[refTp282-6] "EFGH" (PDF). Subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us. Retrieved 23 April 2018.

[refAknext-7] The Upper Kuskokwim People and Gathering Plants in the Upper Kuskokwim Archived December 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

[refRapid-8] "Whitefish Biology, Distribution, and Fisheries in the Yukon and Kuskokwim River Drainages in Alaska: a Synthesis of Available Information" (PDF). Rapidresearch.com. Retrieved 23 April 2018.

[refTancross-9] Tanacross Learnersʼ Dictionary Archived 2010-12-02 at the Wayback Machine by I. S. Arnold, G. Holton, and R. Thoman (2009)

[refGwiplant-10] "Gwich'in Social & Cultural Institute". Plants.gwichin.ca. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2018.

[11] "Nunavut — Food and Restaurants". iExplore. Retrieved 13 January 2022.

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

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[11]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Athabaskan, Inuit, Yupik, and Cup'ik dessert}}
-{{short description|Dessert made of dried fish or dried moose or caribou meat and fat, berries, and roots of Indian potato or wild carrot, mixed and whipped with a whisk; a dish of Alaskan Athabaskans}}
 {{Infobox prepared food
-| name             = Alaskan ice cream
+| name             = Eskimo Ice Cream
-| image            = Alaska wild berries.jpg
+| image=Iced Akutaq.jpg
+| caption = Iced akutaq made from [[Raspberry|raspberries]] and [[Blueberry|blueberries]]
-| caption          = Alaska wild berries from the [[Innoko National Wildlife Refuge]], a mixture of [[berry|true berries]] (blue ''[[Vaccinium uliginosum]]'' and red ''[[Vaccinium vitis-idaea]]'') and [[aggregate fruit]]s (red ''[[Rubus arcticus]]''). These berries are used in Alaskan ice cream.
 | alternate_name   = Native ice cream, Alaskan ice cream
 | country          = [[United States]]
 | region           = [[Alaska]]
-| creator          = [[Alaskan Athabaskans]]
+| creator          = [[Alaskan Athabaskans]], [[Inuit]], [[Yupik peoples]], and [[Yupik peoples|Cup'ik Peoples]]
 | course           =
 | type             = [[Dessert]]
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 | other            =
 }}
+'''Eskimo ice cream''' (also known as '''Alaskan Indian ice cream''', '''Inuit ice cream''', '''Indian ice cream''' or '''Native ice cream''', and [[Inuit]]-[[Yupik peoples|Yupik]] varieties of which are known as '''''akutaq''''' or '''''akutuq''''') is a [[dessert]] made by [[Alaskan Athabaskans]] and other [[Alaska Native]]s.
-'''Alaskan ice cream''' (also known as '''akutaq''', '''Alaskan Indian ice cream''', '''Eskimo ice cream''', '''Indian ice cream''' or '''Native ice cream''') is a [[dessert]] made of [[dried fish]] (especially [[Esox lucius|pike]], [[Stenodus nelma|sheefish or inconnu]], [[Coregonus|whitefish or cisco]], [[Prosopium|freshwater whitefishes]]), dried [[Alces alces gigas|moose]] or [[Rangifer tarandus granti|caribou]] [[meat]] and [[fat]] and [[berry|berries]] (especially [[Vaccinium vitis-idaea|cowberry]], [[Vaccinium uliginosum|bilberry]], [[Vaccinium oxycoccos|cranberry]], [[Arctostaphylos uva-ursi|bearberry]], [[Empetrum nigrum|crowberry]], [[Rubus spectabilis|[high-bush] salmonberry]], [[Rubus chamaemorus|low-bush salmonberry]], [[Rubus strigosus|raspberry]], [[Rosa acicularis|prickly rose]]) or mild [[Sugar substitute|sweeteners]] such as roots of [[Hedysarum alpinum|Indian potato or wild carrot]], mixed and whipped with a [[whisk]] or formerly hand made by [[Alaskan Athabaskans]]. Traditionally, it was made with whipped [[fat]] mixed with [[berry|berries]] like [[Cranberry|cranberries]], [[Rubus spectabilis|salmonberries]], [[Crowberry|crowberries]], [[Rubus chamaemorus|cloudberries]] (also known as salmonberry in Alaska), and [[Blueberry|blueberries]], fish, tundra greens, or roots with animal oil or fat. It may also include [[Freshwater whitefish|whitefish]], [[reindeer|caribou]] [[tallow]], [[moose]] tallow, [[walrus]] tallow, or seal oil. There is also a kind of akutaq which is called snow akutaq. The most common recipes for Indian ice cream consist of dried and pulverized moose or caribou tenderloin that is blended with moose fat (traditionally in a [[birch bark]] container) until the mixture is light and fluffy. It may be eaten unfrozen or frozen, and in the latter case it somewhat resembles commercial ice cream.<ref>Priscilla Russell Kari, ''Tanaina Plantlore, Dena'ina K'et'una'' (1987), p. 61.</ref>
+It is traditionally made of whipped [[fat]] or [[tallow]] (e.g. [[caribou]], [[moose]], or [[walrus]] tallow, or seal oil) and meat (such as [[dried fish]], especially [[Esox lucius|pike]], [[Stenodus nelma|sheefish or inconnu]], [[Coregonus|whitefish or cisco]], or [[Prosopium|freshwater whitefishes]], or dried [[Alces alces gigas|moose]] or [[Rangifer tarandus granti|caribou]]) mixed with [[berries]] (especially [[Vaccinium vitis-idaea|cowberry]], [[Vaccinium uliginosum|bilberry]], ''[[Vaccinium oxycoccos]]'' or other [[Cranberry|cranberries]], [[Arctostaphylos uva-ursi|bearberry]], [[Empetrum nigrum|crowberry]], [[Rubus spectabilis|salmonberry]], [[Rubus chamaemorus|cloudberry or low-bush salmonberry]], [[Rubus strigosus|raspberry]], [[blueberry]], or [[Rosa acicularis|prickly rose]]) or mild [[Sugar substitute|sweeteners]] such as roots of [[Hedysarum alpinum|Indian potato or wild carrot]], mixed and whipped with a [[whisk]]. It may also include tundra greens. There is also a kind of ''akutaq'' which is called snow ''akutaq''. The most common recipes for Indian ice cream consist of dried and pulverized moose or caribou tenderloin that is blended with moose fat (traditionally in a [[birch bark]] container) until the mixture is light and fluffy. It may be eaten unfrozen or frozen, and in the latter case it somewhat resembles commercial ice cream.<ref>Priscilla Russell Kari, ''Tanaina Plantlore, Dena'ina K'et'una'' (1987), p. 61.</ref>
-Not to be confused with [[Indian ice cream (Canada)|Canadian Indian ice cream]] (or sxusem) of [[First Nations in British Columbia]] and [[kulfi]] (or Indian ice cream) from the [[Indian Subcontinent]] of Asia.
+It is not to be confused with [[Indian ice cream (Canada)|Canadian Indian ice cream]] (or ''sxusem'') of [[First Nations in British Columbia]], nor with ''[[kulfi]]'' (Indian ice cream) from the [[Indian Subcontinent]].
-The "ice cream songs" used to be sung during the preparation of Alaskan Athabascan Indian ice cream.<ref name="refSiri">{{cite web|url=http://conference.sol.lu.se/hlk-2010/keynote-abstracts/|title=Keynote abstracts - HLK 2010, Lund University|website=Conference.sol.lu.se|accessdate=23 April 2018}}</ref>
+"Ice cream songs" used to be sung during the preparation of Alaskan Athabascan Indian ice cream.<ref name="refSiri">{{cite web|url=http://conference.sol.lu.se/hlk-2010/keynote-abstracts/|title=Keynote abstracts - HLK 2010, Lund University|website=Conference.sol.lu.se|accessdate=23 April 2018}}</ref>
-Recent additions include sugar, milk, and vegetable shortening.{{cn|date=October 2017}}
 <gallery mode="packed">
-File:Akutaq.jpg|Akutaq made from [[Raspberry|raspberries]], [[Blueberry|blueberries]] and [[vegetable shortening]]
+File:Akutaq.jpg|Akutaq made from [[raspberries]], [[blueberries]] and [[vegetable shortening]]
 File:Tumnaq.JPG|''Tumnaq'', a wooden bowl used to make akutaq
+File:Alaska wild berries.jpg|Wild berries from the [[Innoko National Wildlife Refuge]]: ''[[Vaccinium uliginosum]]'' (blue), ''[[Vaccinium vitis-idaea|V.&nbsp;vitis-idaea]]'', and ''[[Rubus arcticus]]''
-File:Iced Akutaq.jpg|Iced akutaq made from [[Raspberry|raspberries]] and [[Blueberry|blueberries]]
 </gallery>
 ==Native names==
+{| class="wikitable"
-{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5"
+! [[Northern Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan language]]
-|- bgcolor="#dddddd"
+! ice cream
-|[[Northern Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan language]]
+|-
-|ice cream
-|literally
-|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
 |[[Ahtna language|Ahtna]]
 |?
-|
+|-
-|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
 |[[Dena'ina language|Dena’ina]]
-|nivagi<ref name="refTp080">{{cite web|url=http://www.subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us/techpap/tp080.pdf|title=Land Use and Economy of Lime Village|website=Subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us|accessdate=23 April 2018}}</ref>
+|{{Lang|tfn|nivagi}}<ref name="refTp080">{{cite web|url=http://www.subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us/techpap/tp080.pdf|title=Land Use and Economy of Lime Village|website=Subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us|accessdate=23 April 2018}}</ref>
-|
+|-
-|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
 |[[Deg Xinag]]
-|vanhgiq<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ankn.uaf.edu/ANL/course/view.php?id=7|title=Course: Deg Xinag Learners' Dictionary|website=Ankn.uaf.edu|accessdate=23 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="refTp289">{{cite web|url=http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/techpap/tp289.pdf|title=ABCD|website=Adfg.alaska.gov|accessdate=23 April 2018}}</ref>
+|{{Lang|ing|vanhgiq}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ankn.uaf.edu/ANL/course/view.php?id=7|title=Course: Deg Xinag Learners' Dictionary|website=Ankn.uaf.edu|accessdate=23 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="refTp289">{{cite web|url=http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/techpap/tp289.pdf|title=ABCD|website=Adfg.alaska.gov|accessdate=23 April 2018}}</ref>
-|
+|-
-|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
 |[[Holikachuk language|Holikachuk]]
-|nathdlod<ref name="refTp289"/>
+|{{Lang|hoi|nathdlod}}<ref name="refTp289"/>
-|
+|-
-|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
 |[[Koyukon language|Koyukon]]
-|nonaałdlode<ref name="refTp282">{{cite web|url=http://www.subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us/TechPap/tp282.pdf|title=EFGH|website=Subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us|accessdate=23 April 2018}}</ref>
+|{{Lang|koy|nonaałdlode}}<ref name="refTp282">{{cite web|url=http://www.subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us/TechPap/tp282.pdf|title=EFGH|website=Subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us|accessdate=23 April 2018}}</ref> ({{lit}} 'creamed one' or 'that which has been whipped up')
+|-
-|"creamed one" or "that which has been whipped up"
-|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
 |[[Upper Kuskokwim language|Upper Kuskokwim]]
-|nemaje<ref name="refAknext">[http://www.aknextgeneration.org/education/curriculums/subsistence/gathering/The%20Story%20of%20the%20Upper%20Kuskokwim%20People%20and%20Plant%20%20Gathering.pdf The Upper Kuskokwim People and Gathering Plants in the Upper Kuskokwim] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224203007/http://www.aknextgeneration.org/education/curriculums/subsistence/gathering/The%20Story%20of%20the%20Upper%20Kuskokwim%20People%20and%20Plant%20%20Gathering.pdf |date=December 24, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="refRapid">{{cite web|url=http://www.rapidsresearch.com/Brown_etal__2012_WhitefishReview.pdf|title=Whitefish Biology, Distribution, and Fisheries in the Yukon and Kuskokwim River Drainages in Alaska: a Synthesis of Available Information|website=Rapidresearch.com|accessdate=23 April 2018}}</ref>
+|{{Lang|kuu|nemaje}}<ref name="refAknext">[http://www.aknextgeneration.org/education/curriculums/subsistence/gathering/The%20Story%20of%20the%20Upper%20Kuskokwim%20People%20and%20Plant%20%20Gathering.pdf The Upper Kuskokwim People and Gathering Plants in the Upper Kuskokwim] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224203007/http://www.aknextgeneration.org/education/curriculums/subsistence/gathering/The%20Story%20of%20the%20Upper%20Kuskokwim%20People%20and%20Plant%20%20Gathering.pdf |date=December 24, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="refRapid">{{cite web|url=http://www.rapidsresearch.com/Brown_etal__2012_WhitefishReview.pdf|title=Whitefish Biology, Distribution, and Fisheries in the Yukon and Kuskokwim River Drainages in Alaska: a Synthesis of Available Information|website=Rapidresearch.com|accessdate=23 April 2018}}</ref>
-|
+|-
-|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
 |[[Lower Tanana language|Lower Tanana]]
-|nonathdlodi<ref name="refSiri"/>
+|{{Lang|taa|nonathdlodi}}<ref name="refSiri"/>
-|
+|-
-|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
 |[[Tanacross language|Tanacross]]
-|nanehdlaad<ref name="refTancross">[http://www.uaf.edu/anlc//tanacross/tld/ Tanacross Learnersʼ Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202071959/http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/tanacross/tld/ |date=2010-12-02 }} by I. S. Arnold, G. Holton, and R. Thoman (2009)</ref>
+|{{Lang|tcb|nanehdlaad}}<ref name="refTancross">[http://www.uaf.edu/anlc//tanacross/tld/ Tanacross Learnersʼ Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202071959/http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/tanacross/tld/ |date=2010-12-02 }} by I. S. Arnold, G. Holton, and R. Thoman (2009)</ref>
-|
+|-
-|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
 |[[Upper Tanana language|Upper Tanana]]
 |?
-|
+|-
-|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
 |[[Gwich’in language|Gwich’in]]
-|it’suh<ref name="refGwiplant">{{cite web|url=http://plants.gwichin.ca/taxonomy/term/7|title=Gwich'in Social & Cultural Institute|website=Plants.gwichin.ca|accessdate=23 April 2018|archive-date=4 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204155804/http://plants.gwichin.ca/taxonomy/term/7|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+|{{Lang|gwi|it’suh}}<ref name="refGwiplant">{{cite web|url=http://plants.gwichin.ca/taxonomy/term/7|title=Gwich'in Social & Cultural Institute|website=Plants.gwichin.ca|accessdate=23 April 2018|archive-date=4 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204155804/http://plants.gwichin.ca/taxonomy/term/7|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-|
+|-
-|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
 |[[Hän language|Hän]]
 |?
-|
+|-
+! [[Inuit-Yupik languages|Inuit-Yupik language]]
-|}
+! ice cream
-{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5"
+|-
-|- bgcolor="#dddddd"
+|[[Inuktitut]]
-|[[Inuit-Yupik languages|Inuit-Yupik language]]
+|{{Lang|iu|akutuq}} (ᐊᑯᑐᖅ)<ref>{{cite web |title=Nunavut — Food and Restaurants |url=https://www.iexplore.com/articles/travel-guides/north-america/canada/nunavut/food-and-restaurants |website=iExplore |access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref>
-|ice cream
+|-
-|literally
-|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
 |[[North Alaskan Inuit language|Iñupiaq]] (Northern)
+|{{Lang|ik|akutuq}} ({{lit}} 'mixed/stirred together')
-|akutuq
+|-
-|'mixed/stirred together'
-|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
 |[[Seward Peninsula Inupiaq language|Inupiaq]] (Bering Straits)
+|{{Lang|ik|agutaq}} ({{lit}} 'mixed/stirred together')
-|agutaq
+|-
-|'mixed/stirred together'
-|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
 |[[Central Alaskan Yup'ik language|Yup'ik]]
+|{{Lang|esu|akutaq}} ({{lit}} 'mixed/stirred together')
-|akutaq
-|'mixed/stirred together'
 |-
-|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
 |[[Alutiiq language|Alutiiq]] (Northern)
-|akutaq, sisuq
+|{{Lang|ems|akutaq, sisuq}}
-|
 |-
-|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
 |Alutiiq (Southern)
-|akutaq, pirinaq
+|{{Lang|ems|akutaq, pirinaq}}
-|
 |}
@@ Line 128: / Line 94: @@
 * [[List of desserts]]
 * [[Pemmican]]
+* [[Suorat]]
 * [[Tolkusha]]
+* [[Tavukgöğsü]] - another dessert made of chicken breast meat
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
-[[Category:Desserts]]
 [[Category:Native American cuisine]]
 [[Category:Alaskan cuisine]]
@@ Line 140: / Line 107: @@
 [[Category:Yupik culture]]
 [[Category:Chukchi cuisine]]
-[[Category:American cuisine]]
 [[Category:Canadian cuisine]]
+[[Category:American desserts]]
+[[Category:American seafood dishes]]
+[[Category:Wild game dishes]]

Latest revision as of 12:48, 5 January 2025

Native names

See also

References