Rankine scale: Difference between revisions

Rankine
Rankine
Unit of	Temperature
Symbol	R, °R, °Ra
Named after	Macquorn Rankine
Conversions
x R in ...	... corresponds to ...
Kelvin scale	⁠5/9⁠ x K
Celsius scale	(⁠5/9⁠ x − 273.15) °C
Fahrenheit	(x − 459.67) °F

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The Rankine scale (/ˈræŋkɪn/ RANG-kin) is an absolute scale of thermodynamic temperature named after the University of Glasgow engineer and physicist Macquorn Rankine, who proposed it in 1859.^[1]

History

Similar to the Kelvin scale, which was first proposed in 1848,^[1] zero on the Rankine scale is absolute zero, but a temperature difference of one Rankine degree (°R or °Ra) is defined as equal to one Fahrenheit degree, rather than the Celsius degree used on the Kelvin scale. In converting from kelvin to degrees Rankine, 1 K = ⁠9/5⁠ °R or 1 K = 1.8 °R. A temperature of 0 K (−273.15 °C; −459.67 °F) is equal to 0 °R.^[2]

Usage

The Rankine scale is used in engineering systems where heat computations are done using degrees Fahrenheit.^[3]

The symbol for degrees Rankine is °R^[2] (or °Ra if necessary to distinguish it from the Rømer and Réaumur scales). By analogy with the SI unit kelvin, some authors term the unit Rankine, omitting the degree symbol.^[4]^[5]

Some temperatures relating the Rankine scale to other temperature scales are shown in the table below.

		Scale
		Kelvin	Rankine	Fahrenheit	Celsius	Réaumur
Temperature	Absolute zero	0 K	0 °Ra	−459.67 °F	−273.15 °C	-218.52 °Ré
	Freezing point of brine^[a]	255.37 K	459.67 °Ra	0 °F	−17.78 °C	−14.224 °Ré
	Freezing point of water^[b]	273.15 K	491.67 °Ra	32 °F	0 °C	0 °Ré
	Boiling point of water^[c]	373.1339 K	671.64102 °Ra	211.97102 °F	99.9839 °C	79.98712 °Ré

Notes

^ The freezing point of brine is the zero point of Fahrenheit scale, old definition, see: Grigull 1986
^ The ice point of purified water has been measured to be 0.000089(10) degrees Celsius – see Magnum 1995
^ For Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water at one standard atmosphere (101.325 kPa) when calibrated solely per the two-point definition of thermodynamic temperature. Older definitions of the Celsius scale once defined the boiling point of water under one standard atmosphere as being precisely 100 °C. However, the current definition results in a boiling point that is actually 16.1 mK less. For more about the actual boiling point of water, see VSMOW in temperature measurement.

References

^ ^a ^b "Rankine". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2019-11-07.
^ ^a ^b B.8 Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically from Thompson & Taylor 2008, pp. 45–69
^ Berger, Eric (2022-08-29). "Warning sign? NASA never finished a fueling test before today's SLS launch attempt". Ars Technica.
^ Pauken 2011, p. 20
^ Balmer 2011, p. 10

Bibliography

Balmer, Robert (2011). Modern Engineering Thermodynamics. Oxford: Elsevier Inc. ISBN 978-0-12-374996-3.
Magnum, B.W. (June 1995). "Reproducibility of the Temperature of the Ice Point in Routine Measurements" (PDF). NIST Technical Note. 1411. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-07. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
Pauken, Michael (2011). Thermodynamics For Dummies. Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-1-118-00291-9.
Thompson, Ambler; Taylor, Barry N. (2008). "Guide for the use of the International System of Units (SI)" (PDF). NIST Special Publication. 811. doi:10.6028/nist.sp.811e2008. Retrieved 2019-11-07.
Grigull, Ulrich (1986). Heat Transfer (PDF). Retrieved 2022-08-29.

External links

[6] The freezing point of brine is the zero point of Fahrenheit scale, old definition, see: Grigull 1986

[7] The ice point of purified water has been measured to be 0.000089(10) degrees Celsius – see Magnum 1995

[8] For Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water at one standard atmosphere (101.325 kPa) when calibrated solely per the two-point definition of thermodynamic temperature. Older definitions of the Celsius scale once defined the boiling point of water under one standard atmosphere as being precisely 100 °C. However, the current definition results in a boiling point that is actually 16.1 mK less. For more about the actual boiling point of water, see VSMOW in temperature measurement.

[Merriam-Webster-1] "Rankine". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2019-11-07.

[SP811-2] B.8 Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically from Thompson & Taylor 2008, pp. 45–69

[arstechnica-3] Berger, Eric (2022-08-29). "Warning sign? NASA never finished a fueling test before today's SLS launch attempt". Ars Technica.

[dummies-4] Pauken 2011, p. 20

[engineering-5] Balmer 2011, p. 10

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

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[b]

[c]

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 }}
-The '''Rankine scale''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|æ|ŋ|k|ɪ|n}}) is an [[absolute scale]] of [[thermodynamic temperature]] named after the [[University of Glasgow]] [[engineer]] and [[physicist]] [[Macquorn Rankine]], who proposed it in 1859.<ref name="Merriam-Webster"/>
+The '''Rankine scale''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|æ|ŋ|k|ɪ|n}} {{respell|RANG|kin}}) is an [[absolute scale]] of [[thermodynamic temperature]] named after the [[University of Glasgow]] [[engineer]] and [[physicist]] [[Macquorn Rankine]], who proposed it in 1859.<ref name="Merriam-Webster"/>
-==History==
+== History ==
 Similar to the [[Kelvin|Kelvin scale]], which was first proposed in 1848,<ref name="Merriam-Webster">{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Rankine|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref> zero on the Rankine scale is [[absolute zero]], but a temperature difference of one Rankine degree (°R or °Ra) is defined as equal to one [[Fahrenheit]] degree, rather than the [[Celsius]] degree used on the Kelvin scale. In converting from kelvin to degrees Rankine, 1&nbsp;K = {{sfrac|9|5}}&nbsp;°R or 1&nbsp;K = 1.8&nbsp;°R. A temperature of 0&nbsp;K (−273.15&nbsp;°C; −459.67&nbsp;°F) is equal to 0&nbsp;°R.<ref name="SP811">[https://www.nist.gov/physical-measurement-laboratory/nist-guide-si-appendix-b8 B.8 Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically] from {{harvnb|Thompson|Taylor|2008|pp=45–69}}</ref>
-==Usage==
+== Usage ==
-The Rankine scale is still used in engineering systems where heat computations are done using degrees Fahrenheit.<ref name="arstechnica">{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/08/warning-sign-nasa-never-finished-a-fueling-test-before-todays-sls-launch-attempt/ |title=Warning sign? NASA never finished a fueling test before today's SLS launch attempt |work=Ars Technica |first=Eric |last=Berger |date=2022-08-29 }}</ref>
+The Rankine scale is used in engineering systems where heat computations are done using degrees Fahrenheit.<ref name="arstechnica">{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/08/warning-sign-nasa-never-finished-a-fueling-test-before-todays-sls-launch-attempt/ |title=Warning sign? NASA never finished a fueling test before today's SLS launch attempt |work=Ars Technica |first=Eric |last=Berger |date=2022-08-29 }}</ref>
-The symbol for '''degrees Rankine''' is °R<ref name="SP811" /> (or °Ra if necessary to distinguish it from the [[Rømer scale|Rømer]] and [[Réaumur scale|Réaumur]] scales). By analogy with the SI unit ([[Kelvin scale]]), some authors term the unit ''Rankine -'' omitting the degree symbol.<ref name="dummies">{{harvnb|Pauken|2011|page=20}}</ref><ref name="engineering">{{harvnb|Balmer|2011|page=10}}</ref>
+The symbol for '''degrees Rankine''' is °R<ref name="SP811" /> (or °Ra if necessary to distinguish it from the [[Rømer scale|Rømer]] and [[Réaumur scale|Réaumur]] scales). By analogy with the SI unit [[kelvin]], some authors term the unit ''Rankine'', omitting the degree symbol.<ref name="dummies">{{harvnb|Pauken|2011|page=20}}</ref><ref name="engineering">{{harvnb|Balmer|2011|page=10}}</ref>
 Some temperatures relating the Rankine scale to other temperature scales are shown in the table below.
 {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
 ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
-! colspan="4" |Scale
+! colspan="5" |Scale
 |-
-! scope="col" | '''Celsius (°C)'''
+! scope="col" | Kelvin
-! scope="col" | '''Fahrenheit (°F)'''
+! scope="col" | Rankine
-! scope="col" | '''Kelvin (K)'''
+! scope="col" | Fahrenheit
-! scope="col" | '''Rankine (°R)'''
+! scope="col" | Celsius
+! scope="col" | Réaumur
 |-
 ! rowspan="4" |Temperature
 ! scope="row" | [[Absolute zero]]
+| 0&nbsp;K
-| −273.15
+| 0&nbsp;°Ra
-| −459.67
+| −459.67&nbsp;°F
-| 0
+| −273.15&nbsp;°C
-| 0
+| -218.52&nbsp;°Ré
 |-
 ! scope="row" | Freezing point of [[brine]]{{efn|The freezing point of [[brine]] is the zero point of Fahrenheit scale, old definition, see: {{harvnb|Grigull|1986}}}}
+| 255.37&nbsp;K
-| −17.78
+| 459.67&nbsp;°Ra
-| 0
+| 0&nbsp;°F
-| 255.37
+| −17.78&nbsp;°C
-| 459.67
+| −14.224&nbsp;°Ré
 |-
 ! scope="row" | Freezing point of water{{efn|The ice point of purified water has been measured to be 0.000089(10) degrees Celsius – see {{harvnb|Magnum|1995}}}}
+| 273.15&nbsp;K
-| 0
+| 491.67&nbsp;°Ra
-| 32
+| 32&nbsp;°F
-| 273.15
+| 0&nbsp;°C
-| 491.67
+| 0&nbsp;°Ré
 |-
-! scope="row" | [[Boiling point]] of water{{efn|For [[Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water]] at one [[Atmosphere (unit)|standard atmosphere]] (101.325 kPa) when calibrated solely per the two-point definition of thermodynamic temperature. Older definitions of the Celsius scale once defined the boiling point of water under one standard atmosphere as being precisely 100&nbsp;°C. However, the current definition results in a boiling point that is actually 16.1&nbsp;mK less. For more about the actual boiling point of water, see [[Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water#VSMOW in temperature measurement|VSMOW in temperature measurement]].}}
+! scope="row" | [[Boiling point]] of water{{efn|For [[Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water]] at one [[Atmosphere (unit)|standard atmosphere]] (101.325&nbsp;kPa) when calibrated solely per the two-point definition of thermodynamic temperature. Older definitions of the Celsius scale once defined the boiling point of water under one standard atmosphere as being precisely 100&nbsp;°C. However, the current definition results in a boiling point that is actually 16.1&nbsp;mK less. For more about the actual boiling point of water, see [[Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water#VSMOW in temperature measurement|VSMOW in temperature measurement]].}}
+| 373.1339&nbsp;K
-| [[Celsius#Melting and boiling points of water|99.9839]]
+| 671.64102&nbsp;°Ra
-| 211.97102
+| 211.97102&nbsp;°F
-| 373.1339
+| [[Celsius#Melting and boiling points of water|99.9839&nbsp;°C]]
-| 671.64102
+| 79.98712&nbsp;°Ré
 |}
-==See also==
+== See also ==
 * [[Outline of metrology and measurement]]
 * [[Comparison of temperature scales]]
-==Notes==
+== Notes ==
-{{Notelist}}
+{{notelist}}
-==References==
+== References ==
-{{Reflist}}
+{{reflist}}
-==Bibliography==
+== Bibliography ==
 * {{cite book |last=Balmer |first=Robert |year=2011 |title=Modern Engineering Thermodynamics |location=Oxford |publisher=Elsevier Inc. |isbn=978-0-12-374996-3 }}
 * {{Cite journal |last=Magnum |first=B.W. |date=June 1995 |title=Reproducibility of the Temperature of the Ice Point in Routine Measurements |url=http://www.cstl.nist.gov/div836/836.05/papers/magnum95icept.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=NIST Technical Note |volume=1411 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307055524/http://www.cstl.nist.gov/div836/836.05/papers/magnum95icept.pdf |archive-date=2007-03-07 |access-date=2007-02-11 }}
@@ Line 80: / Line 85: @@
 * {{Cite conference |last=Grigull |first=Ulrich |year=1986 |url=http://www.aihtc.org/pdfs/IHTC-8-Grigull.pdf |title=Heat Transfer |language=en |access-date=2022-08-29 }}
-==External links==
+== External links ==
 {{Scales of temperature}}