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{{more sources|date=January 2022}}
{{Short description|Tunnel under a mountain pass at adjoining valley floor level}}
[[File:Mountain tunnels.svg|thumb|right|250px|Different types of tunnels. Number one shows a base tunnel]]
[[File:Mountain tunnels.svg|thumb|right|250px|Different types of tunnels. Number one shows a base tunnel]]
A '''base tunnel''' is a type of [[tunnel]], mainly a [[Rail transport|railway]] tunnel, that is built through the base of a [[mountain pass]]. This type of tunnel typically connects two [[valley]]s at about the same [[altitude]]s.<ref name="LZMK">{{cite web |url=http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=62681 |title=LZMK: ''tunel'' |language=hr |publisher=enciklopedija.hr |accessdate=June 2, 2016 |quote=...&nbsp;prema dubini u terenu: niskoležeći (bazni) tuneli, tuneli koji spajaju dvije doline približno iste nadmorske visine, visokoležeći kratki vododijelni tuneli s usponima s obiju strana i prijelomom nivelete u sredini tunela te niskoležeći dugi vododijelni tuneli s jednim nagibom. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602151538/http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=62681 |archivedate=June 2, 2016 |deadurl=no}}</ref>
A '''base tunnel''' is a type of [[tunnel]], mainly a [[Rail transport|railway]] tunnel, that is built through the base of a [[mountain pass]]. This type of tunnel typically connects two [[valley]]s at about the same [[altitude]]s.<ref name="LZMK">{{cite web |url=http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=62681 |title=LZMK: ''tunel'' |language=hr |publisher=enciklopedija.hr |accessdate=June 2, 2016 |quote=...&nbsp;prema dubini u terenu: niskoležeći (bazni) tuneli, tuneli koji spajaju dvije doline približno iste nadmorske visine, visokoležeći kratki vododijelni tuneli s usponima s obiju strana i prijelomom nivelete u sredini tunela te niskoležeći dugi vododijelni tuneli s jednim nagibom. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602151538/http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=62681 |archivedate=June 2, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>


When originally constructed, classical railway lines through mountainous terrain tried to minimize tunneling, due to technical limitations and expense, and therefore required long and steep gradients and many curves, or even spirals. Tunnels were generally short and much higher up the mountain. Such tunnels are sometimes also called ''culmination tunnels'', especially in the presence of a base tunnel through the same mountain massif.
When originally constructed, classical railway lines through mountainous terrain tried to minimize tunneling, due to technical limitations and expense, and therefore required long and steep gradients and many curves, or even spirals. Tunnels were generally short and much higher up the mountain. Such tunnels are sometimes also called ''culmination tunnels'', especially in the presence of a base tunnel through the same mountain massif.
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Some of the best-known base tunnels are (with length, opening and location):
Some of the best-known base tunnels are (with length, opening and location):


== Operational ==
* [[Gotthard Base Tunnel]] (57.1km, 2016), Switzerland
* [[Mont d'Ambin Base Tunnel]] (57km, ''planned''), France and Italy
* [[Gotthard Base Tunnel]] ({{convert|57.1|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=comma}}, 2016), Switzerland
* [[Brenner Base Tunnel]] (55km, ''proj. 2025''), Austria and Italy
* [[Lötschberg Base Tunnel]] ({{convert|34.6|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=comma}}, 2007), Switzerland
* [[Lötschberg Base Tunnel]] (34.6km, 2007), Switzerland
* [[Pajares Base Tunnel]] ({{convert|24.7|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=comma}}, 2023), Spain
* [[Koralm Tunnel]] (32.9km, ''proj. 2022''), Austria
* [[Zimmerberg Base Tunnel]] ({{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=comma}}, ''planned''), Switzerland
* [[Semmering Base Tunnel]] (27.3km, ''proj. 2025''), Austria
* [[Simplon Tunnel]] ({{convert|19.8|km}}, 1906/1921), Switzerland
* [[Pajares Base Tunnel]] (24.7km, ''proj. 2012, but currently not usable''), Spain
* [[Apennine Base Tunnel]] ({{convert|18.5|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=comma}}, 1934), Italy
* [[Zimmerberg Base Tunnel]] (20km, ''planned''), Switzerland
* [[Ceneri Base Tunnel]] ({{convert|15.4|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=comma}}, 2020), Switzerland
* [[Apennine Base Tunnel]] (18.5km, 1934), Italy
* [[Furka Base Tunnel]] ({{convert|15.4|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=comma}}, 1982), Switzerland
* [[Ceneri Base Tunnel]] (15.4km, ''proj. 2020''), Switzerland
* [[Furka Base Tunnel]] (15.4km, 1982), Switzerland


== Projected ==
Base tunnels through the [[San Gabriel Mountains]] have been proposed as part of the [[California High Speed Rail]] system.<ref>[http://www.dailynews.com/general-news/20160411/latest-plan-for-californias-high-speed-rail-calls-for-tunnel-into-san-fernando-valley Latest plan for California’s high-speed rail calls for tunnel into San Fernando Valley], Los Angeles Daily News, 2016-4-11</ref>
* [[Mont d'Ambin Base Tunnel]] ({{convert|57.5|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=comma}}, ''proj. 2032''), France and Italy
* [[Brenner Base Tunnel]] ({{convert|55|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=comma}}, ''proj. 2025''), Austria and Italy
* [[Koralm Tunnel]] ({{convert|32.9|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=comma}}, ''proj. 2026''), Austria
* [[Semmering Base Tunnel]] ({{convert|27.3|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=comma}}, ''proj. 2027''), Austria
* [[Tortona–Genoa high-speed railway|Valico Tunnel]] ({{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=comma}}, ''proj. 2025''), Italy
* [[Ore Mountain Base Tunnel]] on the [[Dresden‒Prague high-speed line|Dresden - Prague high speed rail line]], Germany/Czech Republic ({{convert|30.4|km|abbr=on}})<ref>https://www.dresden-praha.eu/en/the-project</ref><ref>https://www.smwa.sachsen.de/blog/2024/09/13/zwischen-sachsen-und-boehmen-die-eisenbahnneubaustrecke-dresden-prag-als-europaeisches-bindeglied/</ref>


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 19:59, 22 December 2024

Different types of tunnels. Number one shows a base tunnel

A base tunnel is a type of tunnel, mainly a railway tunnel, that is built through the base of a mountain pass. This type of tunnel typically connects two valleys at about the same altitudes.[1]

When originally constructed, classical railway lines through mountainous terrain tried to minimize tunneling, due to technical limitations and expense, and therefore required long and steep gradients and many curves, or even spirals. Tunnels were generally short and much higher up the mountain. Such tunnels are sometimes also called culmination tunnels, especially in the presence of a base tunnel through the same mountain massif.

The base tunnels take the opposite approach, minimizing or eliminating gradients and curves with the consequence of having longer tunnels but shorter total distances to travel. This allows for higher speeds and lower energy costs.

Schematic representation of a normal base tunnel construction method in Europe; they have two tubes connected every few hundred meters in order to enable evacuation in case of emergency
[image shows an evacuation station of the base tunnel Gotthard, the longest railway tunnel in the world – 57 km (35 mi)]

Some of the best-known base tunnels are (with length, opening and location):

Operational

[edit]

Projected

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "LZMK: tunel" (in Croatian). enciklopedija.hr. Archived from the original on June 2, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2016. ... prema dubini u terenu: niskoležeći (bazni) tuneli, tuneli koji spajaju dvije doline približno iste nadmorske visine, visokoležeći kratki vododijelni tuneli s usponima s obiju strana i prijelomom nivelete u sredini tunela te niskoležeći dugi vododijelni tuneli s jednim nagibom.
  2. ^ https://www.dresden-praha.eu/en/the-project
  3. ^ https://www.smwa.sachsen.de/blog/2024/09/13/zwischen-sachsen-und-boehmen-die-eisenbahnneubaustrecke-dresden-prag-als-europaeisches-bindeglied/
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