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{{Short description|Stimulant drug and appetite suppressant}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{Drugbox
{{Drugbox
| Watchedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
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| width2 = 250px
| width2 = 250px


<!--Clinical data-->
<!--Clinical data-->| tradename = Mazanor, Sanorex
| tradename = Mazanor, Sanorex
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|CONS|mazindol}}
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|CONS|mazindol}}
| legal_AU = S4
| legal_AU = S4
| legal_BR = B2
| legal_BR_comment = <ref>{{Cite web |author=Anvisa |author-link=Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency |date=2023-03-31 |title=RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial |trans-title=Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control|url=https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992 |archive-date=2023-08-03 |access-date=2023-08-16 |publisher=[[Diário Oficial da União]] |language=pt-BR |publication-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
| legal_CA = Schedule IV
| legal_CA = Schedule IV
| legal_US = Schedule IV
| legal_US = Schedule IV
| legal_DE = Anlage II
| legal_DE = Anlage II
| legal_status = [[Schedule IV controlled substance|Schedule IV]] (International){{how|date=February 2017}}
| legal_status = [[Schedule IV controlled substance|Schedule IV]] (International){{how|date=February 2017}}
| routes_of_administration = [[Oral administration|Oral]]
| routes_of_administration = [[By mouth]]


<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->| bioavailability = 93%
| bioavailability = 93%
| metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]]
| metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]]
| elimination_half-life = 10–13 hours
| elimination_half-life = 10–13 hours
| excretion = [[Kidney|Renal]]
| excretion = [[Kidney|Renal]]


<!--Identifiers-->
<!--Identifiers-->| IUPHAR_ligand = 4797
| IUPHAR_ligand = 4797
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 22232-71-9
| CAS_number = 22232-71-9
Line 43: Line 44:
| ChEMBL = 781
| ChEMBL = 781


<!--Chemical data-->
<!--Chemical data-->| C = 16
| H = 13
| C=16 | H=13 | Cl=1 | N=2 | O=1
| Cl = 1
| N = 2
| O = 1
| SMILES = ClC1=CC=C(C2(C3=CC=CC=C3C4=NCCN42)O)C=C1
| SMILES = ClC1=CC=C(C2(C3=CC=CC=C3C4=NCCN42)O)C=C1
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
Line 53: Line 57:
}}
}}


'''Mazindol''' (brand names '''Mazanor''', '''Sanorex''') is a [[stimulant]] [[drug]] which is used as an [[appetite suppressant]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Carruba MO, Zambotti F, Vicentini L, Picotti GB, Mantegazza P | title = Pharmacology and biochemical profile of a new anorectic drug: mazindol | journal = Cent. Mech. Anorectic Drugs | year = 1978 | pages = 145–64}}</ref> It was developed by [[Sandoz Laboratories|Sandoz-Wander]] in the 1960s.<ref name = "US3597445" />
'''Mazindol''', sold under the brand names '''Mazanor''' and '''Sanorex''', is a [[central nervous system]] (CNS) [[stimulant]] which is used as an [[appetite suppressant]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Carruba MO, Zambotti F, Vicentini L, Picotti GB, Mantegazza P | title = Pharmacology and biochemical profile of a new anorectic drug: mazindol | journal = Cent. Mech. Anorectic Drugs | year = 1978 | pages = 145–64}}</ref> It was developed by [[Sandoz Laboratories|Sandoz-Wander]] in the 1960s.<ref name = "US3597445" />


==Medical uses==
==Medical uses==
Mazindol is used in short-term (i.e., a few weeks) treatment of [[obesity]], in combination with a regimen of weight reduction based on [[caloric restriction]], [[exercise]], and [[behavior modification]] in people with a [[body mass index]] greater than 30, or in those with a body mass index greater than 27 in the presence of risk factors such as [[hypertension]], [[diabetes]], or [[hyperlipidemia]]. Mazindol is not currently available as a commercially marketed and FDA-regulated prescription agent for the treatment of obesity.
Mazindol is used in short-term (i.e., a few weeks) treatment of [[obesity]], in combination with a regimen of weight reduction based on [[caloric restriction]], [[exercise]], and [[behavior modification]] in people with a [[body mass index]] greater than 30, or in those with a body mass index greater than 27 in the presence of risk factors such as [[hypertension]], [[diabetes]], or [[hyperlipidemia]]. Mazindol is not currently available as a commercially marketed and FDA-regulated prescription agent for the treatment of obesity.


There is a Swiss study investigating its efficacy in treating [[ADHD]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Grover|first=Natalie|date=2017-05-31|title=Swiss biotech NLS Pharma's ADHD drug succeeds in mid-stage study|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nls-pharma-study-adhd-idUSKBN18R0E4|access-date=2021-07-15}}</ref>
There is a Swiss study investigating its efficacy in treating [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD).<ref>{{Cite news| vauthors = Grover N |date=2017-05-31|title=Swiss biotech NLS Pharma's ADHD drug succeeds in mid-stage study|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nls-pharma-study-adhd-idUSKBN18R0E4|access-date=2021-07-15}}</ref>

Additional patented uses include for the treatment of [[schizophrenia]],<ref>{{cite patent | Seibyl JP, Krystal JH, Charney DS | title = Dopamine and noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors in treatment of schizophrenia | gdate = 5 September 1995 | country = US | number = 5447948 | assign = Yale University | url = https://patents.google.com/patent/US5447948A/en?oq=US5447948 }}</ref> reducing cravings for [[cocaine]],<ref>{{cite patent | inventor = Berger SP | title = Dopamine uptake inhibitors in reducing substance abuse and/or craving | url = https://patents.google.com/patent/US5217987A/en?oq=us5217987 | country = US | number = 5217987 | gdate = 8 June 1993 }}</ref> and for the treatment of neurobehavioral disorders.<ref>{{cite patent | inventor = Kovacs B, Pinegar L | country = WO | number = 2009155139 | title = se of isoindoles for the treatment of neurobehavioral disorders | assign = Afecta Pharmaceuticals Inc | url = https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2009155139A1/en?oq=WO2009155139 | pubdate = 23 December 2009 }}</ref>


==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
Mazindol is a [[sympathomimetic amine]], which is similar to [[amphetamine]]. It stimulates the [[central nervous system]], which increases heart rate and [[blood pressure]], and decreases [[appetite]]. Sympathomimetic anoretics (appetite suppressants) are used in the short-term treatment of obesity. Their appetite-reducing effect tends to decrease after a few weeks of treatment. Because of this, these medicines are useful only during the first few weeks of a weight-loss program.


{| class="wikitable floatright"
Although the mechanism of action of the sympathomimetics in the treatment of obesity is not fully known, these medications have pharmacological effects similar to those of amphetamines. Like other sympathomimetic appetite suppressants, mazindol is thought to act as a [[Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor|reuptake inhibitor]] of [[norepinephrine]]. In addition, it inhibits [[dopamine]] and [[serotonin]] [[reuptake]]. The recommended dosage is 2&nbsp;mg per day for 90 days in patients 40&nbsp;kg overweight and under; 4&nbsp;mg a day in patients more than 50&nbsp;kg overweight; divided into two doses separated by a 12-hour window between each dose.
|+Binding profile<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rothman RB, Baumann MH, Dersch CM, Romero DV, Rice KC, Carroll FI, Partilla JS |title=Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin |journal=Synapse |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=32–41 |date=January 2001 |pmid=11071707 |doi=10.1002/1098-2396(20010101)39:1<32::AID-SYN5>3.0.CO;2-3|s2cid=15573624 }}</ref>

==Overdose==
Symptoms of a mazindol overdose include: [[Psychomotor agitation|restlessness]], [[tremor]], [[rapid breathing]], [[confusion]], [[hallucination]]s, [[panic]], [[aggressiveness]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], an [[irregular heartbeat]], and [[seizure]]s.

==Analogues==
Mazindol exhibits pH dependent [[enol|keto-enol tautomerization]]. Mazindol exists in the tricycic (-ol) form in neutral media and undergoes protonation to the benzophenone tautomer in acidic media. [[structure activity relationship|QSAR]] studies have indicated that the ability of mazindol to inhibit NE and DA reuptake may be mediated by the protonated (benzophenone) tautomer.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koe |first1=BK |title=Molecular geometry of inhibitors of the uptake of catecholamines and serotonin in synaptosomal preparations of rat brain. |journal=The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics |date=December 1976 |volume=199 |issue=3 |pages=649-61 |pmid=994022}}</ref>

From available [[structure activity relationship|QSAR]] data, the following trends are apparent:<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Houlihan WJ, Ahmad UF, Koletar J, Kelly L, Brand L, Kopajtic TA | title = Benzo- and cyclohexanomazindol analogues as potential inhibitors of the cocaine binding site at the dopamine transporter | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 45 | issue = 19 | pages = 4110–8 | date = September 2002 | pmid = 12213054 | doi = 10.1021/jm010301z }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Houlihan WJ, Kelly L, Pankuch J, Koletar J, Brand L, Janowsky A, Kopajtic TA | title = Mazindol analogues as potential inhibitors of the cocaine binding site at the dopamine transporter | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 45 | issue = 19 | pages = 4097–109 | date = September 2002 | pmid = 12213053 | doi = 10.1021/jm010302r }}</ref>
# Desoxylation of the tertiary alcohol in mazindol improves [[Dopamine transporter|DAT]] and [[Serotonin transporter|SERT]] binding without substantially reducing [[Norepinephrine transporter|NET]] affinity.
# Removal of the ''p''-chlorine atom from the phenyl ring of mazindol increases NET affinity and substantially reduces DAT and SERT affinity.
# Expansion of the [[2-Imidazoline|imidazoline]] ring system in mazindol to the corresponding six-membered homolog increases DAT affinity by ~10 fold.
#
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Mazindol tautomers.svg
| width1 = 280
| caption1 = ''above:'' The enol (left) and keto (right) tautomers of mazindol.<br><br>''below:'' The pharmacophore model of mazindol proposed by Singh for the activity of mazindol at the [[Dopamine transporter|DAT]]. {{efn|<ref name="Singh2"/> ←[https://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/pdf/cocaineanalogs.pdf#87 Page #1011 (87th page of article)] §F, Figure 56.}}
| image2 = Mazindol Tautomer Pharmacophore.svg
| width2 = 300
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Site !! K<sub>i</sub> (nM)
!Structure
!''n''
!R
!R'
!R"
!hSERT
!hNET
!hDAT
|-
|-
| {{abbrlink|DAT|Dopamine transporter}}|| 25.9
|rowspan=9|[[File:Mazindol analogs 2.svg|165px]]
|-
|-
| {{abbrlink|NET|Norepinephrine transporter}} || 2.88
|1||Cl||H||OH||94||4.9||43
|-
|1||Cl||H||H||15||6.9||6.0
|-
|1||H||H||OH||2140||2.8||730
|-
|1||colspan=2|Naphthyl||OH||1.8||4.5||66
|-
|2||Cl||H||OH||53||4.9||3.7
|-
|2||OH||H||OH||60||1.9||59.0
|-
|2||OMe||H||OH||94||4.1||30.4
|-
|2||colspan=2|-OCH2O-||OH||83||0.62||2.21
|-
|-
|[[Serotonin transporter|SERT]]|| 272
|}
|}


Mazindol is a [[sympathomimetic amine]], which is similar to [[amphetamine]]. It stimulates the [[central nervous system]], which increases [[heart rate]] and [[blood pressure]], and decreases [[appetite]]. Sympathomimetic anoretics (appetite suppressants) are used in the short-term treatment of obesity. Their appetite-reducing effect tends to decrease after a few weeks of treatment. Because of this, these medicines are useful only during the first few weeks of a weight-loss program.


Although the mechanism of action of the sympathomimetics in the treatment of obesity is not fully known, these medications have pharmacological effects similar to those of amphetamines. Like other sympathomimetic appetite suppressants, mazindol is thought to act as a [[Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor|reuptake inhibitor]] of [[norepinephrine]], [[dopamine]], and [[serotonin]]. The recommended dosage is 2&nbsp;mg per day for 90 days in patients 40&nbsp;kg overweight and under; 4&nbsp;mg a day in patients more than 50&nbsp;kg overweight; divided into two doses separated by a 12-hour window between each dose.

==Overdose==
Symptoms of a mazindol overdose include: [[Psychomotor agitation|restlessness]], [[tremor]], [[rapid breathing]], [[confusion]], [[hallucination]]s, [[panic]], [[aggressiveness|aggression]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]],[[irregular heartbeat]], and [[seizure]]s.

==Analogues==
An analogue of mazindol was reported that was stated to be less toxic than the parent drug from which it was derived.<ref name="pmid1151711">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lemke TL, Cates LA, Steenberg M, Cho YM | title = Analogs of the anorexic mazindol | journal = Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | volume = 64 | issue = 8 | pages = 1375–8 | date = August 1975 | pmid = 1151711 | doi = 10.1002/jps.2600640824 }}</ref> It is made from Chemrat ([[pindone]]).
[[File:Chemrat Mazindol.svg|100px|center]]

==QSAR Dialogue==
[[File:Mazindol Tautomer Pharmacophore.svg|thumb|x145px|The pharmacophore model of mazindol proposed by Singh for the binding of mazindol at the [[Dopamine transporter|DAT]]{{efn|<ref name=Singh /> ←Page #1,012 (88th page of article) Figure 56}}]] From available [[structure activity relationship|QSAR]] data, the following trends are apparent:<ref name=Houlihan1>{{cite journal | vauthors = Houlihan WJ, Ahmad UF, Koletar J, Kelly L, Brand L, Kopajtic TA | title = Benzo- and cyclohexanomazindol analogues as potential inhibitors of the cocaine binding site at the dopamine transporter | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 45 | issue = 19 | pages = 4110–8 | date = September 2002 | pmid = 12213054 | doi = 10.1021/jm010301z }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Houlihan WJ, Kelly L, Pankuch J, Koletar J, Brand L, Janowsky A, Kopajtic TA | title = Mazindol analogues as potential inhibitors of the cocaine binding site at the dopamine transporter | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 45 | issue = 19 | pages = 4097–109 | date = September 2002 | pmid = 12213053 | doi = 10.1021/jm010302r }}</ref>
# Desoxylation of the tertiary alcohol in mazindol improves [[Dopamine transporter|DAT]] and [[Serotonin transporter|SERT]] binding without substantially reducing [[Norepinephrine transporter|NET]] affinity. This compound has been called "[[mazindane]]".<ref name="pmid12504782">{{cite journal | vauthors = Houlihan WJ, Kelly L | title = Assessment of mazindane, a pro-drug form of mazindol, in assays used to define cocaine treatment agents | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 458 | issue = 3 | pages = 263–73 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12504782 | doi = 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02791-7 }}</ref>
# Removal of the ''p''-chlorine atom from the phenyl ring of mazindol increases NET affinity and substantially reduces DAT and SERT affinity.
# Expansion of the [[2-Imidazoline|imidazoline]] ring system in mazindol to the corresponding six-membered homolog increases DAT affinity by ~10 fold.
# Replacement of the phenyl moiety with a naphthyl ring system results in a ~50 fold increase in SERT affinity without significant decreases in NET or DAT affinities.
# Halogenation of 3' and/or 4' position of the phenyl ring of mazindol results in increased potency at NET, DAT, and SERT.
# Fluorination of the 7' position of the tricyclic phenyl ring results in a ~2 fold increase in binding affinity to the DAT.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Mazindol analogs with phenyl ring substitutions{{efn|<ref name=Singh>{{cite journal | vauthors = Singh S | title = Chemistry, design, and structure-activity relationship of cocaine antagonists | journal = Chemical Reviews | volume = 100 | issue = 3 | pages = 925–1024 | date = March 2000 | pmid = 11749256 | doi = 10.1021/cr9700538 | url = https://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/pdf/cocaineanalogs.pdf }}</ref> ←Page #1,012 (88th page of article) Figure 57 & Page #1,013 (89th page of article) Table 51}}
|+Mazindol analogs with phenyl ring substitutions{{efn|<ref name=Singh>{{cite journal | vauthors = Singh S | title = Chemistry, design, and structure-activity relationship of cocaine antagonists | journal = Chemical Reviews | volume = 100 | issue = 3 | pages = 925–1024 | date = March 2000 | pmid = 11749256 | doi = 10.1021/cr9700538 | url = https://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/pdf/cocaineanalogs.pdf }}</ref> ←Page #1,012 (88th page of article) Figure 57 & Page #1,013 (89th page of article) Table 51}}
Line 200: Line 182:
|-
|-
| 389c || 3′,4′-Cl<sub>2</sub> || ||1.7 ± 0.1||0.26 ± 0.16||0.2
| 389c || 3′,4′-Cl<sub>2</sub> || ||1.7 ± 0.1||0.26 ± 0.16||0.2
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Miscellaneous mazindol analogues<ref name=Houlihan1/>
|-

!Structure
!''n''
!R
!R'
!R"
!hSERT
!hNET
!hDAT
!SERT/DAT<br />Selectivity
!NET/DAT<br />Selectivity
|-
|rowspan=9|[[File:Mazindol analogs 2.svg|165px]]
|-
|1||Cl||H||OH||94 ± 32||4.9 ± 0.5||43 ± 20||2.2||0.1
|-
|1||Cl||H||H||15 ± 5||6.9 ± 1.5||6.0 ± 0.7||2.5||1.2
|-
|1||H||H||OH||2140 ± 450||2.8 ± 0.92||730 ± 180||2.9||0.004
|-
|1||colspan=2|Naphthyl||OH||1.8 ± 1.3||4.5 ± 1.5||66 ± 10||0.03||0.07
|-
|2||Cl||H||OH||53 ± 7||4.9 ± 0.5||3.7 ± 0.4||14.3||1.3
|-
|2||OH||H||OH||60 ± 19||1.9 ± 0.15||59.0 ± 3.6||1||0.03
|-
|2||OMe||H||OH||94 ± 34||4.1 ± 1.4||30.4 ± 2.4||3.1||0.1
|-
|2||colspan=2|-OCH2O-||OH||83 ± 29||0.62 ± 0.25||2.21 ± 0.3||37.7||0.3
|-
|}
|}


==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
===Tautomers===
[[File:Mazindol tautomers.svg|thumb|right|The [[hemiaminal]] (left) and keto (right) tautomers of mazindol]] Mazindol exhibits pH dependent [[ tautomerization]] between the keto form and the cyclic [[hemiaminal]]. Mazindol exists in the tricyclic (-ol) form in neutral media and undergoes protonation to the benzophenone tautomer in acidic media. [[structure activity relationship|QSAR]] studies have indicated that the ability of mazindol to inhibit NE and DA reuptake may be mediated by the protonated (benzophenone) tautomer.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Koe BK | title = Molecular geometry of inhibitors of the uptake of catecholamines and serotonin in synaptosomal preparations of rat brain | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 199 | issue = 3 | pages = 649–661 | date = December 1976 | pmid = 994022 }}</ref>
<br />

===Synthesis===
===Synthesis===
The precursor for mazindol was described in the synthesis of [[Chlortalidone]].
[[File:Mazindol synthesis.svg|thumb|center|1000px|Mazindol synthesis:<ref name = "Aeberli_1975">{{cite journal | vauthors = Aeberli P, Eden P, Gogerty JH, Houlihan WJ, Penberthy C | title = 5-aryl-2,3-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-a]isoindol-5-ols. A novel class of anorectic agents | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 177–82 | date = February 1975 | pmid = 804553 | doi = 10.1021/jm00236a014 }}</ref><ref name = "DE1814540">{{cite patent | country = DE | number = 1814540 | status = granted | title = Improvements in or Relating to Imidazoisoindole Derivatives | invent1 = Houlihan WJ | assign1 = Sandoz AG | gdate = 3 July 1969 }}</ref><ref>{{cite patent | country = DE | number = 1930488 | status = granted | title = Heterocyclische Verbindungen und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung | inventor = Houlihan WJ, Eberle MK | assign1 = Sandoz AG | gdate = 19 March 1970 }}</ref><ref name = "US3597445">{{cite patent | country = US | number = 3597445 | status = granted | inventor = Houlihan WJ, Eberle MK | gdate = 3 August 1971 | title = 1H-Isoindole Intermediates | assign1 = Sandoz AG }} </ref><ref>{{cite patent | country = US | number = 3763178 | status = granted | gdate = 2 October 1973 | title = Midazolinyl Phenyl Carbonyl Acid Addition Salts and Related Compounds | invent1 = Sulkowski TS | assign1 = American Home Products }}</ref>]]
[[File:Mazindol synthesis.svg|thumb|center|700px|[https://pharmaceutical-substances.thieme.com/ps/search-results?docUri=KD-13-0011 Thieme] Synthesis:<ref name = "Aeberli_1975">{{cite journal | vauthors = Aeberli P, Eden P, Gogerty JH, Houlihan WJ, Penberthy C | title = 5-aryl-2,3-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-a]isoindol-5-ols. A novel class of anorectic agents | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 177–82 | date = February 1975 | pmid = 804553 | doi = 10.1021/jm00236a014 }}</ref> Patents:<ref name = "DE1814540">{{cite patent | country = DE | number = 1814540 | status = granted | title = Improvements in or Relating to Imidazoisoindole Derivatives | invent1 = Houlihan WJ | assign1 = Sandoz AG | gdate = 3 July 1969 }}</ref><ref>{{cite patent | country = DE | number = 1930488 | status = granted | title = Heterocyclische Verbindungen und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung | inventor = Houlihan WJ, Eberle MK | assign1 = Sandoz AG | gdate = 19 March 1970 }}</ref><ref name = "US3597445">{{cite patent | country = US | number = 3597445 | status = granted | inventor = Houlihan WJ, Eberle MK | gdate = 3 August 1971 | title = 1H-Isoindole Intermediates | assign1 = Sandoz AG }} </ref><ref>{{cite patent | country = US | number = 3763178 | status = granted | gdate = 2 October 1973 | title = Midazolinyl Phenyl Carbonyl Acid Addition Salts and Related Compounds | invent1 = Sulkowski TS | assign1 = American Home Products }}</ref>]]
The synthesis of mazindol starts by reaction of a substituted benzoylbenzoic acid ('''1''') with [[ethylenediamine]]. The product '''3''' can be rationalized as being an [[aminal]] from the initially formed monoamide '''2'''. This is then subjected to reduction with [[LiAlH4]] and-without isolation-air oxidation. Reduction probably proceeds to the mixed aminal/carbinolamine '''4'''; such a product would be expected to be in equilibrium with the alternate aminal '''5'''. The latter would be expected to predominate because of the greater stability of aldehyde aminals over the corresponding ketone derivatives. Air oxidation of the tetrahydroimidazole to the imidazoline will then remove '''5''' from the equilibrium. There is thus obtained the anorectic agent mazindol ('''6'''). The synthesis of homomazindol (the six-member ring A homologue) is accomplished by substitution of 1,2-diaminoethane with 1,3-diaminopropane.
The synthesis of mazindol starts by reaction of a substituted benzoylbenzoic acid ('''1''') with [[ethylenediamine]]. The product '''3''' can be rationalized as being an [[aminal]] from the initially formed monoamide '''2'''. This is then subjected to reduction with [[LiAlH4|LiAlH<sub>4</sub>]] and-without isolation-air oxidation. Reduction probably proceeds to the mixed aminal/carbinolamine '''4'''; such a product would be expected to be in equilibrium with the alternate aminal '''5'''. The latter would be expected to predominate because of the greater stability of aldehyde aminals over the corresponding ketone derivatives. Air oxidation of the tetrahydroimidazole to the imidazoline will then remove '''5''' from the equilibrium. There is thus obtained the anorectic agent mazindol ('''6'''). The synthesis of homomazindol (the six-member ring A homologue) is accomplished by substitution of 1,2-diaminoethane with 1,3-diaminopropane.


An alternative synthesis was described:
Mazindane is the desoxy analogue of mazindol which acts as a prodrug for mazindol. Mazindane is oxidized to mazindol by [[Monoamine oxidase|monoamine oxidases]] present at the [[Dopamine transporter|DAT]]. upon contact with monoamine oxidase enzymes present at the DAT.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Houlihan |first1=William J. |last2=Kelly |first2=Lawrence |title=Assessment of mazindane, a pro-drug form of mazindol, in assays used to define cocaine treatment agents |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |date=January 2003 |volume=458 |issue=3 |pages=263–273 |doi=10.1016/S0014-2999(02)02791-7|pmid=12504782 }}</ref>
[[File:Mazindol synthesis (alternative).svg|thumb|center|500px|Mazindol synthesis (alternative):<ref name=Houlihan1/>]]
2-Phenyl-2-Imidazoline [936-49-2] (3)
Methyl 4-Chlorobenzoate [1126-46-1] (4)


==Research==
==Research==
Line 216: Line 241:
* [[Setazindol]]
* [[Setazindol]]
* [[Trazium]]
* [[Trazium]]
* [[[[Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor|SNDRI]]
* [[Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor]] (SNDRI)


== References ==
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}


{{Stimulants}}
{{Stimulants}}
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{{Tricyclics}}
{{Tricyclics}}


[[Category:Tertiary alcohols]]
[[Category:4-Chlorophenyl compounds]]
[[Category:Chloroarenes]]
[[Category:Imidazolines]]
[[Category:Imidazolines]]
[[Category:Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors]]
[[Category:Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors]]
[[Category:Stimulants]]
[[Category:Stimulants]]
[[Category:Sympathomimetic amines]]
[[Category:Sympathomimetic amines]]
[[Category:Tertiary alcohols]]
[[Category:Wakefulness-promoting agents]]

Latest revision as of 19:27, 21 December 2024

Mazindol
Clinical data
Trade namesMazanor, Sanorex
AHFS/Drugs.comMicromedex Detailed Consumer Information
Routes of
administration		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability93%
MetabolismHepatic
Elimination half-life10–13 hours
ExcretionRenal
Identifiers
  • (±)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,5-dihydro-2H-imidazo[2,1-a]isoindol-5-ol
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.040.764 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC16H13ClN2O
Molar mass284.74 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
ChiralityRacemic mixture
  • ClC1=CC=C(C2(C3=CC=CC=C3C4=NCCN42)O)C=C1
  • InChI=1S/C16H13ClN2O/c17-12-7-5-11(6-8-12)16(20)14-4-2-1-3-13(14)15-18-9-10-19(15)16/h1-8,20H,9-10H2 checkY
  • Key:ZPXSCAKFGYXMGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Mazindol, sold under the brand names Mazanor and Sanorex, is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant which is used as an appetite suppressant.[2] It was developed by Sandoz-Wander in the 1960s.[3]

Medical uses

[edit]

Mazindol is used in short-term (i.e., a few weeks) treatment of obesity, in combination with a regimen of weight reduction based on caloric restriction, exercise, and behavior modification in people with a body mass index greater than 30, or in those with a body mass index greater than 27 in the presence of risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia. Mazindol is not currently available as a commercially marketed and FDA-regulated prescription agent for the treatment of obesity.

There is a Swiss study investigating its efficacy in treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).[4]

Additional patented uses include for the treatment of schizophrenia,[5] reducing cravings for cocaine,[6] and for the treatment of neurobehavioral disorders.[7]

Pharmacology

[edit]
Binding profile[8]
Site Ki (nM)
DATTooltip Dopamine transporter 25.9
NETTooltip Norepinephrine transporter 2.88
SERT 272

Mazindol is a sympathomimetic amine, which is similar to amphetamine. It stimulates the central nervous system, which increases heart rate and blood pressure, and decreases appetite. Sympathomimetic anoretics (appetite suppressants) are used in the short-term treatment of obesity. Their appetite-reducing effect tends to decrease after a few weeks of treatment. Because of this, these medicines are useful only during the first few weeks of a weight-loss program.

Although the mechanism of action of the sympathomimetics in the treatment of obesity is not fully known, these medications have pharmacological effects similar to those of amphetamines. Like other sympathomimetic appetite suppressants, mazindol is thought to act as a reuptake inhibitor of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. The recommended dosage is 2 mg per day for 90 days in patients 40 kg overweight and under; 4 mg a day in patients more than 50 kg overweight; divided into two doses separated by a 12-hour window between each dose.

Overdose

[edit]

Symptoms of a mazindol overdose include: restlessness, tremor, rapid breathing, confusion, hallucinations, panic, aggression, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,irregular heartbeat, and seizures.

Analogues

[edit]

An analogue of mazindol was reported that was stated to be less toxic than the parent drug from which it was derived.[9] It is made from Chemrat (pindone).

QSAR Dialogue

[edit]
The pharmacophore model of mazindol proposed by Singh for the binding of mazindol at the DAT[a]

From available QSAR data, the following trends are apparent:[11]

  1. Desoxylation of the tertiary alcohol in mazindol improves DAT and SERT binding without substantially reducing NET affinity. This compound has been called "mazindane".[12]
  2. Removal of the p-chlorine atom from the phenyl ring of mazindol increases NET affinity and substantially reduces DAT and SERT affinity.
  3. Expansion of the imidazoline ring system in mazindol to the corresponding six-membered homolog increases DAT affinity by ~10 fold.
  4. Replacement of the phenyl moiety with a naphthyl ring system results in a ~50 fold increase in SERT affinity without significant decreases in NET or DAT affinities.
  5. Halogenation of 3' and/or 4' position of the phenyl ring of mazindol results in increased potency at NET, DAT, and SERT.
  6. Fluorination of the 7' position of the tricyclic phenyl ring results in a ~2 fold increase in binding affinity to the DAT.
Mazindol analogs with phenyl ring substitutions[b]
Compound S. Singh's
alphanumeric
assignation
(name) 		R R′ R′′ IC50 (nM)
(Inhibition of [3H]WIN 35428 binding) 		IC50 (nM)
(Inhibition of [3H]DA uptake) 		Selectivity
uptake/binding
(cocaine) 89.1 ± 8 208 ± 12 2.3
(mazindol) H H 4′-Cl 8.1 ± 1.2 8.4 ± 1.3 1.0
384a H H H 66.0 ± 8.9 124 ± 37 1.9
384b H H 4′-F 13.3 ± 1.8 25.4 ± 2.7 1.9
384c H 7-F H 29.7 ± 7.0 78 ± 46 2.6
384d H H 2′-Cl 294 ± 6 770 ± 159 2.6
384e H H 3′-Cl 4.3 ± 0.4 9.2 ± 5.3 2.1
384f CH3 H 4′-Cl 50.4 ± 5.5 106 ± 5.6 2.1
384g H 6-Cl H 57.2 ± 8.3 58 ± 6.4 1.0
384h H 7-Cl H 85.4 ± 14 55.17 0.6
384i H 7-F 4′-Cl 6.5 ± 1.2 15 ± 9 2.3
384j H 7-Cl 4′-F 52.8 ± 8.7 53 ± 18 1.0
384k H H 2′,4′-Cl2 76.5 ± 1.11 92 ± 19 1.2
384l H H 3′,4′-Cl2 2.5 ± 0.5 1.4 ± 1.6 0.6
384m H 7,8-Cl2 4′-Cl 13.6 ± 1.5
384n H H 2′-Br 1340 ± 179
384o H H 4′-Br 2.6 ± 1.5 8.6 ± 3.5 3.3
384p H H 4′-I 17.2 ± 0.9 14 ± 6.4 0.8
Mazindol Ring A homologues[c]
Compound S. Singh's
alphanumeric
assignation
(name) 		R R′ IC50 (nM)
(Inhibition of [3H]WIN 35428 binding) 		IC50 (nM)
(Inhibition of [3H]DA uptake) 		Selectivity
uptake/binding
388a H H 5.8 ± 1.6 18 ± 11 3.1
388b H 2′-F 23.2 ± 1.7 89 ± 2.8 3.8
388c H 3′-F 2.0 ± 0.02 3.1 ± 1.8 1.6
388d H 4′-F 3.2 ± 1.7 8.5 ± 4.9 0.4
388e H 3′-Cl 1.0 ± 0.2 1.3 ± 0.14 1.3
388f H 4′-Cl 1.7 ± 0.2 1.4 ± 0.35 0.8
388g CH3 4′-Cl 6.3 ± 4.5 1.7 ± 1.6 0.3
389a H 5.9 ± 0.1 11 ± 3.2 2.0
389b 4′-Cl 1.5 ± 0.1 3.4 ± 2.3 2.3
389c 3′,4′-Cl2 1.7 ± 0.1 0.26 ± 0.16 0.2
Miscellaneous mazindol analogues[11]
Structure n R R' R" hSERT hNET hDAT SERT/DAT
Selectivity 		NET/DAT
Selectivity
1 Cl H OH 94 ± 32 4.9 ± 0.5 43 ± 20 2.2 0.1
1 Cl H H 15 ± 5 6.9 ± 1.5 6.0 ± 0.7 2.5 1.2
1 H H OH 2140 ± 450 2.8 ± 0.92 730 ± 180 2.9 0.004
1 Naphthyl OH 1.8 ± 1.3 4.5 ± 1.5 66 ± 10 0.03 0.07
2 Cl H OH 53 ± 7 4.9 ± 0.5 3.7 ± 0.4 14.3 1.3
2 OH H OH 60 ± 19 1.9 ± 0.15 59.0 ± 3.6 1 0.03
2 OMe H OH 94 ± 34 4.1 ± 1.4 30.4 ± 2.4 3.1 0.1
2 -OCH2O- OH 83 ± 29 0.62 ± 0.25 2.21 ± 0.3 37.7 0.3

Chemistry

[edit]

Tautomers

[edit]
The hemiaminal (left) and keto (right) tautomers of mazindol

Mazindol exhibits pH dependent tautomerization between the keto form and the cyclic hemiaminal. Mazindol exists in the tricyclic (-ol) form in neutral media and undergoes protonation to the benzophenone tautomer in acidic media. QSAR studies have indicated that the ability of mazindol to inhibit NE and DA reuptake may be mediated by the protonated (benzophenone) tautomer.[13]


Synthesis

[edit]

The precursor for mazindol was described in the synthesis of Chlortalidone.

Thieme Synthesis:[14] Patents:[15][16][3][17]

The synthesis of mazindol starts by reaction of a substituted benzoylbenzoic acid (1) with ethylenediamine. The product 3 can be rationalized as being an aminal from the initially formed monoamide 2. This is then subjected to reduction with LiAlH4 and-without isolation-air oxidation. Reduction probably proceeds to the mixed aminal/carbinolamine 4; such a product would be expected to be in equilibrium with the alternate aminal 5. The latter would be expected to predominate because of the greater stability of aldehyde aminals over the corresponding ketone derivatives. Air oxidation of the tetrahydroimidazole to the imidazoline will then remove 5 from the equilibrium. There is thus obtained the anorectic agent mazindol (6). The synthesis of homomazindol (the six-member ring A homologue) is accomplished by substitution of 1,2-diaminoethane with 1,3-diaminopropane.

An alternative synthesis was described:

Mazindol synthesis (alternative):[11]

2-Phenyl-2-Imidazoline [936-49-2] (3) Methyl 4-Chlorobenzoate [1126-46-1] (4)

Research

[edit]

As of 2016 mazindol was being studied in clinical trials for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.[18]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ [10] ←Page #1,012 (88th page of article) Figure 56
  2. ^ [10] ←Page #1,012 (88th page of article) Figure 57 & Page #1,013 (89th page of article) Table 51
  3. ^ [10] ←Page #1,012 (88th page of article) Figure 58 & Page #1,014 (90th page of article) Table 52

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
  2. ^ Carruba MO, Zambotti F, Vicentini L, Picotti GB, Mantegazza P (1978). "Pharmacology and biochemical profile of a new anorectic drug: mazindol". Cent. Mech. Anorectic Drugs: 145–64.
  3. ^ a b US granted 3597445, Houlihan WJ, Eberle MK, "1H-Isoindole Intermediates", issued 3 August 1971, assigned to Sandoz AG 
  4. ^ Grover N (2017-05-31). "Swiss biotech NLS Pharma's ADHD drug succeeds in mid-stage study". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  5. ^ US 5447948, "Dopamine and noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors in treatment of schizophrenia", issued 5 September 1995, assigned to Yale University 
  6. ^ US 5217987, Berger SP, "Dopamine uptake inhibitors in reducing substance abuse and/or craving", issued 8 June 1993 
  7. ^ WO 2009155139, Kovacs B, Pinegar L, "se of isoindoles for the treatment of neurobehavioral disorders", published 23 December 2009, assigned to Afecta Pharmaceuticals Inc 
  8. ^ Rothman RB, Baumann MH, Dersch CM, Romero DV, Rice KC, Carroll FI, Partilla JS (January 2001). "Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin". Synapse. 39 (1): 32–41. doi:10.1002/1098-2396(20010101)39:1<32::AID-SYN5>3.0.CO;2-3. PMID 11071707. S2CID 15573624.
  9. ^ Lemke TL, Cates LA, Steenberg M, Cho YM (August 1975). "Analogs of the anorexic mazindol". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 64 (8): 1375–8. doi:10.1002/jps.2600640824. PMID 1151711.
  10. ^ a b c Singh S (March 2000). "Chemistry, design, and structure-activity relationship of cocaine antagonists" (PDF). Chemical Reviews. 100 (3): 925–1024. doi:10.1021/cr9700538. PMID 11749256.
  11. ^ a b c Houlihan WJ, Ahmad UF, Koletar J, Kelly L, Brand L, Kopajtic TA (September 2002). "Benzo- and cyclohexanomazindol analogues as potential inhibitors of the cocaine binding site at the dopamine transporter". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 45 (19): 4110–8. doi:10.1021/jm010301z. PMID 12213054.Houlihan WJ, Kelly L, Pankuch J, Koletar J, Brand L, Janowsky A, Kopajtic TA (September 2002). "Mazindol analogues as potential inhibitors of the cocaine binding site at the dopamine transporter". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 45 (19): 4097–109. doi:10.1021/jm010302r. PMID 12213053.
  12. ^ Houlihan WJ, Kelly L (January 2003). "Assessment of mazindane, a pro-drug form of mazindol, in assays used to define cocaine treatment agents". European Journal of Pharmacology. 458 (3): 263–73. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02791-7. PMID 12504782.
  13. ^ Koe BK (December 1976). "Molecular geometry of inhibitors of the uptake of catecholamines and serotonin in synaptosomal preparations of rat brain". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 199 (3): 649–661. PMID 994022.
  14. ^ Aeberli P, Eden P, Gogerty JH, Houlihan WJ, Penberthy C (February 1975). "5-aryl-2,3-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-a]isoindol-5-ols. A novel class of anorectic agents". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 18 (2): 177–82. doi:10.1021/jm00236a014. PMID 804553.
  15. ^ DE granted 1814540, Houlihan WJ, "Improvements in or Relating to Imidazoisoindole Derivatives", issued 3 July 1969, assigned to Sandoz AG 
  16. ^ DE granted 1930488, Houlihan WJ, Eberle MK, "Heterocyclische Verbindungen und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung", issued 19 March 1970, assigned to Sandoz AG 
  17. ^ US granted 3763178, Sulkowski TS, "Midazolinyl Phenyl Carbonyl Acid Addition Salts and Related Compounds", issued 2 October 1973, assigned to American Home Products 
  18. ^ Mattingly GW, Anderson RH (December 2016). "Optimizing outcomes in ADHD treatment: from clinical targets to novel delivery systems". CNS Spectrums. 21 (S1): 45–59. doi:10.1017/S1092852916000808. PMID 28044946. S2CID 24310209.
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