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==History==
==History==
Because of the [[Kalmar Union]], Iceland had been under the control of the [[Monarchy of Denmark|Crown of Denmark]] since 1380,<ref>{{cite book |last=Nordstrom |first=Byron |url=https://archive.org/details/scandinaviasince0000nord/page/147 |title=Scandinavia since 1500 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-8166-2098-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/scandinaviasince0000nord/page/147 147] |url-access=registration}}</ref> although formally it had been a [[List of possessions of Norway|Norwegian possession]] until 1814.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dörr |first=Oliver |title=Kompendium völkerrechtlicher Rechtsprechung |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |year=2004 |isbn=3-16-148311-1 |page=103 |language=German}}</ref> In 1874, one thousand years after the first [[Settlement of Iceland|acknowledged settlement]], Denmark granted Iceland [[home rule]]. The constitution, written the same year, was revised in 1903 and the extent of home rule increased in 1904.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A short history of Alþingi – the oldest parliament in the world |url=https://europa.eu/youth/is/article/61/4215_en |access-date=29 November 2018 |website=European Youth Portal |publisher=European Union |language=en}}</ref>

Denmark recognized the independence of Iceland on 1 December 1918 and the two countries remained in [[personal union]] until 1944 as part of the [[Danish–Icelandic Act of Union]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gaebler |first1=Ralph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FH3AwAAQBAJ&q=iceland+associated+state+1918&pg=PA177 |title=Sources of State Practice in International Law: Second Revised Edition |last2=Shea |first2=Alison |date=6 June 2014 |isbn=9789004272224 |pages=177}}</ref> While in union with Denmark, the diplomatic relations of Iceland with the rest of the world were handled by Denmark.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |author1=[[Halldór Ásgrímsson]] |year=2000 |title=Ljósmyndasýning í tilefni af 60 ára afmæli utanríkisþjónustunnar 10. apríl 2000 |url=https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/utanrikisraduneyti-media/media/pdf/60ara_utanrikis.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902002928/https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/utanrikisraduneyti-media/media/pdf/60ara_utanrikis.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019 |page=5 |language=is}}</ref> Denmark opened their embassy in [[Reykjavík]] on 4 August 1919 with Johannes Erhardt Bøggild appointed as ambassador, while Iceland opened their embassy in [[Copenhagen]] on 16 August 1920 with [[Sveinn Björnsson]] as ambassador. The Icelandic embassy was temporarily closed from 1924 to 1926 due to financial costs.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |author1=[[Halldór Ásgrímsson]] |year=2000 |title=Ljósmyndasýning í tilefni af 60 ára afmæli utanríkisþjónustunnar 10. apríl 2000 |url=https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/utanrikisraduneyti-media/media/pdf/60ara_utanrikis.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902002928/https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/utanrikisraduneyti-media/media/pdf/60ara_utanrikis.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019 |page=8 |language=is}}</ref> King [[Christian X of Denmark|Christian X]] visited Iceland on 26 June 1921.<ref name=":1" />
Denmark recognized the independence of Iceland on 1 December 1918 and the two countries remained in [[personal union]] until 1944 as part of the [[Danish–Icelandic Act of Union]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gaebler |first1=Ralph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FH3AwAAQBAJ&q=iceland+associated+state+1918&pg=PA177 |title=Sources of State Practice in International Law: Second Revised Edition |last2=Shea |first2=Alison |date=6 June 2014 |isbn=9789004272224 |pages=177}}</ref> While in union with Denmark, the diplomatic relations of Iceland with the rest of the world were handled by Denmark.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |author1=[[Halldór Ásgrímsson]] |year=2000 |title=Ljósmyndasýning í tilefni af 60 ára afmæli utanríkisþjónustunnar 10. apríl 2000 |url=https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/utanrikisraduneyti-media/media/pdf/60ara_utanrikis.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902002928/https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/utanrikisraduneyti-media/media/pdf/60ara_utanrikis.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019 |page=5 |language=is}}</ref> Denmark opened their embassy in [[Reykjavík]] on 4 August 1919 with Johannes Erhardt Bøggild appointed as ambassador, while Iceland opened their embassy in [[Copenhagen]] on 16 August 1920 with [[Sveinn Björnsson]] as ambassador. The Icelandic embassy was temporarily closed from 1924 to 1926 due to financial costs.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |author1=[[Halldór Ásgrímsson]] |year=2000 |title=Ljósmyndasýning í tilefni af 60 ára afmæli utanríkisþjónustunnar 10. apríl 2000 |url=https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/utanrikisraduneyti-media/media/pdf/60ara_utanrikis.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902002928/https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/utanrikisraduneyti-media/media/pdf/60ara_utanrikis.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019 |page=8 |language=is}}</ref> King [[Christian X of Denmark|Christian X]] visited Iceland on 26 June 1921.<ref name=":1" />


Iceland became fully independent from Denmark on 17 June 1944 during the [[Denmark in World War II|German occupation of Denmark]], as diplomatic relations between the two countries were suspended.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lidegaard |first=Bo |title=Dansk udenrigspolitiks historie: Overleveren 1914-1945 |publisher=Danmarks Nationalleksikon |year=2001 |volume=4 |pages=409 |language=da}}</ref>
Iceland became fully independent from Denmark on 17 June 1944 during the [[Denmark in World War II|German occupation of Denmark]], as diplomatic relations between the two countries were suspended.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lidegaard |first=Bo |title=Dansk udenrigspolitiks historie: Overleveren 1914-1945 |publisher=Danmarks Nationalleksikon |year=2001 |volume=4 |pages=409 |language=da}}</ref> King Christian X sent a message of congratulations to the Icelandic people.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hardarson |first1=Solrun B. Jensdottir |date=October 1974 |title=The 'Republic of Iceland' 1940–44: Anglo-American Attitudes and Influences |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=27–56 |doi=10.1177/002200947400900402 |jstor=260290 |s2cid=220878232}}</ref>


When Denmark with [[Norway]] turned to the proposed North Atlantic alliance after the [[World War II|Second World War]], Icelandic leaders believed that they had to follow suit as a necessity for both Iceland and its two Nordic neighbors. During the debate, [[Stefán Jóhann Stefánsson|Stefánsson]] described the ties with Denmark and Norway as "family ties".<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Bjorgulfsdottir |first=Margret |date=1989 |title=The Paradox of a Neutral Ally: A Historical Overview of Iceland's Participation in NATO |journal=The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=81 and 83 |jstor=45289776}}</ref>
When Denmark with [[Norway]] turned to the proposed North Atlantic alliance after the [[World War II|Second World War]], Icelandic leaders believed that they had to follow suit as a necessity for both Iceland and its two Nordic neighbors. During the debate, [[Stefán Jóhann Stefánsson|Stefánsson]] described the ties with Denmark and Norway as "family ties".<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Bjorgulfsdottir |first=Margret |date=1989 |title=The Paradox of a Neutral Ally: A Historical Overview of Iceland's Participation in NATO |journal=The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=81 and 83 |jstor=45289776}}</ref>
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{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


== See also ==

* [[List of ambassadors of Iceland to Denmark]]
{{Foreign relations of Denmark}}
{{Foreign relations of Denmark}}
{{Foreign relations of Iceland}}
{{Foreign relations of Iceland}}

Latest revision as of 12:45, 21 December 2024

Denmark-Iceland relations
Map indicating locations of Denmark and Iceland

Denmark
Iceland

Denmark–Iceland relations are the diplomatic relations between Denmark and Iceland. Both countries are full members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States, Nordic Council, NATO, and Council of Europe.

History

[edit]

Because of the Kalmar Union, Iceland had been under the control of the Crown of Denmark since 1380,[1] although formally it had been a Norwegian possession until 1814.[2] In 1874, one thousand years after the first acknowledged settlement, Denmark granted Iceland home rule. The constitution, written the same year, was revised in 1903 and the extent of home rule increased in 1904.[3]

Denmark recognized the independence of Iceland on 1 December 1918 and the two countries remained in personal union until 1944 as part of the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union.[4] While in union with Denmark, the diplomatic relations of Iceland with the rest of the world were handled by Denmark.[5] Denmark opened their embassy in Reykjavík on 4 August 1919 with Johannes Erhardt Bøggild appointed as ambassador, while Iceland opened their embassy in Copenhagen on 16 August 1920 with Sveinn Björnsson as ambassador. The Icelandic embassy was temporarily closed from 1924 to 1926 due to financial costs.[6] King Christian X visited Iceland on 26 June 1921.[6]

Iceland became fully independent from Denmark on 17 June 1944 during the German occupation of Denmark, as diplomatic relations between the two countries were suspended.[5][7] King Christian X sent a message of congratulations to the Icelandic people.[8]

When Denmark with Norway turned to the proposed North Atlantic alliance after the Second World War, Icelandic leaders believed that they had to follow suit as a necessity for both Iceland and its two Nordic neighbors. During the debate, Stefánsson described the ties with Denmark and Norway as "family ties".[9]

All three countries became founding members of NATO in 1949.[9][10]

Return of Icelandic works

[edit]

From September 1945 on, Iceland demanded the return of the sagas and codexes, which Árni Magnússon had collected and brought to University of Copenhagen.[11] Between 1971 and 1992, Denmark returned thousands of works to Iceland including the Codex Regius and Flateyjarbók.[12]

Resident diplomatic missions

[edit]
  • Embassy of Denmark in Reykjavík
    Embassy of Denmark in Reykjavík
  • Embassy of Iceland in Copenhagen
    Embassy of Iceland in Copenhagen

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Nordstrom, Byron (2000). Scandinavia since 1500. University of Minnesota Press. p. 147. ISBN 0-8166-2098-9.
  2. ^ Dörr, Oliver (2004). Kompendium völkerrechtlicher Rechtsprechung (in German). Mohr Siebeck. p. 103. ISBN 3-16-148311-1.
  3. ^ "A short history of Alþingi – the oldest parliament in the world". European Youth Portal. European Union. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  4. ^ Gaebler, Ralph; Shea, Alison (6 June 2014). Sources of State Practice in International Law: Second Revised Edition. p. 177. ISBN 9789004272224.
  5. ^ a b Halldór Ásgrímsson (2000). "Ljósmyndasýning í tilefni af 60 ára afmæli utanríkisþjónustunnar 10. apríl 2000" (PDF) (in Icelandic). p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  6. ^ a b Halldór Ásgrímsson (2000). "Ljósmyndasýning í tilefni af 60 ára afmæli utanríkisþjónustunnar 10. apríl 2000" (PDF) (in Icelandic). p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  7. ^ Lidegaard, Bo (2001). Dansk udenrigspolitiks historie: Overleveren 1914-1945 (in Danish). Vol. 4. Danmarks Nationalleksikon. p. 409.
  8. ^ Hardarson, Solrun B. Jensdottir (October 1974). "The 'Republic of Iceland' 1940–44: Anglo-American Attitudes and Influences". Journal of Contemporary History. 9 (4): 27–56. doi:10.1177/002200947400900402. JSTOR 260290. S2CID 220878232.
  9. ^ a b Bjorgulfsdottir, Margret (1989). "The Paradox of a Neutral Ally: A Historical Overview of Iceland's Participation in NATO". The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs. 13 (1): 81 and 83. JSTOR 45289776.
  10. ^ "A short history of NATO". NATO. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
  11. ^ Mentz, Søren (9 October 2019). "Jo mere Danmark føjede sig, jo mere ønskede Island selvstændighed fra kongeriget". Politiken (in Danish).
  12. ^ "Danmark leverede kulturskatte tilbage i tusindvis". DR (in Danish). 14 September 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  13. ^ "Embassy of Denmark in Reykjavík". Archived from the original on 2022-03-26. Retrieved 2022-03-27.
  14. ^ "Embassy of Iceland in Copenhagen". Archived from the original on 2020-09-21. Retrieved 2020-04-19.

See also

[edit]
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