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{{Short description|Type of cinematography with extreme character}}
{{Short description|Type of cinematography with extreme character}}
[[File:Saw movie series props (5134032571).jpg|thumb|A set of props used in the production of the ''[[Saw (franchise)|Saw]]'' films, which are notorious for depicting extreme graphic violence]]
[[File:Saw movie series props (5134032571).jpg|thumb|A set of props used in the production of the ''[[Saw (franchise)|Saw]]'' films, which are notorious for depicting extreme graphic violence]]
'''Extreme cinema''' (or "hardcore horror"<ref name="hardcorehorror"/>) is a subgenre used for films distinguished by its use of excessive [[Sexual intercourse|sex]] and [[Graphic violence|violence]], and depiction of extreme acts such as [[mutilation]] and [[torture]]. The rising popularity of [[cinema of Asia|Asian films]] in the 21st century has contributed to the growth of extreme cinema, although extreme cinema is still considered to be a horror film-based genre.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://complex.com/pop-culture/the-50-most-disturbing-movies |title=The Most Disturbing Movies of All Time |publisher=[[Complex Networks]]}}</ref> Being a relatively recent genre, extreme cinema is controversial and widely unaccepted by the [[mainstream media]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Dirks|first=Tim |url=https://filmsite.org/controversialfilms.html |title=100 Most Controversial Films of All Time |publisher=[[Filmsite]] |date=9 February 2016}}</ref> Extreme cinema films [[target audience|target]] a specific and [[niche market|small audience]] group.<ref>[http://gtr.rcuk.ac.uk/project/C6FD3EB5-9542-4A98-B2E1-3F2E834B88FF gtr.rcuk.ac.uk]</ref>
'''Extreme cinema''' (or hardcore horror and extreme horror<ref name="hardcorehorror"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 24, 2024 |title=Extreme horror |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/arts/books/gore-guts-blood-extreme-horror-has-made-it-to-the-mainstream-is-that-a-good-thing/ |website=The Michigan Daily}}</ref>) is a subgenre used for films distinguished by its use of excessive [[Sexual intercourse|sex]] and [[Graphic violence|violence]], and depiction of extreme acts such as [[mutilation]] and [[torture]]. The rising popularity of [[cinema of Asia|Asian films]] in the 21st century has contributed to the growth of extreme cinema, although extreme cinema is still considered to be a horror film-based genre.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://complex.com/pop-culture/the-50-most-disturbing-movies |title=The Most Disturbing Movies of All Time |publisher=[[Complex Networks]]}}</ref> Being a relatively recent genre, extreme cinema is controversial and widely unaccepted by the [[mainstream media]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Dirks|first=Tim |url=https://filmsite.org/controversialfilms.html |title=100 Most Controversial Films of All Time |publisher=[[Filmsite]] |date=9 February 2016}}</ref> Extreme cinema films [[target audience|target]] a specific and [[niche market|small audience]] group.<ref>[http://gtr.rcuk.ac.uk/project/C6FD3EB5-9542-4A98-B2E1-3F2E834B88FF gtr.rcuk.ac.uk]</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
The prehistory of extreme cinema can be traced back to censorship of [[art film]]s and advertising tactics for classical [[exploitation film]]s to Anglophone markets alongside later liberal representations of sex in the first half of the 20th century onwards.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqq_CwAAQBAJ&q=+salo&pg=PA19|title=Extreme Cinema: The Transgressive Rhetoric of Today's Art Film Culture|first=Mattias|last=Frey|date=15 March 2016|publisher=Rutgers University Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780813576527}}</ref>
The history of extreme cinema can be traced back to censorship of [[art film]]s and advertising tactics for classical [[exploitation film]]s to Anglophone markets alongside later liberal representations of sex in the first half of the 20th century onwards.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqq_CwAAQBAJ&q=+salo&pg=PA19|title=Extreme Cinema: The Transgressive Rhetoric of Today's Art Film Culture|first=Mattias|last=Frey|date=15 March 2016|publisher=Rutgers University Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780813576527}}</ref>


The name "extreme cinema" originated from a "line of Asian films that share a combination of sensational features, such as extreme violence, horror and shocking plots".<ref>{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|1718132381}} |last1=Lee |first1=Eunah |title=Trauma, excess, and the aesthetics of the affect: the extreme cinemas of Chan-Wook Park |journal=Post Script |volume=34 |issue=1 |date=Fall 2014 |pages=33–49 }}</ref> Extreme cinema can be rooted as "Asian Extreme", the term for Japanese and other Asian films used to its excessive nature. Early examples of Asian Extreme such as ''[[Ring (film)|Ring]]'' (1998) and ''[[Battle Royale (film)|Battle Royale]]'' (2000).<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 great Japanese films of the 21st century |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/10-great-japanese-films-21st-century |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=BFI |date=10 September 2015 |language=en}}</ref>
The name "extreme cinema" originated from a "line of Asian films that share a combination of sensational features, such as extreme violence, horror and shocking plots".<ref>{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|1718132381}} |last1=Lee |first1=Eunah |title=Trauma, excess, and the aesthetics of the affect: the extreme cinemas of Chan-Wook Park |journal=Post Script |volume=34 |issue=1 |date=Fall 2014 |pages=33–49 }}</ref> Extreme cinema can be rooted as "Asian Extreme", the term for Japanese and other Asian films used to its excessive nature. Early examples of Asian Extreme such as ''[[Ring (film)|Ring]]'' (1998) and ''[[Battle Royale (film)|Battle Royale]]'' (2000).<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 great Japanese films of the 21st century |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/10-great-japanese-films-21st-century |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=BFI |date=10 September 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

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== Controversy ==
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Extreme cinema is highly criticized and debated by film critics and the general public. There have been debates over the hypersexualization that makes these films a threat to the 'mainstream' community standards.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Pett |first1=Emma |title=A new media landscape? The BBFC, extreme cinema as cult, and technological change |journal=New Review of Film and Television Studies |date=2 January 2015 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=83–99 |doi=10.1080/17400309.2014.982910 |s2cid=146431677 }}</ref>

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There has also been criticism over the increasing use of violence in modern-day films. Ever since the emergence of slasher-gore films in the 1970s, the rising popularity of extreme cinema has contributed to the casual violence in popular media.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sapolsky |first1=Burry S. |last2=Molitor |first2=Fred |last3=Luque |first3=Sarah |title=Sex and Violence in Slasher Films: Re-examining the Assumptions |journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly |date=March 2003 |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=28–38 |doi=10.1177/107769900308000103 |s2cid=143908234 }}</ref> Some criticize the easy exposure and unintended targeting of adolescents by extreme cinema films.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sargent |first1=James D |last2=Heatherton |first2=Todd F |last3=Ahrens |first3=M.Bridget |last4=Dalton |first4=Madeline A |last5=Tickle |first5=Jennifer J |last6=Beach |first6=Michael L |title=Adolescent exposure to extremely violent movies |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |date=December 2002 |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=449–454 |doi=10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00399-3 |pmid=12457577 }}</ref>


== Notable films ==
== Notable films ==
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| ''[[A Serbian Film]]'' || 2010 || <ref name="horrornews.net">{{cite web|url=https://horrornews.net/6534/extreme-cinema-top-25-most-disturbing-films-of-all-time-part3/|title=Extreme Cinema: Top 25 Most Disturbing Films of all time – part3 – HNN|website=horrornews.net|date=23 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://edinburghuniversitypress.com/book-extreme-cinema.html|title=Extreme Cinema|website=Edinburgh University Press Books}}</ref><ref name="tasteofcinema.com">[http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2015/the-30-most-extreme-movies-of-the-21st-century-so-far/4/ The 30 Most Extreme Movies of the 21st Century So Far « Taste of Cinema]</ref><ref name="extremefarout"/><ref name="mainstreamextreme">[https://www.fangoria.com/original/mainstream-extreme-how-2022-made-disturbing-popular/ Mainstream Extreme: How 2022 Made "Disturbing" Popular – Fangoria]</ref>
| ''[[A Serbian Film]]'' || 2010 || <ref name="horrornews.net">{{cite web|url=https://horrornews.net/6534/extreme-cinema-top-25-most-disturbing-films-of-all-time-part3/|title=Extreme Cinema: Top 25 Most Disturbing Films of all time – part3 – HNN|website=horrornews.net|date=23 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://edinburghuniversitypress.com/book-extreme-cinema.html|title=Extreme Cinema|website=Edinburgh University Press Books}}</ref><ref name="tasteofcinema.com">[http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2015/the-30-most-extreme-movies-of-the-21st-century-so-far/4/ The 30 Most Extreme Movies of the 21st Century So Far « Taste of Cinema]</ref><ref name="extremefarout"/><ref name="mainstreamextreme">[https://www.fangoria.com/original/mainstream-extreme-how-2022-made-disturbing-popular/ Mainstream Extreme: How 2022 Made "Disturbing" Popular – Fangoria]</ref>
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| ''[[August Underground]]'' || 2001 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.horrorsociety.com/2020/10/27/august-underground-trilogy-review/|title=August Underground Trilogy Review}}</ref><ref name="horrornewrev">{{cite web |last1=Alan |first1=Jay |title=Film Review: August Underground (2001) |url=https://horrornews.net/15789/film-review-august-underground-2001/ |website=HorrorNews.net |date=30 December 2015 |publisher=Jay Alan |accessdate=2 May 2019}}</ref>
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| ''[[August Underground's Mordum]]'' || 2003 || <ref>{{cite web|url = http://thelastexit.net/cinema/special.html|title = Special Mention (Most Extreme Movies)|last = |first = |publisher = The Worldwide Celluloid Massacre|date = |website = thelastexit.net|accessdate = 21 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.refused-classification.com/censorship/films/m-3.html#Mordum|title = Film Censorship: M #3|last = |first = |publisher = Refused Classification|date = |website = refused-classification.com|accessdate = 7 May 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://severed-cinema.com/exploring-august-undergrounds-modrum-review-of-the-colossal-limited-collectors-edition-from-unearthed-films/|title=August Underground Mordum Review}}</ref>
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| ''[[August Underground Trilogy]]'' ||2001/2003/2007 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.horrorsociety.com/2020/10/27/august-underground-trilogy-review/|title=August Underground Trilogy Review}}</ref><ref name="horrornewrev">{{cite web |last1=Alan |first1=Jay |title=Film Review: August Underground (2001) |url=https://horrornews.net/15789/film-review-august-underground-2001/ |website=HorrorNews.net |date=30 December 2015 |publisher=Jay Alan |accessdate=2 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://thelastexit.net/cinema/special.html|title = Special Mention (Most Extreme Movies)|last = |first = |publisher = The Worldwide Celluloid Massacre|date = |website = thelastexit.net|accessdate = 21 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.digital-retribution.com/reviews/dvd/0678.php|title = ''August Underground's Penance'' (2007)|last = Phillips|first = Jared|publisher = Digital Retribution|date = 19 June 2007|website = digital-retribution.com|accessdate = 29 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="hardcorehorror">[https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2016/american-extreme/hardcore-horror/ "A Malignant, Seething Hatework": An Introduction to US 21st Century Hardcore Horror · Senses of Cinema]</ref>
| ''[[August Underground's Penance]]'' || 2007 || <ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.digital-retribution.com/reviews/dvd/0678.php|title = ''August Underground's Penance'' (2007)|last = Phillips|first = Jared|publisher = Digital Retribution|date = 19 June 2007|website = digital-retribution.com|accessdate = 29 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="hardcorehorror">[https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2016/american-extreme/hardcore-horror/ "A Malignant, Seething Hatework": An Introduction to US 21st Century Hardcore Horror · Senses of Cinema]</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://pophorror.com/how-far-is-too-far-august-undergrounds-penance-2007-blu-ray-review/|title=How Far is Too Far? August Underground's Penance Review}}</ref>
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| ''[[Act of Vengeance (1974 film)|Act of Vengeance]]'' || 1974 || <ref>[https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2020/05/extreme-cinema-rape-squad-1974/ Extreme Cinema – Rape Squad – Flickering Myth]</ref>
| ''[[Act of Vengeance (1974 film)|Act of Vengeance]]'' || 1974 || <ref>[https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2020/05/extreme-cinema-rape-squad-1974/ Extreme Cinema – Rape Squad – Flickering Myth]</ref>
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| ''[[The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover]]'' || 1989 || <ref>[https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-cook-the-thief-his-wife-and-her-lover-1999 The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover (1989)|Roger Ebert]</ref>
| ''[[The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover]]'' || 1989 || <ref>[https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-cook-the-thief-his-wife-and-her-lover-1999 The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover (1989)|Roger Ebert]</ref>
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| ''[[Flower Of Flesh And Blood]]'' || 1985 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/flowers-of-flesh-and-blood/|title=Flower Of Flesh And Blood|date=30 September 2009 }}</ref>
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| ''[[Tumbling Doll Of Flesh]]'' || 1998 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/friday-13th-fright-fest-13-horror-slasher-movies-best-served-gory-626130|title=Fright Fest|website=[[International Business Times]] |date=13 March 2015 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://crypt.creepycatalog.com/japanese-extreme-horror-movies/|title=Most Extreme Japanese Horror movies|date=3 January 2024 }}</ref>
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| ''[[Cannibal (2006 film)|Cannibal]]'' || 2006 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/26352/cannibal/|title=Cannibal|last=Weinberg|first=Scott|work=[[DVD Talk]]|date=2006-12-05|accessdate=2014-01-16}}</ref>
| ''[[Cannibal (2006 film)|Cannibal]]'' || 2006 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/26352/cannibal/|title=Cannibal|last=Weinberg|first=Scott|work=[[DVD Talk]]|date=2006-12-05|accessdate=2014-01-16}}</ref>
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| ''[[The Devils (film)|The Devils]]'' || 1971 || <ref name="horrornews.net1"/><ref>[https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3567561/butcher-block-ken-russells-controversial-devils-holy-trinity-violence-sex-religion/ (Butcher Block) Ken Russel's Controversial 'The Devils' Is a Holy Trinity of Sex, Violence and Religion – Bloody Disgusting]</ref>
| ''[[The Devils (film)|The Devils]]'' || 1971 || <ref name="horrornews.net1"/><ref>[https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3567561/butcher-block-ken-russells-controversial-devils-holy-trinity-violence-sex-religion/ (Butcher Block) Ken Russel's Controversial 'The Devils' Is a Holy Trinity of Sex, Violence and Religion – Bloody Disgusting]</ref>
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| ''[[Dogtooth (film)|Dogtooth]]'' || 2009 || <ref name="Frey Discourses and Modes of Distribution"/><ref name="extremefarout"/>
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| ''[[The Machine Girl]]'' || 2008|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:466991|title=Extreme Cinema in Asia}}</ref>
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| ''[[Dogtooth (film)|Dogtooth]]'' || 2009 || <ref name="Frey Discourses and Modes of Distribution"/><ref name="extremefarout"/>
| ''[[Dogville]]'' || 2003 || <ref name="newextremeism"/>
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| ''[[Faces of Death]]'' || 1978 || <ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="phasrmedia.com"/>
| ''[[Faces of Death]]'' || 1978 || <ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="phasrmedia.com"/>
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| ''[[Fat Girl]]'' || 2001 || <ref name="genretrouble"/>
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| ''[[Flower Of Flesh And Blood]]'' || 1985 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/flowers-of-flesh-and-blood/|title=Flower Of Flesh And Blood|date=30 September 2009 }}</ref>
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| ''[[Frontier(s)]]'' || 2007 || <ref>{{cite web|author=Dargis, Manohla|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=After Making It Out of Paris, Finding There's No Escape|date=9 May 2008|accessdate=23 December 2016|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/09/movies/09fron.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601003820/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/09/movies/09fron.html|archivedate=1 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ridley, Jim|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022235431/http://www.villagevoice.com/2008-05-06/film/xavier-gens-s-fronti-re-s/|archivedate=22 October 2008|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2008-05-06/film/xavier-gens-s-fronti-re-s/|title=Xavier Gens's Frontière(s)|work=[[The Village Voice]]|date=14 September 1972 |accessdate=18 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|author=Anderson, John|date=17 September 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113083406/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117934754?refcatid=31|archivedate=13 November 2012|url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117934754?refcatid=31|title=Frontier(s)}}</ref>
| ''[[Frontier(s)]]'' || 2007 || <ref>{{cite web|author=Dargis, Manohla|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=After Making It Out of Paris, Finding There's No Escape|date=9 May 2008|accessdate=23 December 2016|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/09/movies/09fron.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601003820/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/09/movies/09fron.html|archivedate=1 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ridley, Jim|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022235431/http://www.villagevoice.com/2008-05-06/film/xavier-gens-s-fronti-re-s/|archivedate=22 October 2008|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2008-05-06/film/xavier-gens-s-fronti-re-s/|title=Xavier Gens's Frontière(s)|work=[[The Village Voice]]|date=14 September 1972 |accessdate=18 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|author=Anderson, John|date=17 September 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113083406/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117934754?refcatid=31|archivedate=13 November 2012|url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117934754?refcatid=31|title=Frontier(s)}}</ref>
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| ''[[Freaks (1932 film)|Freaks]]'' || 1932 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://deepcast.fm/episode/censorship-almost-destroyed-freaks-1932|title=Freaks's censorship}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/freaks-movie-1932/|title=Freaks 1932}}</ref>
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| ''[[Funny Games (1997 film)|Funny Games]]'' || 1997 || <ref name="Frey Discourses and Modes of Distribution"/><ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2015/the-30-most-extreme-movies-of-the-21st-century-so-far/3/ The 30 Most Extreme Movies of the 21st Century So Far « Taste of Cinema]</ref><ref name="extremefarout"/>
| ''[[Funny Games (1997 film)|Funny Games]]'' || 1997 || <ref name="Frey Discourses and Modes of Distribution"/><ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2015/the-30-most-extreme-movies-of-the-21st-century-so-far/3/ The 30 Most Extreme Movies of the 21st Century So Far « Taste of Cinema]</ref><ref name="extremefarout"/>
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| ''[[Gandu (film)|Gandu]]'' || 2010 ||<ref>[https://variety.com/2011/film/reviews/gandu-1117944458/ Gandu – Variety]</ref>
| ''[[Gandu (film)|Gandu]]'' || 2010 ||<ref>[https://variety.com/2011/film/reviews/gandu-1117944458/ Gandu – Variety]</ref>
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| ''[[Grotesque (2009 film)|Grotesque]]'' || 2009 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://metropolis.co.jp/features/feature/bathed-in-blood/|title=Bathed in Blood: Director Koji Shiraishi's torture-porn flick Grotesque gets banned in Britain—and ignites a debate about Japan's splatter-film boom|date=September 24, 2009|publisher=Metropolis Magazine|accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref>
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|''[[Gummo]]'' || 1997 ||<ref name="stupid comedy premise">[https://movieweb.com/trash-humpers-harmony-korine-movie/ Trash Humpers: How a Stupid Comedy Premise Became a Truly Disturbing Movie - MovieWeb]</ref>
|''[[Gummo]]'' || 1997 ||<ref name="stupid comedy premise">[https://movieweb.com/trash-humpers-harmony-korine-movie/ Trash Humpers: How a Stupid Comedy Premise Became a Truly Disturbing Movie - MovieWeb]</ref>
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| ''[[Hacksaw (film)|Hacksaw]]'' || 2020 || <ref name="VoicesFromTheBalcony">{{Cite web|url=https://www.voicesfromthebalcony.com/2021/01/08/hacksaw-2020-review/|title = Hacksaw (2020) Review|date = 8 January 2021}}</ref>
| ''[[Hacksaw (film)|Hacksaw]]'' || 2020 || <ref name="VoicesFromTheBalcony">{{Cite web|url=https://www.voicesfromthebalcony.com/2021/01/08/hacksaw-2020-review/|title = Hacksaw (2020) Review|date = 8 January 2021}}</ref>
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| ''[[Schramm (film)|Schramm]]'' || 1993 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehorrorrevolution.com/schramm|title=Schramm}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickeringmyth.com/extreme-cinema-schramm/|title=Extreme Cinema - Schramm}}</ref>
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| ''[[Thanatomorphose]]'' || 2012 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ghoulsmagazine.com/articles/thanatomorphose-2012-review|title=Thanatomorphose}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickfeast.co.uk/reviews/dvd-reviews/thanatomorphose-2012/|title=Thanatomorphose}}</ref>
⚫
|-
⚫
| ''[[Naked Blood]]'' || 1996 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/megyaku-naked-blood-v240347|title=Megyaku: Naked Blood|access-date=2008-01-24|last=Firsching|first=Robert|publisher=[[Allmovie]]}}</ref>
|-
|-
| ''[[Hated: GG Allin and the Murder Junkies]]'' || 1994 ||<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
| ''[[Hated: GG Allin and the Murder Junkies]]'' || 1994 ||<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
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|-
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| ''[[Infinity Pool (film)|Infinity Pool]]'' || 2023 ||<ref>[https://www.thecurb.com.au/infinity-pool-review-an-imperfect-experiment-of-extreme-cinema/ Infinity Pool Review – An Imperfect Experiment in Extreme Cinema – The Curb]</ref><ref>[https://www.thewrap.com/infinity-pool-review-alexander-skarsgard-mia-goth/ ‘Infinity Pool’ Review: Extreme Sci-Fi Tale Squanders a Promising Premise – TheWrap]</ref>
| ''[[Infinity Pool (film)|Infinity Pool]]'' || 2023 ||<ref>[https://www.thecurb.com.au/infinity-pool-review-an-imperfect-experiment-of-extreme-cinema/ Infinity Pool Review – An Imperfect Experiment in Extreme Cinema – The Curb]</ref><ref>[https://www.thewrap.com/infinity-pool-review-alexander-skarsgard-mia-goth/ ‘Infinity Pool’ Review: Extreme Sci-Fi Tale Squanders a Promising Premise – TheWrap]</ref>
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|-
⚫
| ''[[Inside (2007 film)|À L'Intérieur]]''|| 2007 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/18415/00s-retrospect-bloody-disgustings-top-20-films-of-the-decade-part-2/|title=Blody Disgusting's top 20 films|date=17 December 2009 }}</ref>
|-
|-
| ''[[In the Realm of the Senses]]'' || 1976 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://horrornews.net/3179/list-asian-cat-iii-films-category-3-extreme-horror-hardcore-violence-grindcore/|title=Extreme Asian Horror – Cat III Asian Films|website=horrornews.net|date=26 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="extremefarout"/>
| ''[[In the Realm of the Senses]]'' || 1976 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://horrornews.net/3179/list-asian-cat-iii-films-category-3-extreme-horror-hardcore-violence-grindcore/|title=Extreme Asian Horror – Cat III Asian Films|website=horrornews.net|date=26 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="extremefarout"/>
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|-
|-
| ''[[Kinatay]]'' || 2009 ||<ref>[https://ebin.pub/extreme-cinema-the-transgressive-rhetoric-of-todays-art-film-culture-2015021892-9780813576510-0813576512-9780813576527-0813576520.html Extreme cinema: the transgressive rhetoric of today's art film culture 2015021892 ... – EBIN.PUB]</ref>
| ''[[Kinatay]]'' || 2009 ||<ref>[https://ebin.pub/extreme-cinema-the-transgressive-rhetoric-of-todays-art-film-culture-2015021892-9780813576510-0813576512-9780813576527-0813576520.html Extreme cinema: the transgressive rhetoric of today's art film culture 2015021892 ... – EBIN.PUB]</ref>
|-
⚫
| ''[[The Machine Girl]]'' || 2008|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:466991|title=Extreme Cinema in Asia}}</ref>
|-
|-
| ''[[Maniac (1980 film)|Maniac]]''|| 1980 ||<ref>[https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2020/06/extreme-cinema-maniac-1980/ Extreme Cinema – Maniac (1980) – Flickering Myth]</ref><ref>[https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3488608/butcher-block-tom-savinis-gore-effects-maniac/ (Butcher Block) Tom Savini's Gore Effects of 'Maniac' – Bloody Disgusting]</ref>
| ''[[Maniac (1980 film)|Maniac]]''|| 1980 ||<ref>[https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2020/06/extreme-cinema-maniac-1980/ Extreme Cinema – Maniac (1980) – Flickering Myth]</ref><ref>[https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3488608/butcher-block-tom-savinis-gore-effects-maniac/ (Butcher Block) Tom Savini's Gore Effects of 'Maniac' – Bloody Disgusting]</ref>
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| ''[[Mark of the Devil (1970 film)|Mark of the Devil]]''|| 1970 ||<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
| ''[[Mark of the Devil (1970 film)|Mark of the Devil]]''|| 1970 ||<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
|-
|-
| ''[[Men Behind The Sun Quadriology]]'' || 1988-1995 || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.refused-classification.com/Films_manbehindthesun1&2.htm#manbehindthesun | title=Man Behind the Sun 1 & 2 | publisher=Refused-Classification.com | access-date=2006-12-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hicks|first=Jess|date=2016-12-20|title=The Awful Truth Of MEN BEHIND THE SUN|url=https://birthmoviesdeath.com/2016/12/20/the-awful-truth-of-men-behind-the-sun|access-date=2020-10-31|website=[[Alamo Drafthouse Cinema#Birth.Movies.Death.|Birth.Movies.Death.]]|language=en}}</ref>
| ''[[Men Behind The Sun Quadriology]]'' || 1988-1995 || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.refused-classification.com/Films_manbehindthesun1&2.htm#manbehindthesun | title=Man Behind the Sun 1 & 2 | publisher=Refused-Classification.com | access-date=2006-12-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hicks|first=Jess|date=2016-12-20|title=The Awful Truth Of MEN BEHIND THE SUN|url=https://birthmoviesdeath.com/2016/12/20/the-awful-truth-of-men-behind-the-sun|access-date=2020-10-31|website=[[Alamo Drafthouse Cinema#Birth.Movies.Death.|Birth.Movies.Death.]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/man-behind-sun|title=Man Behind the Sun (18)|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=August 22, 1988|access-date=February 4, 2019}}</ref><ref name="theage">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/04/22/1082530287330.html|title=The Man Behind the Sun|last=Hawker|first=Philippa|date=2004-04-23|work=The Age|access-date=2009-01-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/man-behind-sun|title=Man Behind the Sun (18)|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=August 22, 1988|access-date=February 4, 2019}}</ref><ref name="theage">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/04/22/1082530287330.html|title=The Man Behind the Sun|last=Hawker|first=Philippa|date=2004-04-23|work=The Age|access-date=2009-01-03}}</ref>
|-
|-
| ''[[Melancholie der Engel]]'' || 2008 || <ref name="leonard20">{{cite web |last1=Leonard |first1=Sean |title=Film Review: Melancholie der Engel (2009) |url=https://horrornews.net/99757/film-review-melancholie-der-engel-2009/ |website=HorrorNews.net |access-date=24 December 2020 |date=5 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="casta11">{{cite web |last1=Casta |first1=Ray |title=Melancholie der Engel (The Angels' Melancholy) Review! – Severed Cinema |url=https://severed-cinema.com/melancholie-der-engel-the-angels-melancholy-review/ |website=Severed Cinema.com |access-date=24 December 2020 |date=11 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="lawrence20">{{cite web |last1=Lawrence |first1=Gregory |title=The Most Disturbing Movies of All Time (Y'know, Some Light Reading!) |url=https://collider.com/most-disturbing-movies-of-all-time/ |website=Collider.com |access-date=24 December 2020 |date=31 July 2020}}</ref>
| ''[[Melancholie der Engel]]'' || 2009 || <ref name="leonard20">{{cite web |last1=Leonard |first1=Sean |title=Film Review: Melancholie der Engel (2009) |url=https://horrornews.net/99757/film-review-melancholie-der-engel-2009/ |website=HorrorNews.net |access-date=24 December 2020 |date=5 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="casta11">{{cite web |last1=Casta |first1=Ray |title=Melancholie der Engel (The Angels' Melancholy) Review! – Severed Cinema |url=https://severed-cinema.com/melancholie-der-engel-the-angels-melancholy-review/ |website=Severed Cinema.com |access-date=24 December 2020 |date=11 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="lawrence20">{{cite web |last1=Lawrence |first1=Gregory |title=The Most Disturbing Movies of All Time (Y'know, Some Light Reading!) |url=https://collider.com/most-disturbing-movies-of-all-time/ |website=Collider.com |access-date=24 December 2020 |date=31 July 2020}}</ref>
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|-
⚫
| ''[[Inside (2007 film)|À L'Intérieur]]''|| 2007 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/18415/00s-retrospect-bloody-disgustings-top-20-films-of-the-decade-part-2/|title=Blody Disgusting's top 20 films|date=17 December 2009 }}</ref>
|-
|-
| ''[[Martyrs (2008 film)|Martyrs]]''|| 2008 ||<ref name="horrornews.net"/><ref name="tasteofcinema.com"/><ref name="mainstreamextreme"/>
| ''[[Martyrs (2008 film)|Martyrs]]''|| 2008 ||<ref name="horrornews.net"/><ref name="tasteofcinema.com"/><ref name="mainstreamextreme"/>
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|-
|-
| ''[[Mysterious Skin]]'' || 2004 ||<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
| ''[[Mysterious Skin]]'' || 2004 ||<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
|-
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| ''[[Naked Blood]]'' || 1996 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/megyaku-naked-blood-v240347|title=Megyaku: Naked Blood|access-date=2008-01-24|last=Firsching|first=Robert|publisher=[[Allmovie]]}}</ref>
|-
|-
| ''[[Natural Born Killers]]''|| 1994||<ref>[https://thecord.ca/exploring-the-popularity-of-squid-game-when-extreme-goes-mainstream/ Exploring the Popularity of Squid Game — When Extreme Goes Mainstream]</ref><ref>[https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2020/02/natural-born-killers-extreme-cinema/ Extreme Cinema – Natural Born Killers – Flickering Myth]</ref>
| ''[[Natural Born Killers]]''|| 1994||<ref>[https://thecord.ca/exploring-the-popularity-of-squid-game-when-extreme-goes-mainstream/ Exploring the Popularity of Squid Game — When Extreme Goes Mainstream]</ref><ref>[https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2020/02/natural-born-killers-extreme-cinema/ Extreme Cinema – Natural Born Killers – Flickering Myth]</ref>
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|-
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| ''[[Saani Kaayidham]]''|| 2022 ||<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/saani-kaayidham-movie-review/article65387761.ece Keerthy Suresh, Selvaraghavan are terrific in this bloody, yet focused revenge drama]</ref>
| ''[[Saani Kaayidham]]''|| 2022 ||<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/saani-kaayidham-movie-review/article65387761.ece Keerthy Suresh, Selvaraghavan are terrific in this bloody, yet focused revenge drama]</ref>
|-
| ''[[Schramm (film)|Schramm]]'' || 1993 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehorrorrevolution.com/schramm|title=Schramm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickeringmyth.com/extreme-cinema-schramm/|title=Extreme Cinema - Schramm}}</ref>
|-
|-
| ''[[Snuff 102]]'' || 2007 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://latinhorror.com/review-snuff-102-brings-to-light-a-tragic-reality-in-the-paris-of-south-america/|title=Snuff 102}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tasteofcinema.com/2016/the-25-most-disturbing-horror-movies-of-all-time/3/|title=Top 25 Most Disturbibg Horror Films}}</ref>
| ''[[Snuff 102]]'' || 2007 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://latinhorror.com/review-snuff-102-brings-to-light-a-tragic-reality-in-the-paris-of-south-america/|title=Snuff 102}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tasteofcinema.com/2016/the-25-most-disturbing-horror-movies-of-all-time/3/|title=Top 25 Most Disturbibg Horror Films}}</ref>
|-
|-
| ''[[The Sadness]]''|| 2021 ||<ref>[https://bloody-disgusting.com/reviews/3676443/fantasia-review-the-sadness-goes-jugular-transgressive-extreme-horror/ 'The Sadness' Review – Gory Virus Movie Goes for the Jugular With Transgressive, Extreme Horror|Bloody Disgusting]</ref><ref name="mainstreamextreme"/>
| ''[[The Sadness]]''|| 2021 ||<ref>[https://bloody-disgusting.com/reviews/3676443/fantasia-review-the-sadness-goes-jugular-transgressive-extreme-horror/ 'The Sadness' Review – Gory Virus Movie Goes for the Jugular With Transgressive, Extreme Horror|Bloody Disgusting]</ref><ref name="mainstreamextreme"/>
⚫
|-
⚫
| ''[[Grotesque (2009 film)|Grotesque]]'' || 2009 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://metropolis.co.jp/features/feature/bathed-in-blood/|title=Bathed in Blood: Director Koji Shiraishi's torture-porn flick Grotesque gets banned in Britain—and ignites a debate about Japan's splatter-film boom|date=September 24, 2009|publisher=Metropolis Magazine|accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref>
|-
|-
| ''[[Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom]]''|| 1975 ||<ref name="edinburghuniversitypress.com">{{cite web|url=https://edinburghuniversitypress.com/book-cultivating-extreme-art-cinema-hb.html|title=Cultivating Extreme Art Cinema|website=Edinburgh University Press Books}}</ref><ref>[https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2021/06/extreme-cinema-salo-or-the-120-days-of-sodom/ Extreme Cinema – Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom – Flickering Myth]</ref><ref name="extremefarout"/><ref name="mainstreamextreme"/>
| ''[[Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom]]''|| 1975 ||<ref name="edinburghuniversitypress.com">{{cite web|url=https://edinburghuniversitypress.com/book-cultivating-extreme-art-cinema-hb.html|title=Cultivating Extreme Art Cinema|website=Edinburgh University Press Books}}</ref><ref>[https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2021/06/extreme-cinema-salo-or-the-120-days-of-sodom/ Extreme Cinema – Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom – Flickering Myth]</ref><ref name="extremefarout"/><ref name="mainstreamextreme"/>
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|-
|-
| ''[[Suicide Club (film)|Suicide Club]]''|| 2001 ||<ref name="monkeysfightingrobots.co"/>
| ''[[Suicide Club (film)|Suicide Club]]''|| 2001 ||<ref name="monkeysfightingrobots.co"/>
|-
| ''[[Subconscious Cruelty]]'' || 2000 || <ref>{{cite web |last1=Condit |first1=Jon |title=Subconscious Cruelty (1999) |url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/3698/subconscious-cruelty-1999/ |website=Dread Central.com |publisher=Jon Condit |accessdate=November 12, 2020 |date=2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://shaneryanstaley.com/movie-review-subconscious-cruelty-2000-%E2%98%85%E2%98%85%E2%98%85%E2%98%85/|title=Subconscious Cruelty}}</ref>
|-
|-
| ''[[Sweet Movie]]''|| 1974 ||<ref name="ReferenceD"/>
| ''[[Sweet Movie]]''|| 1974 ||<ref name="ReferenceD"/>
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|-
|-
| ''[[Tetsuo: The Iron Man]]''|| 1989||<ref>[https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3596131/butcher-block-cyberpunk-body-horror-collide-tetsuo-iron-man/ (Butcher Block) Cyberpunk and Body Horror Collide in 'Tetsuo: The Iron Man' – Bloody Disgusting]</ref>
| ''[[Tetsuo: The Iron Man]]''|| 1989||<ref>[https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3596131/butcher-block-cyberpunk-body-horror-collide-tetsuo-iron-man/ (Butcher Block) Cyberpunk and Body Horror Collide in 'Tetsuo: The Iron Man' – Bloody Disgusting]</ref>
|-
⚫
| ''[[Thanatomorphose]]'' || 2012 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ghoulsmagazine.com/articles/thanatomorphose-2012-review|title=Thanatomorphose}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickfeast.co.uk/reviews/dvd-reviews/thanatomorphose-2012/|title=Thanatomorphose}}</ref>
|-
|-
| ''[[Thriller: A Cruel Picture]]''|| 1973 ||<ref name="ReferenceD"/>
| ''[[Thriller: A Cruel Picture]]''|| 1973 ||<ref name="ReferenceD"/>
|-
|-
| ''[[Trash Humpers]]'' || 2009 ||<ref name="stupid comedy premise"/>
| ''[[Trash Humpers]]'' || 2009 ||<ref name="stupid comedy premise"/>
|-
⚫
| ''[[Tumbling Doll Of Flesh]]'' || 1998 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/friday-13th-fright-fest-13-horror-slasher-movies-best-served-gory-626130|title=Fright Fest|website=[[International Business Times]] |date=13 March 2015 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://crypt.creepycatalog.com/japanese-extreme-horror-movies/|title=Most Extreme Japanese Horror movies|date=3 January 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|-
| ''[[Un Chien Andalou]]''|| 1929 ||<ref name="ReferenceD"/>
| ''[[Un Chien Andalou]]''|| 1929 ||<ref name="ReferenceD"/>
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== Notable directors ==
== Notable directors ==
* [[Catherine Breillat]]<ref name="genretrouble">[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Genre_Trouble_and_Extreme_Cinema/Ex4-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 Genre Trouble and Extreme Cinema: Film Theory at the Fringes of Contemporary Art Cinema - Google Books]</ref>
* [[Catherine Breillat]]<ref name="genretrouble">[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Genre_Trouble_and_Extreme_Cinema/Ex4-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 Genre Trouble and Extreme Cinema: Film Theory at the Fringes of Contemporary Art Cinema - Google Books]</ref><ref name="newextremeism">[https://www.google.com/books/edition/New_Extremism_in_Cinema/mdlvAAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 The New Extremism in Cinema: From France to Europe - Google Books]</ref>
* [[Carlos Reygadas]]<ref name="genretrouble"/>
* [[Gaspar Noé]]<ref name="lareviewofbooks.org" /><ref>[https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2021/06/irreversible-extreme-cinema/ Extreme Cinema – Gaspar Noé’s Irreversible – Flickering Myth]</ref><ref name="Frey Discourses and Modes of Distribution"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Repp |first=Mark |title=The 30 Most Extreme Movies of The 21st Century So Far |url=http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2015/the-30-most-extreme-movies-of-the-21st-century-so-far/4/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Taste of Cinema – Movie Reviews and Classic Movie Lists |date=14 May 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="extremefarout"/>
* [[Gaspar Noé]]<ref name="lareviewofbooks.org" /><ref>[https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2021/06/irreversible-extreme-cinema/ Extreme Cinema – Gaspar Noé’s Irreversible – Flickering Myth]</ref><ref name="Frey Discourses and Modes of Distribution"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Repp |first=Mark |title=The 30 Most Extreme Movies of The 21st Century So Far |url=http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2015/the-30-most-extreme-movies-of-the-21st-century-so-far/4/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Taste of Cinema – Movie Reviews and Classic Movie Lists |date=14 May 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="extremefarout"/>
* [[Peter Jackson]]<ref name="horrornews.net1" />
* [[Peter Jackson]]<ref name="horrornews.net1" />
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* [[Uwe Boll]]<ref name="horrornews.net1" />
* [[Uwe Boll]]<ref name="horrornews.net1" />
* [[Bruno Dumont]]<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Nicodemo |first1=Timothy |title=The New French Extremity: Bruno Dumont and Gaspar Noé, France's Contemporary Zeitgeist |date=21 August 2013 |url=https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1586/ }}</ref>
* [[Bruno Dumont]]<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Nicodemo |first1=Timothy |title=The New French Extremity: Bruno Dumont and Gaspar Noé, France's Contemporary Zeitgeist |date=21 August 2013 |url=https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1586/ }}</ref>
* [[Lars von Trier]]<ref name="lareviewofbooks.org">{{cite web |date=23 September 2015 |title=Against Happiness – Los Angeles Review of Books |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/against-happiness/#!}}</ref>
* [[Lars von Trier]]<ref name="lareviewofbooks.org">{{cite web |date=23 September 2015 |title=Against Happiness – Los Angeles Review of Books |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/against-happiness/#!}}</ref><ref name="newextremeism"/>

* [[Takashi Miike]]<ref name="tasteofcinema.com" /><ref>[https://www.slashfilm.com/1142535/when-takashi-miike-heard-he-could-do-anything-for-masters-of-horror-he-put-that-to-the-test/ When Takashi Miike Heard He Could Do 'Anything' For Masters Of Horror, He Put That To The Test|/Film]</ref><ref>[https://gizmodo.com/takashi-miike-manga-iphone-15-pro-youtube-japan-horror-1851314159 One of the World's Most Extreme Horror Movie Directors Made a 19-Minute Film for Apple|Gizmodo]</ref>
* [[Takashi Miike]]<ref name="tasteofcinema.com" /><ref>[https://www.slashfilm.com/1142535/when-takashi-miike-heard-he-could-do-anything-for-masters-of-horror-he-put-that-to-the-test/ When Takashi Miike Heard He Could Do 'Anything' For Masters Of Horror, He Put That To The Test|/Film]</ref><ref>[https://gizmodo.com/takashi-miike-manga-iphone-15-pro-youtube-japan-horror-1851314159 One of the World's Most Extreme Horror Movie Directors Made a 19-Minute Film for Apple|Gizmodo]</ref>
* [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]]<ref name="edinburghuniversitypress.com" /><ref>[https://offscreen.com/view/extreme Sex and Violence: Journey into Extreme Cinema – Offscreen]</ref><ref name="extremefarout"/>
* [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]]<ref name="edinburghuniversitypress.com" /><ref>[https://offscreen.com/view/extreme Sex and Violence: Journey into Extreme Cinema – Offscreen]</ref><ref name="extremefarout"/>
* [[Michael Haneke]]<ref name="newextremeism"/>
* [[Eli Roth]]<ref>[https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3547379/butcher-block-eli-roths-flesh-eating-viral-frenzy-cabin-fever/ (Butcher Block) Eli Roth’s Flesh-Eating Viral Frenzy ‘Cabin Fever’ – Bloody Disgusting]</ref><ref name="ReferenceB" />
* [[Eli Roth]]<ref>[https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3547379/butcher-block-eli-roths-flesh-eating-viral-frenzy-cabin-fever/ (Butcher Block) Eli Roth’s Flesh-Eating Viral Frenzy ‘Cabin Fever’ – Bloody Disgusting]</ref><ref name="ReferenceB" />
* [[Sion Sono]]<ref>[http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2015/the-30-most-extreme-movies-of-the-21st-century-so-far/2/ The 30 Most Extreme Movies of the 21st Century So Far « Taste of Cinema]</ref>
* [[Sion Sono]]<ref>[http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2015/the-30-most-extreme-movies-of-the-21st-century-so-far/2/ The 30 Most Extreme Movies of the 21st Century So Far « Taste of Cinema]</ref>
Line 242: Line 251:
* [[Harmony Korine]]<ref name="stupid comedy premise"/>
* [[Harmony Korine]]<ref name="stupid comedy premise"/>


⚫
== Controversy and legacy ==
==Legacy==
⚫
Extreme cinema is highly criticized and debated by film critics and the general public. There have been debates over the hypersexualization that makes these films a threat to the 'mainstream' community standards.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Pett |first1=Emma |title=A new media landscape? The BBFC, extreme cinema as cult, and technological change |journal=New Review of Film and Television Studies |date=2 January 2015 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=83–99 |doi=10.1080/17400309.2014.982910 |s2cid=146431677 }}</ref>
⚫
''Pink Flamingos'' was inducted into the [[National Film Registry]] in 2021.<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/descriptions-and-essays/ Brief Descriptions and Expanded Essays of National Film Registry Titles|Library of Congress]</ref> ''Requiem for a Dream'' and ''Oldboy'' were named on the [[BBC's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20160819-the-21st-centurys-100-greatest-films The 21st Century's 100 greatest films – BBC Culture]</ref> The behind-the-scenes look at ''Cannibal Holocaust'' was the subject of a Season 2 episode of the documentary series ''[[Cursed Films]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collider.com/cursed-films-season-2-trailer-shudder/|title='Cursed Films' Season 2 Trailer Reveals More Mysteries and Oddities From Famous Films|first=Shane|last=Romanchick|date=March 25, 2022|website=Collider}}</ref><ref>[https://movieweb.com/cursed-films-best-episodes/ Cursed Films' Episodes, Ranked - MovieWeb]</ref>

⚫
There has also been criticism over the increasing use of violence in modern-day films. Ever since the emergence of slasher-gore films in the 1970s, the rising popularity of extreme cinema has contributed to the casual violence in popular media.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sapolsky |first1=Burry S. |last2=Molitor |first2=Fred |last3=Luque |first3=Sarah |title=Sex and Violence in Slasher Films: Re-examining the Assumptions |journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly |date=March 2003 |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=28–38 |doi=10.1177/107769900308000103 |s2cid=143908234 }}</ref> Some criticize the easy exposure and unintended targeting of adolescents by extreme cinema films.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sargent |first1=James D |last2=Heatherton |first2=Todd F |last3=Ahrens |first3=M.Bridget |last4=Dalton |first4=Madeline A |last5=Tickle |first5=Jennifer J |last6=Beach |first6=Michael L |title=Adolescent exposure to extremely violent movies |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |date=December 2002 |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=449–454 |doi=10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00399-3 |pmid=12457577 }}</ref>

⚫
Both ''Freaks'' and ''Pink Flamingos'' are inducted into the [[National Film Registry]].<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/descriptions-and-essays/ Brief Descriptions and Expanded Essays of National Film Registry Titles|Library of Congress]</ref> ''Requiem for a Dream'' and ''Oldboy'' were named on the [[BBC's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20160819-the-21st-centurys-100-greatest-films The 21st Century's 100 greatest films – BBC Culture]</ref> The behind-the-scenes look at ''Cannibal Holocaust'' was the subject of a Season 2 episode of the documentary series ''[[Cursed Films]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collider.com/cursed-films-season-2-trailer-shudder/|title='Cursed Films' Season 2 Trailer Reveals More Mysteries and Oddities From Famous Films|first=Shane|last=Romanchick|date=March 25, 2022|website=Collider}}</ref><ref>[https://movieweb.com/cursed-films-best-episodes/ Cursed Films' Episodes, Ranked - MovieWeb]</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 252: Line 265:
* [[Giallo]]
* [[Giallo]]
* [[Grindhouse]]
* [[Grindhouse]]
* [[Hurtcore]]
* [[Mondo film]]
* [[Mondo film]]
* [[New French Extremity]]
* [[New French Extremity]]
* [[Snuff film]]
* [[Social thriller]]
* [[Social thriller]]
* [[Splat Pack]]
* [[Splat Pack]]
* [[Splatter film]]
* [[Vulgar auteurism]]
* [[Vulgar auteurism]]


Latest revision as of 09:26, 12 December 2024

A set of props used in the production of the Saw films, which are notorious for depicting extreme graphic violence

Extreme cinema (or hardcore horror and extreme horror[1][2]) is a subgenre used for films distinguished by its use of excessive sex and violence, and depiction of extreme acts such as mutilation and torture. The rising popularity of Asian films in the 21st century has contributed to the growth of extreme cinema, although extreme cinema is still considered to be a horror film-based genre.[3] Being a relatively recent genre, extreme cinema is controversial and widely unaccepted by the mainstream media.[4] Extreme cinema films target a specific and small audience group.[5]

History

[edit]

The history of extreme cinema can be traced back to censorship of art films and advertising tactics for classical exploitation films to Anglophone markets alongside later liberal representations of sex in the first half of the 20th century onwards.[6]

The name "extreme cinema" originated from a "line of Asian films that share a combination of sensational features, such as extreme violence, horror and shocking plots".[7] Extreme cinema can be rooted as "Asian Extreme", the term for Japanese and other Asian films used to its excessive nature. Early examples of Asian Extreme such as Ring (1998) and Battle Royale (2000).[8]

Notable films

[edit]
Title Year Ref.
A Serbian Film 2010 [9][10][11][12][13]
August Underground 2001 [14][15]
August Underground's Mordum 2003 [16][17] [18]
August Underground's Penance 2007 [19][1] [20]
Act of Vengeance 1974 [21]
Angst 1983 [22]
Antichrist 2009 [23][24]
Audition 1999 [25][12]
Auschwitz 2011 [26]
Bandit Queen 1994 [27]
Begotten 1989 [26][23]
Benny's Video 1992 [26]
Black Friday 2004 [28]
Blood Feast 1963 [26][1]
Caligula (unrated version) 1979 [26]
Caligula... The Untold Story 1982 [29]
Cannibal Holocaust 1980 [30][31][32][33][12]
The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover 1989 [34]
Cannibal 2006 [35]
Crash 1996 [26][36]
The Devils 1971 [26][37]
Dogtooth 2009 [25][12]
Dogville 2003 [38]
Faces of Death 1978 [29][23]
Fat Girl 2001 [39]
Flower Of Flesh And Blood 1985 [40]
Frontier(s) 2007 [41][42][43]
Freaks 1932 [44][45]
Funny Games 1997 [25][46][12]
Gandu 2010 [47]
Grotesque 2009 [48]
Gummo 1997 [49]
The Green Elephant 1999 [50]
Hacksaw 2020 [51]
Hated: GG Allin and the Murder Junkies 1994 [29]
Hellraiser 1987 [29]
Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer 1986 [52][53]
Hostel 2005 [29]
The House That Jack Built 2018 [54]
The Human Centipede 2009 [29][55]
I Spit on Your Grave 1978 [29]
I Stand Alone 1998 [1]
Ichi the Killer 2001 [56][57]
The Idiots 1998 [58]
Ilsa: She Wolf of the SS 1975 [29]
Infinity Pool 2023 [59][60]
À L'Intérieur 2007 [61]
In the Realm of the Senses 1976 [62][12]
Irréversible 2002 [29][12]
Julien Donkey-Boy 1999 [49]
Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love 1996 [63]
The Kashmir Files 2022 [64]
Kinatay 2009 [65]
The Machine Girl 2008 [66]
Maniac 1980 [67][68]
Man Bites Dog 1992 [69]
Mark of the Devil 1970 [69]
Men Behind The Sun Quadriology 1988-1995 [70][71][72][73]
Melancholie der Engel 2009 [74][75][76]
Martyrs 2008 [9][11][13]
Masking Threshold 2021 [77][78][79]
Matrubhoomi 2003 [80]
Megan is Missing 2011 [81][82]
Multiple Maniacs 1970 [83][84]
Mysterious Skin 2004 [69]
Naked Blood 1996 [85]
Natural Born Killers 1994 [86][87]
Nekromantik 1987 [69][88]
Oedipus Rex 1967 [69]
Oldboy 2003 [46][89][12][1]
Paanch 2003 [90]
The Passion of the Christ 2004 [91][92][93]
Pieces 1982 [94][95]
Pigsty 1969 [69]
Philosophy of a Knife 2008 [96][97][98]
Pink Flamingos 1972 [69][99][12]
The Poughkeepsie Tapes 2007 [69]
Poultrygeist: Night of the Chicken Dead 2006 [69]
Rambo 4 2008 [69]
Re-Animator 1985 [69]
Relic 2020 [100]
Requiem for a Dream 2000 [69]
The Revenant 2015 [55]
Saani Kaayidham 2022 [101]
Schramm 1993 [102][103]
Snuff 102 2007 [104][105]
The Sadness 2021 [106][13]
Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom 1975 [31][107][12][13]
Saw 2004 [108][1]
Sick: The Life and Death of Bob Flanagan, Supermasochist 1997 [108]
Snuff 1976 [1]
Stille Nacht 1969 [108]
The Substance 2024 [109]
Suicide Club 2001 [56]
Subconscious Cruelty 2000 [110][111]
Sweet Movie 1974 [108]
Taxidermia 2006 [11]
Tetsuo: The Iron Man 1989 [112]
Thanatomorphose 2012 [113][114]
Thriller: A Cruel Picture 1973 [108]
Trash Humpers 2009 [49]
Tumbling Doll Of Flesh 1998 [115] [116]
Un Chien Andalou 1929 [108]
Vase de Noces 1974 [108]
What is It? 2005 [117]
Where the Dead Go to Die 2012 [108]
Who's Watching Oliver 2018 [118]

Notable directors

[edit]

Controversy and legacy

[edit]

Extreme cinema is highly criticized and debated by film critics and the general public. There have been debates over the hypersexualization that makes these films a threat to the 'mainstream' community standards.[132]

There has also been criticism over the increasing use of violence in modern-day films. Ever since the emergence of slasher-gore films in the 1970s, the rising popularity of extreme cinema has contributed to the casual violence in popular media.[133] Some criticize the easy exposure and unintended targeting of adolescents by extreme cinema films.[134]

Both Freaks and Pink Flamingos are inducted into the National Film Registry.[135] Requiem for a Dream and Oldboy were named on the BBC's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century.[136] The behind-the-scenes look at Cannibal Holocaust was the subject of a Season 2 episode of the documentary series Cursed Films.[137][138]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g "A Malignant, Seething Hatework": An Introduction to US 21st Century Hardcore Horror · Senses of Cinema
  2. ^ "Extreme horror". The Michigan Daily. October 24, 2024.
  3. ^ "The Most Disturbing Movies of All Time". Complex Networks.
  4. ^ Dirks, Tim (9 February 2016). "100 Most Controversial Films of All Time". Filmsite.
  5. ^ gtr.rcuk.ac.uk
  6. ^ Frey, Mattias (15 March 2016). Extreme Cinema: The Transgressive Rhetoric of Today's Art Film Culture. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813576527 – via Google Books.
  7. ^ Lee, Eunah (Fall 2014). "Trauma, excess, and the aesthetics of the affect: the extreme cinemas of Chan-Wook Park". Post Script. 34 (1): 33–49. ProQuest 1718132381.
  8. ^ "10 great Japanese films of the 21st century". BFI. 10 September 2015. Retrieved 2022-07-02.
  9. ^ a b "Extreme Cinema: Top 25 Most Disturbing Films of all time – part3 – HNN". horrornews.net. 23 August 2010.
  10. ^ "Extreme Cinema". Edinburgh University Press Books.
  11. ^ a b c d The 30 Most Extreme Movies of the 21st Century So Far « Taste of Cinema
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m 10 essential films from the 'Extreme Cinema' genre|Far Out Magazine
  13. ^ a b c d Mainstream Extreme: How 2022 Made "Disturbing" Popular – Fangoria
  14. ^ "August Underground Trilogy Review".
  15. ^ Alan, Jay (30 December 2015). "Film Review: August Underground (2001)". HorrorNews.net. Jay Alan. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
  16. ^ "Special Mention (Most Extreme Movies)". thelastexit.net. The Worldwide Celluloid Massacre. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
  17. ^ "Film Censorship: M #3". refused-classification.com. Refused Classification. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  18. ^ "August Underground Mordum Review".
  19. ^ Phillips, Jared (19 June 2007). "August Underground's Penance (2007)". digital-retribution.com. Digital Retribution. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
  20. ^ "How Far is Too Far? August Underground's Penance Review".
  21. ^ Extreme Cinema – Rape Squad – Flickering Myth
  22. ^ 10 Extreme Horror Movies That Try To Break Their Audience - WhatCulture.com
  23. ^ a b c Extreme Cinema: The 40 Most Disturbing Horror Movies Ever Made – PHASR
  24. ^ (Butcher Block) Chaos Reigns in Visceral Pain in 'Antichrist' – Bloody Disgusting
  25. ^ a b c d Frey, Mattias (2016). "Discourses and Modes of Distribution". Extreme Cinema: The Transgressive Rhetoric of Today's Art Film Culture. Rutgers University Press. pp. 69–93. ISBN 978-0-8135-7652-7. Project MUSE 1765373.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Extreme Cinema: List of Disturbing Films Compendium A-D – HNN". horrornews.net. 27 July 2019.
  27. ^ Bandit Queen (1995)|Roger Ebert
  28. ^ Black Friday is grim yet great|Rediff.com
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Extreme Cinema: List of Disturbing Films Compendium E-K". 27 July 2019.
  30. ^ "Extreme Cinema: Top 25 Most Disturbing Films of all time – part2". 23 August 2010.
  31. ^ a b c "Cultivating Extreme Art Cinema". Edinburgh University Press Books.
  32. ^ Extreme Cinema – Cannibal Holocaust (1980) – Flickering Myth
  33. ^ Ruggero Deodato, Director Of The Controversial Horror Film Cannibal Holocaust, Dies At 83|/Film
  34. ^ The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover (1989)|Roger Ebert
  35. ^ Weinberg, Scott (2006-12-05). "Cannibal". DVD Talk. Retrieved 2014-01-16.
  36. ^ Extreme Cinema – David Cronenberg's Crash (1996) – Flickering Myth
  37. ^ (Butcher Block) Ken Russel's Controversial 'The Devils' Is a Holy Trinity of Sex, Violence and Religion – Bloody Disgusting
  38. ^ a b c d The New Extremism in Cinema: From France to Europe - Google Books
  39. ^ a b c Genre Trouble and Extreme Cinema: Film Theory at the Fringes of Contemporary Art Cinema - Google Books
  40. ^ "Flower Of Flesh And Blood". 30 September 2009.
  41. ^ Dargis, Manohla (9 May 2008). "After Making It Out of Paris, Finding There's No Escape". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  42. ^ Ridley, Jim (14 September 1972). "Xavier Gens's Frontière(s)". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on 22 October 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  43. ^ Anderson, John (17 September 2007). "Frontier(s)". Variety. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012.
  44. ^ "Freaks's censorship".
  45. ^ "Freaks 1932".
  46. ^ a b The 30 Most Extreme Movies of the 21st Century So Far « Taste of Cinema
  47. ^ Gandu – Variety
  48. ^ "Bathed in Blood: Director Koji Shiraishi's torture-porn flick Grotesque gets banned in Britain—and ignites a debate about Japan's splatter-film boom". Metropolis Magazine. September 24, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
  49. ^ a b c d Trash Humpers: How a Stupid Comedy Premise Became a Truly Disturbing Movie - MovieWeb
  50. ^ "Film Review: The Green Elephant (1999)". horrornews.net. 20 April 2014.
  51. ^ "Hacksaw (2020) Review". 8 January 2021.
  52. ^ Extreme Cinema – Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer – Flickering Myth
  53. ^ (Butcher Block) The Uncomfortable Realism of 'Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer' – Bloody Disgusting
  54. ^ Extreme Cinema – The House That Jack Built (2018) – Flickering Myth
  55. ^ a b The birth of "extreme cinema": "The Revenant" is an endurance test of suffering for Leonardo DiCaprio -- and moviegoers. But for what?|Salon.com
  56. ^ a b "5 Examples Of Extreme Japanese Cinema That Will Freak You Out". Monkey Fighting Robots. July 6, 2016.
  57. ^ How Ichi the Killer brought ultra-violence to the mainstream – BBC Culture
  58. ^ Extreme Cinema – The Idiots (1998) – Flickering Myth
  59. ^ Infinity Pool Review – An Imperfect Experiment in Extreme Cinema – The Curb
  60. ^ ‘Infinity Pool’ Review: Extreme Sci-Fi Tale Squanders a Promising Premise – TheWrap
  61. ^ "Blody Disgusting's top 20 films". 17 December 2009.
  62. ^ "Extreme Asian Horror – Cat III Asian Films". horrornews.net. 26 February 2019.
  63. ^ Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love (1997)|Roger Ebert
  64. ^ The Kashmir Files director Vivek Agnihotri: Glamourising extreme violence in cinema is considered talent|Bollywood – The Hindustan Times
  65. ^ Extreme cinema: the transgressive rhetoric of today's art film culture 2015021892 ... – EBIN.PUB
  66. ^ "Extreme Cinema in Asia".
  67. ^ Extreme Cinema – Maniac (1980) – Flickering Myth
  68. ^ (Butcher Block) Tom Savini's Gore Effects of 'Maniac' – Bloody Disgusting
  69. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Extreme Cinema: List of Disturbing Films Compendium L-R". 30 July 2019.
  70. ^ "Man Behind the Sun 1 & 2". Refused-Classification.com. Retrieved 2006-12-16.
  71. ^ Hicks, Jess (2016-12-20). "The Awful Truth Of MEN BEHIND THE SUN". Birth.Movies.Death. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
  72. ^ "Man Behind the Sun (18)". British Board of Film Classification. August 22, 1988. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
  73. ^ Hawker, Philippa (2004-04-23). "The Man Behind the Sun". The Age. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
  74. ^ Leonard, Sean (5 February 2020). "Film Review: Melancholie der Engel (2009)". HorrorNews.net. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  75. ^ Casta, Ray (11 April 2011). "Melancholie der Engel (The Angels' Melancholy) Review! – Severed Cinema". Severed Cinema.com. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  76. ^ Lawrence, Gregory (31 July 2020). "The Most Disturbing Movies of All Time (Y'know, Some Light Reading!)". Collider.com. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  77. ^ Interview with Johannes Grenzfurthner on quepeliverehoy.es; 22 November 2021
  78. ^ "Masking Threshold: A True Macro Exploration of Existential, Ringing Madness" (iHorror); 26 September 2021
  79. ^ "Masking Threshold: Obsession Takes Hold In This Brutal Horror Film"; review in: Film Inquiry, 26 October 2021
  80. ^ A Nation Without Women (2003) – Moria
  81. ^ Megan Is Missing (Movie Review)|Bloody Good Horror
  82. ^ Some movies blur the line between shock and trauma. Here's why that's problematic. - The Diamondback
  83. ^ Top Gross-Out Moments in John Waters Films – Antigravity Magazine
  84. ^ Multiple Maniacs – DVD Talk
  85. ^ Firsching, Robert. "Megyaku: Naked Blood". Allmovie. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  86. ^ Exploring the Popularity of Squid Game — When Extreme Goes Mainstream
  87. ^ Extreme Cinema – Natural Born Killers – Flickering Myth
  88. ^ Extreme Cinema – Nekromantik – Flickering Myth
  89. ^ Extreme Cinema|Rutgers University Press
  90. ^ Anurag Kashyap’s Paanch Movie Review: Flash of Brilliance – madaboutmoviez.in
  91. ^ Sanburn, Josh (September 2, 2010). "Top 10 Ridiculously Violent Movies". Time. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  92. ^ Ebert, Roger (February 24, 2004). "The Passion of the Christ". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  93. ^ Why Passion Of The Christ Was So Controversial - Screen Rant
  94. ^ (Butcher Block) Going to 'Pieces' Over J. Piquer Simon's Gory Slasher – Bloody Disgusting
  95. ^ Extreme Cinema – Pieces (1982) – Flickering Myth
  96. ^ "Andrey Iskanov". Philosophy of a Knife. The Worldwide Celluloid Massacre. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
  97. ^ "Foreign Objects: Philosophy of a Knife". Film School Rejects. 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
  98. ^ Johnson, Scott (5 July 2008). "Philosophy of a Knife (2008)". dreadcentral.com. Dread Central. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  99. ^ 10 Midnight Movies That Made History – MovieWeb
  100. ^ What to watch at LFF: New extreme cinema|London Film Festival 2020|BFI
  101. ^ Keerthy Suresh, Selvaraghavan are terrific in this bloody, yet focused revenge drama
  102. ^ "Schramm".
  103. ^ "Extreme Cinema - Schramm".
  104. ^ "Snuff 102".
  105. ^ "Top 25 Most Disturbibg Horror Films".
  106. ^ 'The Sadness' Review – Gory Virus Movie Goes for the Jugular With Transgressive, Extreme Horror|Bloody Disgusting
  107. ^ Extreme Cinema – Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom – Flickering Myth
  108. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Extreme Cinema: List of Disturbing Films Compendium S-Z". August 2019.
  109. ^ The extreme body horror film prompting mass cinema walkouts around the world|The Independent
  110. ^ Condit, Jon (2004). "Subconscious Cruelty (1999)". Dread Central.com. Jon Condit. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  111. ^ "Subconscious Cruelty".
  112. ^ (Butcher Block) Cyberpunk and Body Horror Collide in 'Tetsuo: The Iron Man' – Bloody Disgusting
  113. ^ "Thanatomorphose".
  114. ^ "Thanatomorphose".
  115. ^ "Fright Fest". International Business Times. 13 March 2015.
  116. ^ "Most Extreme Japanese Horror movies". 3 January 2024.
  117. ^ Goodbye, McFly: Crispin Glover's 'It' Trilogy and the Cinema of Reaction – Senses of Cinema
  118. ^ "Who's Watching Oliver (2017) Review". 1 July 2017.
  119. ^ a b "Against Happiness – Los Angeles Review of Books". 23 September 2015.
  120. ^ Extreme Cinema – Gaspar Noé’s Irreversible – Flickering Myth
  121. ^ Repp, Mark (14 May 2015). "The 30 Most Extreme Movies of The 21st Century So Far". Taste of Cinema – Movie Reviews and Classic Movie Lists. Retrieved 2022-07-02.
  122. ^ Extreme Cinema: The Most Shocking Movies Of All Time – Flickering Myth
  123. ^ Eaker, Alfred (2015-07-02). "JOHN WATERS' MULTIPLE MANIACS (1970)". 366 Weird Movies. Retrieved 2022-07-02.
  124. ^ "John Waters brings back Multiple Maniacs: 'Of course I went a little too far'". The Guardian. 2016-08-03. Retrieved 2022-07-02.
  125. ^ "Extreme Cinema – The Last House on the Left (1972)". Flickering Myth. 2020-05-01. Retrieved 2022-07-02.
  126. ^ Nicodemo, Timothy (21 August 2013). The New French Extremity: Bruno Dumont and Gaspar Noé, France's Contemporary Zeitgeist (Thesis).
  127. ^ When Takashi Miike Heard He Could Do 'Anything' For Masters Of Horror, He Put That To The Test|/Film
  128. ^ One of the World's Most Extreme Horror Movie Directors Made a 19-Minute Film for Apple|Gizmodo
  129. ^ Sex and Violence: Journey into Extreme Cinema – Offscreen
  130. ^ (Butcher Block) Eli Roth’s Flesh-Eating Viral Frenzy ‘Cabin Fever’ – Bloody Disgusting
  131. ^ The 30 Most Extreme Movies of the 21st Century So Far « Taste of Cinema
  132. ^ Pett, Emma (2 January 2015). "A new media landscape? The BBFC, extreme cinema as cult, and technological change". New Review of Film and Television Studies. 13 (1): 83–99. doi:10.1080/17400309.2014.982910. S2CID 146431677.
  133. ^ Sapolsky, Burry S.; Molitor, Fred; Luque, Sarah (March 2003). "Sex and Violence in Slasher Films: Re-examining the Assumptions". Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 80 (1): 28–38. doi:10.1177/107769900308000103. S2CID 143908234.
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Sources

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  • Totaro, Donato (2003). "Sex and Violence: Journey into Extreme Cinema". Offscreen. 7 (11).
  • King, Mike (2009). The American Cinema of Excess: Extremes of the National Mind on Film. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-3988-1.
  • "Media's New Mood: Sexual Violence". Center for Media Literacy.
  • Fyfe, Kristen. "More Violence, More Sex, More Troubled Kids." Media Research Center. MRC Culture, 11 Jan. 2007. Web. 9 Feb. 2016
  • Pett, Emma (2 January 2015). "A new media landscape? The BBFC, extreme cinema as cult, and technological change". New Review of Film and Television Studies. 13 (1): 83–99. doi:10.1080/17400309.2014.982910. S2CID 146431677.
  • Dirks, Tim. "100 Most Controversial Films of All Time." 100 Most Controversial Films of All Time. Filmsite, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2016.
  • Sapolsky, Burry S.; Molitor, Fred; Luque, Sarah (March 2003). "Sex and Violence in Slasher Films: Re-examining the Assumptions". Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 80 (1): 28–38. doi:10.1177/107769900308000103. S2CID 143908234.
  • Sargent, James D; Heatherton, Todd F; Ahrens, M.Bridget; Dalton, Madeline A; Tickle, Jennifer J; Beach, Michael L (December 2002). "Adolescent exposure to extremely violent movies". Journal of Adolescent Health. 31 (6): 449–454. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00399-3. PMID 12457577.
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