Fervidicoccus: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description| |
{{Short description|Genus of archaeaon}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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| domain = [[Archaea]] |
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{{Speciesbox |
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| phylum = [[Crenarchaeota]] |
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| classis = [[Thermoprotei]] |
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| ordo = [[Fervidicoccales]] |
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| greatgrandparent_authority = Perevalova et al., 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11907934 |title=Fervidicoccales |author=IRMNG |year=2024 |access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> |
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| familia = [[Fervidicoccaceae]] |
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| grandparent_authority = Perevalova et al., 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11907935 |title=Fervidicoccaceae Perevalova et al., 2010 |author=IRMNG |year=2024 |access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> |
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| genus = '''''[[Fervidicoccus]]''''' |
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| parent_authority = Perevalova et al., 2010<ref>{{GBIF |title=''Fervidicoccus'' Perevalova et al., 2010 |id=7510781 |access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> |
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| authority = Perevalova et al., 2010<ref>{{GBIF |title=''Fervidicoccus fontis'' Perevalova et al., 2010 |id=7992883 |access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> |
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| binomial = '''''Fervidicoccus fontis''''' |
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| binomial_authority = Perevalova et al., 2010 <br/>Karaseva et al., 2021 |
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'''''Fervidicoccus fontis''''' is an [[Extremophile|extremophilic]], [[Coccus|coccus-shaped]] [[ |
'''''Fervidicoccus fontis''''' is an [[Extremophile|extremophilic]], [[Coccus|coccus-shaped]] [[archaea]]on known for thriving in high-temperature environments.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Perevalova |first1=Anna A. |last2=Bidzhieva |first2=Salima Kh. |last3=Kublanov |first3=Ilya V. |last4=Hinrichs |first4=Kai-Uwe |last5=Liu |first5=Xiaolei L. |last6=Mardanov |first6=Andrey V. |last7=Lebedinsky |first7=Alexander V. |last8=Bonch-Osmolovskaya |first8=Elizaveta A. |date=2010 |title=Fervidicoccus fontis gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, thermophilic crenarchaeote from terrestrial hot springs, and proposal of Fervidicoccaceae fam. nov. and Fervidicoccales ord. nov. |url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.019042-0 |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=60 |issue=9 |pages=2082–2088 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.019042-0 |pmid=19837732 |issn=1466-5034}}</ref> It was discovered in Russia's [[Uzon Caldera]] and exhibits [[Anaerobe|anaerobic]], [[organotroph]]ic [[metabolism]], primarily [[Fermentation|fermenting]] organic compounds such as [[peptide]]s and [[yeast extract]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Lebedinsky |first1=Alexander V. |last2=Mardanov |first2=Andrey V. |last3=Kublanov |first3=Ilya V. |last4=Gumerov |first4=Vadim M. |last5=Beletsky |first5=Alexey V. |last6=Perevalova |first6=Anna A. |last7=Bidzhieva |first7=Salima Kh. |last8=Bonch-Osmolovskaya |first8=Elizaveta A. |last9=Skryabin |first9=Konstantin G. |last10=Ravin |first10=Nikolai V. |date=2014-03-01 |title=Analysis of the complete genome of Fervidococcus fontis confirms the distinct phylogenetic position of the order Fervidicoccales and suggests its environmental function |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-013-0616-7 |journal=Extremophiles |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=295–309 |doi=10.1007/s00792-013-0616-7 |pmid=24366681 |issn=1433-4909|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ''F. fontis'' is genetically distinct, sharing no more than 89% of its genetic material with its closest relatives.<ref name=":0" /> It is the sole species within the order '''Fervidicoccales''' and genus '''''Fervidicoccus''''', although ongoing research suggests potential new species.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> It plays a significant role in [[Biotechnology|biotechnological]] applications due to its [[lipid]]-[[Hydrolysis|hydrolyzing]] capabilities, contributing to industries ranging from [[wastewater treatment]] to [[pharmaceuticals]].<ref name=":1" /> |
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== Scientific Classification == |
== Scientific Classification == |
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=== Taxonomy === |
=== Taxonomy === |
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''F. fontis'' belongs to the [[Archaea]] domain and falls within the [[Crenarchaeota]] phylum<ref name=":0" /> |
''F. fontis'' belongs to the [[Archaea]] domain and falls within the [[Crenarchaeota]] phylum.{{clarify|Taxobox says Thermoproteota not Crenarchaeota.|date=April 2024}}<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Karaseva |first1=A. I. |last2=Elcheninov |first2=A. G. |last3=Perevalova |first3=A. A. |last4=Zayulina |first4=K. S. |last5=Kochetkova |first5=T. V. |last6=Kublanov |first6=I. V. |date=2021-07-01 |title=Fervidicoccus fontis Strain 3639Fd, the First Crenarchaeon Capable of Growth on Lipids |journal=Microbiology |language=en |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=435–442 |doi=10.1134/S002626172104007X |issn=1608-3237|doi-access=free }}</ref> Organisms within this [[phylum]] are known for their extremophilic nature, enabling them to survive in severe environments such as extreme heat, cold, or acidity.<ref name=":4">{{Citation |last1=Aslam |first1=Mehwish |title=Chapter 18 - Bioenergy production in extremophiles |date=2022-01-01 |work=Microbial Extremozymes |pages=231–246 |editor-last=Kuddus |editor-first=Mohammed |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128229453000142 |access-date=2024-04-07 |publisher=Academic Press |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-822945-3.00014-2 |isbn=978-0-12-822945-3 |last2=Rashid |first2=Naeem|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The class [[Thermoprotei]] includes [[thermophile]]s,<ref>{{Citation |last1=Laemthong |first1=Tunyaboon |title=Chapter 2 - Enzymes from extremely thermophilic bacteria and archaea: current status and future prospects |date=2022-01-01 |work=Extremozymes and Their Industrial Applications |pages=41–84 |editor-last=Arora |editor-first=Naveen Kumar |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323902748000046 |access-date=2024-04-07 |publisher=Academic Press |doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-90274-8.00004-6 |isbn=978-0-323-90274-8 |last2=Lewis |first2=April M. |last3=Crosby |first3=James R. |last4=Bing |first4=Ryan G. |last5=Schneider |first5=William H. |last6=Willard |first6=Daniel J. |last7=Counts |first7=James A. |last8=Kelly |first8=Robert M. |editor2-last=Agnihotri |editor2-first=Shekhar |editor3-last=Mishra |editor3-first=Jitendra}}</ref> among which ''F. fontis'' is a notable example.<ref name=":0" /> Thermophiles are characterized by their ability to survive in environments with high temperatures, with optimal growth at a temperature range of {{cvt|65|-|70|C}}.<ref name=":0" /> Typically, thermophilic organisms are found in terrestrial and marine springs situated in volcanic areas or close to [[hydrothermal vent]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Canganella |first1=Francesco |last2=Wiegel |first2=Juergen |date=2014-02-26 |title=Anaerobic Thermophiles |journal= Life|language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=77–104 |doi=10.3390/life4010077 |doi-access=free |issn=2075-1729 |pmc=4187147 |pmid=25370030|bibcode=2014Life....4...77C }}</ref> ''F. fontis'' is classified within the order [[Fervidicoccales]], the family Fervidicoccaceae, and the genus ''Fervidicoccus''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The strains Kam940<sup>T</sup> and 1507b were isolated and used to identify the organism, leading to the creation of a new genus and species.<ref name=":0" /> Currently, ''F. fontis'' is the only species identified within the order Fervidicoccales.<ref name=":1" /> However, strain Kam1884, isolated from Uzon Caldera, displays about 96% similarity in the [[16S RNA]] sequence to ''F. fontis'' Kam940<sup>T</sup>, indicating a possible new species within the ''Fervidicoccus'' genus.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last1=Perevalova |first1=Anna |title=The Family Fervidicoccaceae |date=2014 |work=The Prokaryotes: Other Major Lineages of Bacteria and The Archaea |pages=35–40 |editor-last=Rosenberg |editor-first=Eugene |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38954-2_335 |access-date=2024-04-07 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-38954-2_335 |isbn=978-3-642-38954-2 |last2=Lebedinsky |first2=Alexander |last3=Bonch-Osmolovskaya |first3=Elizaveta |editor2-last=DeLong |editor2-first=Edward F. |editor3-last=Lory |editor3-first=Stephen |editor4-last=Stackebrandt |editor4-first=Erko}}</ref> |
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=== Relatives === |
=== Relatives === |
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[[Phylogenetic tree |
[[Phylogenetic tree]]s were constructed to explore the [[evolutionary]] relationships of ''F. fontis'', revealing its unique phylogenetic position while also illustrating its proximity to certain other species.<ref name=":3" /> This analysis combined [[sequencing]] data from 30 [[ribosomal protein]]s, the alpha and beta components of [[RNA polymerase]], and [[23S ribosomal RNA|23S rRNA]] genes.<ref name=":3" /> ''F. fontis'' is genetically distinct within the Thermoprotei class, sharing less than 89% genetic identity with its members, which establishes it as the only known species within the Fervidicoccales order.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> This distinctness underscores its relatively distant evolutionary connections within the Thermoprotei class.<ref name=":0" /> However, notable relatives include ''[[Ignisphaera aggregans]]'', ''[[Caldisphaera lagunensis]]'', ''[[Acidilobus saccharovorans]]'', and ''[[Desulfurococcus kamchatkensis]]''.<ref name=":3" /> ''F. fontis'' is distinguished from its relatives due to its unique set of traits, including at least 25% unique protein-encoding genes and an absence of extracellular [[hydrolase]]s, with the exception of [[protease]]s.<ref name=":3" /> |
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== Discovery and isolation == |
== Discovery and isolation == |
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The discovery of ''F. fontis'' was initiated through a prepared anaerobic basal [[Growth medium|medium]], aimed at fostering the growth of microorganisms in extreme environments.<ref name=":2" /> |
The discovery of ''F. fontis'' was initiated through a prepared anaerobic basal [[Growth medium|medium]], aimed at fostering the growth of microorganisms in extreme environments.<ref name=":2" /> Samples were collected from thermal springs within Russia's Uzon Caldera.<ref name=":2" /> The medium in which the samples were obtained had a pH adjusted to 6.0-6.5 and included 1mg of [[resazurin]], 1mL of [[trace element]] and [[vitamin]] solutions, and 0.2 g of yeast extract.<ref name=":2" /> This was then transferred into tubes which were sealed with [[butyl rubber]] stoppers to maintain an anaerobic environment of 80% [[Nitrogen|N<sub>2</sub>]] and 20% [[Carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]].<ref name=":2" /> The method for isolating strains Kam940<sup>T</sup> and Kam 1507b involved the incubation of a 10% [[Inoculum (fermentation starter)|inoculum]], sourced from a blend of [[sediment]] and water at {{cvt|70|C}}.<ref name=":2" /> This incubation also included the addition of [[chitin]] or [[Beta-keratin|β-keratin]] as [[polymer]]ic substrates at a 2 g l<sup>-1</sup> [[concentration]].<ref name=":2" /> Kam940<sup>T</sup> was isolated in a basal medium with peptone with 1.5% [[agar]], whereas Kam1507b was obtained through [[serial dilution]] in a medium enriched with peptone.<ref name=":2" /> Within 3-5 days, this approach successfully isolated organisms with coccoid cells, marking the discovery of unique ''Fervidicoccus'' strains: Kam940<sup>T</sup> and Kam1507b.<ref name=":2" /> The purity of these isolated strains was confirmed through [[phase-contrast microscopy]], which revealed that the strains consisted entirely of single cocci cells, ultimately demonstrating effective isolation and the discovery of a new species.<ref name=":2" /> |
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== Morphology == |
== Morphology == |
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''F. fontis'' is characterized by its coccus-shaped cellular [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] and lack of motility due to |
''F. fontis'' is characterized by its coccus-shaped cellular [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] and lack of motility due to its absence of a [[flagellum]].<ref name=":0" /> Its [[cell envelope]] consists of a cell membrane formed by a layer of protein subunits.<ref name=":0" /> The dimensions of these cells can vary, with their lengths and widths ranging between 1-3 μm.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Metabolism == |
== Metabolism == |
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''F. fontis'', an [[Obligate anaerobe|obligate anaerobic]] organotroph, primarily derives its energy from the [[fermentation]] of various [[ |
''F. fontis'', an [[Obligate anaerobe|obligate anaerobic]] organotroph, primarily derives its energy from the [[fermentation]] of various [[organic compound]]s.<ref name=":3" /> It uses [[metabolite]]s such as [[beef extract]], peptone, and yeast extract for fermentation purposes, growing to densities greater than 10<sup>7</sup> cells mL<sup>-1</sup>.<ref name=":0" /> ''F. fontis'' shows optimal growth when cultivated with peptides and 20 mg/L yeast extract between 65 °C and 70 °C and a pH of 5.5-6.0.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, ''F. fontis'' is capable of reducing [[sulfur]] to [[H2S|H<sub>2</sub>S]].<ref name=":2" /> The genome of ''F. fontis'' encodes 45 [[Protease|peptidases]] that facilitate protein and peptide [[hydrolysis]] as well as [[amino acid]] [[catabolism]], which are essential processes for the transport of [[oligopeptide]]s and free amino acids into cells.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Torres |first1=Nimbe |last2=Tobón-Cornejo |first2=Sandra |last3=Velazquez-Villegas |first3=Laura A. |last4=Noriega |first4=Lilia G. |last5=Alemán-Escondrillas |first5=Gabriela |last6=Tovar |first6=Armando R. |date=2023-07-29 |title=Amino Acid Catabolism: An Overlooked Area of Metabolism |journal=Nutrients |language=en |volume=15 |issue=15 |pages=3378 |doi=10.3390/nu15153378 |doi-access=free |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=10421169 |pmid=37571315}}</ref> [[Pyruvate]] catabolism is also assumed to be present as an intermediate product from [[alanine]] metabolism.<ref name=":3" /> [[Pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase]] facilitates the production of [[acetyl-CoA]], CO<sub>2</sub>, and reduced [[ferredoxin]].<ref name=":3" /> Subsequently, acetyl-CoA is transformed into [[acetate]], generating ATP in a reaction carried out by [[acetyl-CoA synthetase]]s.<ref name=":3" /> Despite its metabolic versatility, ''F. fontis'' lacks complete pathways for [[carbohydrate catabolism]].<ref name=":3" /> This is evidenced by the lack of genes typically found in organisms capable of breaking down carbohydrates, such as [[glycoside hydrolase]]s, polysaccharide [[lyase]]s, or carbohydrate [[esterase]]s.<ref name=":3" /> |
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== Genomics == |
== Genomics == |
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The [[chromosome]] of ''F. fontis'' is [[Circular chromosome|circular]], as determined through comprehensive [[DNA sequencing|genome sequencing]] and analysis, and confirmed by [[ |
The [[chromosome]] of ''F. fontis'' is [[Circular chromosome|circular]], as determined through comprehensive [[DNA sequencing|genome sequencing]] and analysis, and confirmed by [[polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) verification of regions with [[insertion sequence]] elements.<ref name=":3" /> It consists of 1,319,216 base pairs with a 37.5% average of G and C content.<ref name=":3" /> Its genome includes a duplicate of the 16S-23S rRNA operon, as well as a distinct [[5S ribosomal RNA|5S rRNA]] gene.<ref name=":3" /> Across the genome, there are 42 [[Transfer RNA|tRNA]] genes, nine of which include [[intron]]s.<ref name=":3" /> Through similarity searches and coding potential predictions, 1,385 potential [[protein-coding]] genes were identified, with an average length of 829 [[nucleotide]]s per gene.<ref name=":3" /> This ultimately resulted in an 87.1% [[protein-coding]] genes coverage of the entire ''F. fontis'' genome.<ref name=":3" /> |
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== Ecology == |
== Ecology == |
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The ''F. fontis'' Kam940<sup>T</sup> and Kam1507b strains were derived from areas with temperatures ranging from 75 |
The ''F. fontis'' Kam940<sup>T</sup> and Kam1507b strains were derived from areas with temperatures ranging from {{cvt|75|and|80|C}} and pH levels of 6.5 and 6.3, respectively.<ref name=":2" /> Further analysis using [[Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis]] (DGGE) identified Fervidicoccaceae in enrichment cultures from Uzon Caldera, demonstrating their ability to grow at high temperatures ({{cvt|68|–|77|C}}) and a pH range of 6.4–7.0 on various polymeric [[Substrate (chemistry)|substrates]].<ref name=":2" /> Sampling of environmental DNA uncovered the presence of Fervidicoccaceae in various hot springs around the world.<ref name=":2" /> These findings show that the 16S [[ribosomal RNA]] sequences of these organisms share a 94-95% 16S similarity to that of ''F. fontis'', indicating ''F. fontis'''s widespread distribution and [[Ecology|ecological]] adaptability.<ref name=":2" /> |
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== Significance == |
== Significance == |
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The demand for new [[ |
The demand for new [[lipase]]s and lipid-consuming microorganisms is growing, presenting a challenge for biotechnology and [[microbiology]].<ref name=":1" /> ''F. fontis'' has the capability to hydrolyze lipid substrates; therefore, it finds application in various industries such as wastewater treatment, the creation of refined products like pharmaceuticals, [[ester]]s, and amino acids, as well as in the manufacture of [[biodiesel]], [[biopolymer]]s, [[cleaning product]]s, [[cosmetics]], [[paper]], [[leather]], and [[food product]]s.<ref name=":1" /> The difficulty in isolating and sustaining pure archaeal cultures has constrained scientific knowledge of these microorganisms, as previously, only ''[[Thermococcus sibiricus]]'' was recognized for its lipid growth capabilities.<ref name=":1" /> Therefore, this new finding broadens the understanding of the ecological capabilities of the ''Fervidicoccus'' genus.<ref name=":1" /> ''F. fontis'', with its small genome size compared to many other free-living thermophiles, may share [[ecological niche]]s with other thermophilic bacteria and outcompete them, suggesting that it may be advantageous in competitive environments.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rampelotto |first=Pabulo Henrique |date=2013-08-07 |title=Extremophiles and Extreme Environments |journal=Life |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=482–485 |doi=10.3390/life3030482 |doi-access=free |issn=2075-1729 |pmc=4187170 |pmid=25369817|bibcode=2013Life....3..482R }}</ref> ''F. fontis'' may also have [[antioxidant]] capabilities due to the presence of [[superoxide reductase]], which can reduce [[oxidative]] damage and potentially decrease disease risk, highlighting its medical importance.<ref name=":3" /> The presence of a superoxide reductase gene in ''F. fontis'' highlights its function in superoxide [[detoxification]], further contributing to antioxidant [[defense mechanism]]s.<ref name=":3" /> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist|30en}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from1=Q12621708|from2=Q16636083|from3=Q12621707|from4=Q16636088}} |
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[[Category:Thermoproteota]] |
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Latest revision as of 01:08, 11 December 2024
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| Fervidicoccus | |
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Archaea |
| Kingdom: | Proteoarchaeota |
| Superphylum: | TACK group |
| Phylum: | Thermoproteota |
| Class: | Thermoprotei |
| Order: | Fervidicoccales Perevalova et al., 2010[4] |
| Family: | Fervidicoccaceae Perevalova et al., 2010[3] |
| Genus: | Fervidicoccus Perevalova et al., 2010[2] |
| Species: | F. fontis
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| Binomial name | |
| Fervidicoccus fontis Perevalova et al., 2010[1]
| |
Fervidicoccus fontis is an extremophilic, coccus-shaped archaeaon known for thriving in high-temperature environments.[5][6] It was discovered in Russia's Uzon Caldera and exhibits anaerobic, organotrophic metabolism, primarily fermenting organic compounds such as peptides and yeast extract.[7][8] F. fontis is genetically distinct, sharing no more than 89% of its genetic material with its closest relatives.[6] It is the sole species within the order Fervidicoccales and genus Fervidicoccus, although ongoing research suggests potential new species.[9][7] It plays a significant role in biotechnological applications due to its lipid-hydrolyzing capabilities, contributing to industries ranging from wastewater treatment to pharmaceuticals.[9]
Scientific Classification
[edit]Taxonomy
[edit]F. fontis belongs to the Archaea domain and falls within the Crenarchaeota phylum.[clarification needed][6][9] Organisms within this phylum are known for their extremophilic nature, enabling them to survive in severe environments such as extreme heat, cold, or acidity.[5] The class Thermoprotei includes thermophiles,[10] among which F. fontis is a notable example.[6] Thermophiles are characterized by their ability to survive in environments with high temperatures, with optimal growth at a temperature range of 65–70 °C (149–158 °F).[6] Typically, thermophilic organisms are found in terrestrial and marine springs situated in volcanic areas or close to hydrothermal vents.[11] F. fontis is classified within the order Fervidicoccales, the family Fervidicoccaceae, and the genus Fervidicoccus.[6][9] The strains Kam940T and 1507b were isolated and used to identify the organism, leading to the creation of a new genus and species.[6] Currently, F. fontis is the only species identified within the order Fervidicoccales.[9] However, strain Kam1884, isolated from Uzon Caldera, displays about 96% similarity in the 16S RNA sequence to F. fontis Kam940T, indicating a possible new species within the Fervidicoccus genus.[7]
Relatives
[edit]Phylogenetic trees were constructed to explore the evolutionary relationships of F. fontis, revealing its unique phylogenetic position while also illustrating its proximity to certain other species.[8] This analysis combined sequencing data from 30 ribosomal proteins, the alpha and beta components of RNA polymerase, and 23S rRNA genes.[8] F. fontis is genetically distinct within the Thermoprotei class, sharing less than 89% genetic identity with its members, which establishes it as the only known species within the Fervidicoccales order.[6][9] This distinctness underscores its relatively distant evolutionary connections within the Thermoprotei class.[6] However, notable relatives include Ignisphaera aggregans, Caldisphaera lagunensis, Acidilobus saccharovorans, and Desulfurococcus kamchatkensis.[8] F. fontis is distinguished from its relatives due to its unique set of traits, including at least 25% unique protein-encoding genes and an absence of extracellular hydrolases, with the exception of proteases.[8]
Discovery and isolation
[edit]The discovery of F. fontis was initiated through a prepared anaerobic basal medium, aimed at fostering the growth of microorganisms in extreme environments.[7] Samples were collected from thermal springs within Russia's Uzon Caldera.[7] The medium in which the samples were obtained had a pH adjusted to 6.0-6.5 and included 1mg of resazurin, 1mL of trace element and vitamin solutions, and 0.2 g of yeast extract.[7] This was then transferred into tubes which were sealed with butyl rubber stoppers to maintain an anaerobic environment of 80% N2 and 20% CO2.[7] The method for isolating strains Kam940T and Kam 1507b involved the incubation of a 10% inoculum, sourced from a blend of sediment and water at 70 °C (158 °F).[7] This incubation also included the addition of chitin or β-keratin as polymeric substrates at a 2 g l-1 concentration.[7] Kam940T was isolated in a basal medium with peptone with 1.5% agar, whereas Kam1507b was obtained through serial dilution in a medium enriched with peptone.[7] Within 3-5 days, this approach successfully isolated organisms with coccoid cells, marking the discovery of unique Fervidicoccus strains: Kam940T and Kam1507b.[7] The purity of these isolated strains was confirmed through phase-contrast microscopy, which revealed that the strains consisted entirely of single cocci cells, ultimately demonstrating effective isolation and the discovery of a new species.[7]
Morphology
[edit]F. fontis is characterized by its coccus-shaped cellular morphology and lack of motility due to its absence of a flagellum.[6] Its cell envelope consists of a cell membrane formed by a layer of protein subunits.[6] The dimensions of these cells can vary, with their lengths and widths ranging between 1-3 μm.[6]
Metabolism
[edit]F. fontis, an obligate anaerobic organotroph, primarily derives its energy from the fermentation of various organic compounds.[8] It uses metabolites such as beef extract, peptone, and yeast extract for fermentation purposes, growing to densities greater than 107 cells mL-1.[6] F. fontis shows optimal growth when cultivated with peptides and 20 mg/L yeast extract between 65 °C and 70 °C and a pH of 5.5-6.0.[6] Additionally, F. fontis is capable of reducing sulfur to H2S.[7] The genome of F. fontis encodes 45 peptidases that facilitate protein and peptide hydrolysis as well as amino acid catabolism, which are essential processes for the transport of oligopeptides and free amino acids into cells.[8][12] Pyruvate catabolism is also assumed to be present as an intermediate product from alanine metabolism.[8] Pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase facilitates the production of acetyl-CoA, CO2, and reduced ferredoxin.[8] Subsequently, acetyl-CoA is transformed into acetate, generating ATP in a reaction carried out by acetyl-CoA synthetases.[8] Despite its metabolic versatility, F. fontis lacks complete pathways for carbohydrate catabolism.[8] This is evidenced by the lack of genes typically found in organisms capable of breaking down carbohydrates, such as glycoside hydrolases, polysaccharide lyases, or carbohydrate esterases.[8]
Genomics
[edit]The chromosome of F. fontis is circular, as determined through comprehensive genome sequencing and analysis, and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) verification of regions with insertion sequence elements.[8] It consists of 1,319,216 base pairs with a 37.5% average of G and C content.[8] Its genome includes a duplicate of the 16S-23S rRNA operon, as well as a distinct 5S rRNA gene.[8] Across the genome, there are 42 tRNA genes, nine of which include introns.[8] Through similarity searches and coding potential predictions, 1,385 potential protein-coding genes were identified, with an average length of 829 nucleotides per gene.[8] This ultimately resulted in an 87.1% protein-coding genes coverage of the entire F. fontis genome.[8]
Ecology
[edit]The F. fontis Kam940T and Kam1507b strains were derived from areas with temperatures ranging from 75 and 80 °C (167 and 176 °F) and pH levels of 6.5 and 6.3, respectively.[7] Further analysis using Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) identified Fervidicoccaceae in enrichment cultures from Uzon Caldera, demonstrating their ability to grow at high temperatures (68–77 °C (154–171 °F)) and a pH range of 6.4–7.0 on various polymeric substrates.[7] Sampling of environmental DNA uncovered the presence of Fervidicoccaceae in various hot springs around the world.[7] These findings show that the 16S ribosomal RNA sequences of these organisms share a 94-95% 16S similarity to that of F. fontis, indicating F. fontis's widespread distribution and ecological adaptability.[7]
Significance
[edit]The demand for new lipases and lipid-consuming microorganisms is growing, presenting a challenge for biotechnology and microbiology.[9] F. fontis has the capability to hydrolyze lipid substrates; therefore, it finds application in various industries such as wastewater treatment, the creation of refined products like pharmaceuticals, esters, and amino acids, as well as in the manufacture of biodiesel, biopolymers, cleaning products, cosmetics, paper, leather, and food products.[9] The difficulty in isolating and sustaining pure archaeal cultures has constrained scientific knowledge of these microorganisms, as previously, only Thermococcus sibiricus was recognized for its lipid growth capabilities.[9] Therefore, this new finding broadens the understanding of the ecological capabilities of the Fervidicoccus genus.[9] F. fontis, with its small genome size compared to many other free-living thermophiles, may share ecological niches with other thermophilic bacteria and outcompete them, suggesting that it may be advantageous in competitive environments.[8][13] F. fontis may also have antioxidant capabilities due to the presence of superoxide reductase, which can reduce oxidative damage and potentially decrease disease risk, highlighting its medical importance.[8] The presence of a superoxide reductase gene in F. fontis highlights its function in superoxide detoxification, further contributing to antioxidant defense mechanisms.[8]
References
[edit]- ^ "Fervidicoccus fontis Perevalova et al., 2010". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
- ^ "Fervidicoccus Perevalova et al., 2010". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
- ^ IRMNG (2024). "Fervidicoccaceae Perevalova et al., 2010". Retrieved 30 April 2024.
- ^ IRMNG (2024). "Fervidicoccales". Retrieved 30 April 2024.
- ^ a b Aslam, Mehwish; Rashid, Naeem (2022-01-01), Kuddus, Mohammed (ed.), "Chapter 18 - Bioenergy production in extremophiles", Microbial Extremozymes, Academic Press, pp. 231–246, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822945-3.00014-2, ISBN 978-0-12-822945-3, retrieved 2024-04-07
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Perevalova, Anna A.; Bidzhieva, Salima Kh.; Kublanov, Ilya V.; Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe; Liu, Xiaolei L.; Mardanov, Andrey V.; Lebedinsky, Alexander V.; Bonch-Osmolovskaya, Elizaveta A. (2010). "Fervidicoccus fontis gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, thermophilic crenarchaeote from terrestrial hot springs, and proposal of Fervidicoccaceae fam. nov. and Fervidicoccales ord. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 60 (9): 2082–2088. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.019042-0. ISSN 1466-5034. PMID 19837732.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Perevalova, Anna; Lebedinsky, Alexander; Bonch-Osmolovskaya, Elizaveta (2014), Rosenberg, Eugene; DeLong, Edward F.; Lory, Stephen; Stackebrandt, Erko (eds.), "The Family Fervidicoccaceae", The Prokaryotes: Other Major Lineages of Bacteria and The Archaea, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 35–40, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38954-2_335, ISBN 978-3-642-38954-2, retrieved 2024-04-07
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Lebedinsky, Alexander V.; Mardanov, Andrey V.; Kublanov, Ilya V.; Gumerov, Vadim M.; Beletsky, Alexey V.; Perevalova, Anna A.; Bidzhieva, Salima Kh.; Bonch-Osmolovskaya, Elizaveta A.; Skryabin, Konstantin G.; Ravin, Nikolai V. (2014-03-01). "Analysis of the complete genome of Fervidococcus fontis confirms the distinct phylogenetic position of the order Fervidicoccales and suggests its environmental function". Extremophiles. 18 (2): 295–309. doi:10.1007/s00792-013-0616-7. ISSN 1433-4909. PMID 24366681.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Karaseva, A. I.; Elcheninov, A. G.; Perevalova, A. A.; Zayulina, K. S.; Kochetkova, T. V.; Kublanov, I. V. (2021-07-01). "Fervidicoccus fontis Strain 3639Fd, the First Crenarchaeon Capable of Growth on Lipids". Microbiology. 90 (4): 435–442. doi:10.1134/S002626172104007X. ISSN 1608-3237.
- ^ Laemthong, Tunyaboon; Lewis, April M.; Crosby, James R.; Bing, Ryan G.; Schneider, William H.; Willard, Daniel J.; Counts, James A.; Kelly, Robert M. (2022-01-01), Arora, Naveen Kumar; Agnihotri, Shekhar; Mishra, Jitendra (eds.), "Chapter 2 - Enzymes from extremely thermophilic bacteria and archaea: current status and future prospects", Extremozymes and Their Industrial Applications, Academic Press, pp. 41–84, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90274-8.00004-6, ISBN 978-0-323-90274-8, retrieved 2024-04-07
- ^ Canganella, Francesco; Wiegel, Juergen (2014-02-26). "Anaerobic Thermophiles". Life. 4 (1): 77–104. Bibcode:2014Life....4...77C. doi:10.3390/life4010077. ISSN 2075-1729. PMC 4187147. PMID 25370030.
- ^ Torres, Nimbe; Tobón-Cornejo, Sandra; Velazquez-Villegas, Laura A.; Noriega, Lilia G.; Alemán-Escondrillas, Gabriela; Tovar, Armando R. (2023-07-29). "Amino Acid Catabolism: An Overlooked Area of Metabolism". Nutrients. 15 (15): 3378. doi:10.3390/nu15153378. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 10421169. PMID 37571315.
- ^ Rampelotto, Pabulo Henrique (2013-08-07). "Extremophiles and Extreme Environments". Life. 3 (3): 482–485. Bibcode:2013Life....3..482R. doi:10.3390/life3030482. ISSN 2075-1729. PMC 4187170. PMID 25369817.
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