Magar language: Difference between revisions

Magar
Magar
मगर ढुट‎ (magar ḍhuṭ)
Native to	Nepal, India
Region	Nepal; significant communities in Bhutan; Sikkim; Assam and Darjeeling district of India
Ethnicity	2.0 million Magar (2021 census of Nepal)
Native speakers	810,000 (2001–2006)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Himalayish Mahakiranti Magaric Magar; ; ; ; ;
Writing system	Akkha script (official), Devanagari, Latin script
Official status
Official language in	India Sikkim (additional);
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either:; mgp – Eastern Magar; mrd – Western Magar
Glottolog	maga1261
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 08:35, 1 December 2024

Magar Dhut (Nepali: मगर ढुट, Nepali: [ɖʱuʈ]) is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken mainly in Nepal, southern Bhutan, and in Darjeeling, Assam and Sikkim, India, by the Magar people. It is divided into two groups (Eastern and Western) and further dialect divisions give distinct tribal identity.^[3] In Nepal 810,000 people speak the language.

While the government of Nepal developed Magar language curricula, as provisioned by the constitution, the teaching materials have never successfully reached Magar schools, where most school instruction is in the Nepali language.^[4] It is not unusual for groups with their own language to feel that the "mother-tongue" is an essential part of identity.

The Dhut Magar language is sometimes lumped with the Magar Kham language spoken further west in Bheri, Dhaulagiri, and Rapti zones. Although the two languages share many common words, they have major structural differences and are not mutually intelligible.^[5]

Geographical distribution

Western Magar

Western Magar (dialects: Palpa and Syangja) is spoken in the following districts of Nepal (Ethnologue).

Lumbini Province: Palpa District
Gandaki Province: Syangja District, and a small part of the Tanahun District (west of the Bagmati River)
Small border area in Gandaki Province: Parbat District
Scattered throughout Karnali Province: especially in Surkhet District, Jajarkot District, and Dailekh District

Eastern Magar

Eastern Magar (dialects: Gorkha, Nawalparasi, and Tanahu) is spoken in the following districts of Nepal (Ethnologue).

Zone 1: central mountains of Nepal east of the Bagmati River
- Gandaki Province: Tanahun District and southern Gorkha District
- Lumbini Province: Palpa District Kapilvastu District and Nawalparasi District
- Small border area in Bagmati Province: Dhading District
Zone 2: eastern Nepal
- Sindhuli District, Bagmati Province
- Okhaldhunga District, Koshi Province
- Udayapur District, Koshi Province
- Scattered communities in central Koshi Province, Dhankuta District, Bhojpur and southern Koshi Province, Ilam District, Jhapa District
- Southern Bhutan

India

Sikkim (Magar language is one of the additional official language)
Darjeeling district and Kalimpong district of West Bengal
Golaghat district, Sonitpur district and Tinsukia district districts of Assam
Some parts of Manipur

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar		Palatal	Velar	Glottal
		Labial	Dental	plain	sibilant	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	voiceless	p	t̪*	t	t͡s		k	(ʔ)
	aspirated	pʰ	t̪ʰ*	tʰ	t͡sʰ		kʰ
	voiced	b	d̪*	d	d͡z		ɡ
	murmured	bʱ	d̪ʱ*	dʱ	d͡zʱ		ɡʱ
Fricative	voiceless				s			h
Fricative	voiced							ɦ
Nasal	voiced	m		n			ŋ
Nasal	murmured	mʱ		nʱ			ŋʱ
Lateral	voiced			l
Lateral	murmured			lʱ
Approximant	voiced	w		ɹ		j
Approximant	murmured	wʱ		ɹʱ		jʱ

*-only occur in the Tanahu dialect.

/ʔ/ is only a marginal phoneme.^[6]

Phoneme	Allophones
/p/	[p̚]
/pʰ/	[ɸ]
/t/	[tʲ], [t̚], [ʈ]
/tʰ/	[θ]
/d/	[dʲ], [ɖ], [ɽ]
/k/	[kʲ], [k̚]
/kʰ/	[x]
/ɡ/	[ɡʲ]
/t͡s/	[t͡ʃ]
/t͡sʰ/	[t͡ʃʰ]
/dz/	[dʒ]
/d͡zʱ/	[d͡ʒʱ]
/s/	[ʃ]
/h/	[ɦ]
/n/	[nʲ]
/ŋ/	[ŋʲ]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e		o
Mid			ʌ
Open		a

Diphthongs
/ia/
/iu/
/ei/
/eu/
/aɪ/
/au/
/oi/

^[6]

Phoneme	Allophones
/i/	[i] [ɪ] [i̤] [i̤ː] [ĩ]
/e/	[e] [ɛ] [ẽ] [e̤] [e̤ː]
/a/	[ä] [æ] [ä̃] [äˑ] [ä̤] [ä̤ː]
/u/	[u] [ʊ] [u̟] [ṳ] [ṳː] [ũ]
/ʌ/	[ʌ] [ə] [ə̃] [ʌ̤] [ʌ̃]
/o/	[o] [o̟] [õ] [oˑ] [o̤] [o̤ː]

References

^ ^a ^b Eastern Magar at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
Western Magar at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
^ "50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). 16 July 2014. p. 109. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
^ "The Eastern Magar of Nepal". Archived from the original on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2007.
^ B. K. Rana. "Mother Tongue Education for Social Inclusion and Conflict Resolution". Appeals, News and Views from Endangered Communities. Foundation for Endangered Languages. Archived from the original on 16 February 2003. Retrieved 12 September 2007.
^ Kansakar, Tej R. (July 1993). "The Tibeto-Burman Languages of Nepal - A General Survey" (PDF). Contributions to Nepalese Studies. 20 (2): 165–173. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
^ ^a ^b Grunow-Hårsta, Karen A. (2008). A descriptive grammar of two Magar dialects of Nepal: Tanahu and Syangja Magar. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. pp. 32–67.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

External links

[e27-1] Eastern Magar at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
Western Magar at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)

[langoff-2] "50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). 16 July 2014. p. 109. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2016.

[dialect2-3] "The Eastern Magar of Nepal". Archived from the original on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2007.

[government-4] B. K. Rana. "Mother Tongue Education for Social Inclusion and Conflict Resolution". Appeals, News and Views from Endangered Communities. Foundation for Endangered Languages. Archived from the original on 16 February 2003. Retrieved 12 September 2007.

[5] Kansakar, Tej R. (July 1993). "The Tibeto-Burman Languages of Nepal - A General Survey" (PDF). Contributions to Nepalese Studies. 20 (2): 165–173. Retrieved 7 December 2020.

[:0-6] Grunow-Hårsta, Karen A. (2008). A descriptive grammar of two Magar dialects of Nepal: Tanahu and Syangja Magar. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. pp. 32–67.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language of Nepal, Bhutan and India}}
-{{Hatnote|Not to be confused with the Magyar language, known in English as [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]}}
+{{Distinguish|text=the Magyar language, known in English as [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
 {{Infobox language
 | name             = Magar
-| altname          = Magars
+| altname          =
 | nativename       = मगर ढुट‎ (magar ḍhuṭ)
-| states           = [[Nepal]], [[India]]
+| states           = [[Languages of Nepal|Nepal]], [[Languages of India|India]]
 | region           = [[Nepal]]; significant communities in [[Bhutan]]; [[Sikkim]]; [[Assam]] and [[Darjeeling district]] of [[India]]
 | ethnicity        = {{sigfig|2.000000|2}} million [[Magar people|Magar]] (2021 census of Nepal)<ref name=e27/>
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 | fam5             = [[Magaric languages|Magaric]]
 | script           = Akkha script (official), [[Devanagari]], [[Latin script]]
-| nation           =
+| nation           = {{flag|India}}
+* [[Sikkim]] (additional)<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |page=109 |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |date=16 July 2014 |access-date=6 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102211909/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf|archive-date=2 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-{{Flag|Nepal}}
-* [[Gandaki Province]] (additional official)<ref name="langcomreport">{{cite web |title=सरकारी कामकाजको भाषाका आधारहरूको निर्धारण तथा भाषासम्बन्धी सिफारिसहरू (पञ्चवर्षीय प्रतिवेदन- साराांश) २०७८ |url=https://languagecommission.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE.pdf |website=Language Commission |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906171816/https://languagecommission.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-* [[Karnali Province]] (additional official)<ref name="langcomreport">{{cite web |title=सरकारी कामकाजको भाषाका आधारहरूको निर्धारण तथा भाषासम्बन्धी सिफारिसहरू (पञ्चवर्षीय प्रतिवेदन- साराांश) २०७८ |url=https://languagecommission.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE.pdf |website=Language Commission |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906171816/https://languagecommission.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-{{flag|India}}
-* [[Sikkim]] (additional official)<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |page=109 |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |date=16 July 2014 |access-date=6 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102211909/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf|archive-date=2 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-| minority = {{Flag|Bhutan}}<ref name="dialect2">{{cite web|title=The Eastern Magar of Nepal|url=http://www.global12project.com/2004/profiles/p_code2/974.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318061151/http://www.global12project.com/2004/profiles/p_code2/974.html|archive-date=2007-03-18|access-date=2007-09-12}}</ref>
-| map              =
-| mapcaption      = Languages map of Nepal (Magar language spoken in purple area)
-| map2             =
-| mapcaption2      = Languages map of Sikkim (Magar language spoken in orange area)
 | lc1              = mgp
 | ld1              = Eastern Magar
@@ Line 36: / Line 27: @@
 | glottorefname    = Magar
 | notice           = IPA
-| map = Largest_Ethnicity-Caste_in_Nepal%27s_District.png
-| mapcaption = Magar speaking district in Nepal.
-Magar dominantly spoken (in orange) according to the largest ethnicity in Nepal
 }}
+'''Magar Dhut''' ({{langx|ne|मगर ढुट}}, {{IPA-ne|ɖʱuʈ|lang}}) is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan language]] spoken mainly in [[Nepal]], southern [[Bhutan]], and in [[Darjeeling]], [[Assam]] and [[Sikkim]], [[India]], by the [[Magars|Magar people]]. It is divided into two groups (Eastern and Western) and further dialect divisions give distinct tribal identity.<ref name="dialect2">{{cite web|title=The Eastern Magar of Nepal|url=http://www.global12project.com/2004/profiles/p_code2/974.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318061151/http://www.global12project.com/2004/profiles/p_code2/974.html|archive-date=2007-03-18|access-date=2007-09-12}}</ref> In Nepal 810,000 people speak the language.
-The '''Magar language''' or '''Magar ḍhuṭ''' ({{lang-ne|मगर ढुट}}, {{IPA-ne|ɖʱuʈ|lang}}) is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan language]] spoken mainly in [[Nepal]], southern [[Bhutan]], and in [[Darjeeling]], [[Assam]] and [[Sikkim]], [[India]], by the [[Magars|Magar people]]. It is divided into two groups (Eastern and Western) and further dialect divisions give distinct tribal identity.<ref name="dialect2">{{cite web|title=The Eastern Magar of Nepal|url=http://www.global12project.com/2004/profiles/p_code2/974.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318061151/http://www.global12project.com/2004/profiles/p_code2/974.html|archive-date=2007-03-18|access-date=2007-09-12}}</ref> In Nepal 810,000 people speak the language. Despite Magars not having a state for its own country the Magar language is an additional official language in [[Gandaki Province]] and [[Karnali Province]]<ref name="langcomreport">{{cite web |title=सरकारी कामकाजको भाषाका आधारहरूको निर्धारण तथा भाषासम्बन्धी सिफारिसहरू (पञ्चवर्षीय प्रतिवेदन- साराांश) २०७८ |url=https://languagecommission.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE.pdf |website=Language Commission |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906171816/https://languagecommission.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> of Nepal and the Indian state of [[Sikkim]].<ref name="langcomreport">{{cite web |title=सरकारी कामकाजको भाषाका आधारहरूको निर्धारण तथा भाषासम्बन्धी सिफारिसहरू (पञ्चवर्षीय प्रतिवेदन- साराांश) २०७८ |url=https://languagecommission.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE.pdf |website=Language Commission |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906171816/https://languagecommission.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |page=109 |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |date=16 July 2014 |access-date=6 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102211909/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf|archive-date=2 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 While the government of Nepal developed Magar language curricula, as provisioned by the constitution, the teaching materials have never successfully reached Magar schools, where most school instruction is in the [[Nepali language]].<ref name=government>{{cite web |url=http://www.ogmios.org/204.htm |title=Mother Tongue Education for Social Inclusion and Conflict Resolution |author=B. K. Rana |publisher=Foundation for Endangered Languages |access-date=2007-09-12 |work=Appeals, News and Views from Endangered Communities |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030216230828/http://www.ogmios.org/204.htm |archive-date=2003-02-16 }}</ref> It is not unusual for groups with their own language to feel that the "mother-tongue" is an essential part of identity.

v t e Greater Magaric languages
Magaric	Magar Kham
Chepangic	Chepang Bhujel
Raji-Raute	Raji Raute Rawat
Dura	Dura Tandrange

Authority control databases
National	Israel
Other	IdRef