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{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{redirect|Ptynx|text=This is also an invalid name for the bird genus [[Anhinga]] and the [[net-winged insect]] genus [[Neuroptynx]]}}
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{{Automatic taxobox
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Strix'' (genus)}}
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{{Automatic Taxobox
| name = ''Strix'' owls
| name = ''Strix'' owls
| fossil_range = [[Early Miocene]] to recent
| fossil_range = [[Early Miocene]] to recent
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| taxon = Strix
| taxon = Strix
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| type_species = ''[[Tawny owl|Strix stridula]]''<ref name=HM4>{{cite web |url= https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=72 |title= Strigidae |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= aviansystematics.org |publisher= The Trust for Avian Systematics |access-date= 2023-07-26}}</ref> = ''Strix aluco''
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| type_species_authority = [[Linnaeus]], 1758
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| subdivision =
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
Some 15, see text.
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| subdivision = See text.
| synonyms =
| synonyms = ''Ciccaba'' <small>Wagler, 1832</small><br />
''Macabra'' <small>Bonaparte, 1854</small><br />
''Myrtha'' <small>Bonaparte, 1854</small><br />
''Nyctimene'' <small>Heine & Reichenow, 1890</small><br />
''Ptynx'' <small>[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1840</small><br />
''Ptynx'' <small>[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1840</small><br />
''Stryx'' <small>Pallas, 1771 (unjustified emendation)</small>
''Stryx'' <small>Pallas, 1771 (unjustified emendation)</small><br />
''Tybo'' <small>Heine, 1890</small><br />
''Tyto'' <small>Heine & Reichenow, 1890</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=IRMNG - Strix Linnaeus, 1758 |url=https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1042060 |website=www.irmng.org}}</ref>
}}
}}
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'''''Strix''''' is a [[genus]] of [[owl]]s in the [[True owl|typical owl family (Strigidae)]], one of the two generally accepted living families of owls, with the other being the [[barn-owl]] (Tytonidae). Common names are '''earless owls''' or '''wood owls''', though they are not the only owls without ear tufts, and "wood owl" is also used as a more generic name for forest-living owls. Neotropical birds in the genus ''[[Ciccaba]]'' are sometimes included in ''Strix''.


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'''''Strix''''' is a [[genus]] of [[owl]]s in the [[True owl|typical owl family (Strigidae)]], one of the two generally accepted living families of owls, with the other being [[Tytonidae]]. Common names are '''earless owls''' or '''wood owls''', though they are not the only owls without [[ear tuft]]s, and "[[Strix (genus)|wood owl]]" is also used as a more generic name for forest-dwelling owls.
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These are medium-sized to largish, robustly built, and powerful owls. They do not have ear tufts and most are highly [[nocturnal]] woodland [[bird]]s. Most live on small [[mammal]]s, birds, and [[reptiles]].


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These are medium-sized to large, robustly built, powerful owls. They do not have ear tufts and most are highly [[nocturnal]] woodland birds. Most prey on small [[mammal]]s, birds, and [[reptiles]].
Most owls in the ''Strix'' genus vocalise through hooting and lack visible ears - this is how they are distinguished from other genera of owls.


Most owls in the genus ''Strix'' can be distinguished from other [[Genus|genera]] of owls through their hooting [[Bird vocalization|vocalization]] and lack of visible ears.
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The [[Latin]] genus name ''Strix'' referred to a [[Strix_(mythology)|legendary, vampiric owl-monster believed to suck the blood of infants.]]<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page = 368}}</ref> Although the genus ''Strix'' was established for the earless owls by [[Linnaeus]] in 1758, until the late 19th century, many authors applied it to other owls – namely the ''[[Tyto]]'' barn-owls.<ref name="mil">Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): [http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf ''Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe'']. Ninox Press, Prague.<!-- This should be treated with extreme caution as regards merging of species. Splits are usually good though. See also critical review in Auk121:623-627 here http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200404/ai_n9396879 -->
p.217</ref>


⚫
The [[Latin]] genus name ''Strix'' referred to a [[Strix (mythology)|mythical vampiric owl-monster]] believed to suck the blood of infants.<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page = [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n368 368]}}</ref> Although the genus ''Strix'' was established for the earless owls by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in 1758, many applied the term to other owls (namely the ''[[Tyto]]'') until the late 19th century.<ref name="mil">Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): [http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf ''Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520101755/http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf |date=2011-05-20 }}. Ninox Press, Prague.<!-- This should be treated with extreme caution as regards merging of species. Splits are usually good though. See also critical review in Auk121:623-627 here http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200404/ai_n9396879 -->
==Species in taxonomic order==
p.217</ref> This genus is closely related to the extinct Ornimegalonyx.

==Taxonomy==
The genus ''Strix'' was introduced by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=92 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/764490 }}</ref> The [[type species]] is the [[tawny owl]].<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1940 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=4 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=156 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14476627 }}</ref> The genus name is a [[Latin]] word meaning "owl".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=368 }}</ref>

Some [[Neotropical]] species were formerly classified in a separate genus, ''Ciccaba'', which was eventually merged based on the placement of its type species, ''[[Strix huhula]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=ITIS - Report: Ciccaba |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=553760#null |website=www.itis.gov}}</ref>

==Species==
The genus contains 22 species:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2021 | title=Owls | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/owls/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=24 May 2021 }}</ref>
* [[Spotted wood owl]], ''S. seloputo''
* [[Spotted wood owl]], ''S. seloputo''
* [[Mottled wood owl]], ''S. ocellata''
* [[Mottled wood owl]], ''S. ocellata''
* [[Brown wood owl]], ''S. leptogrammica''
* [[Brown wood owl]], ''S. leptogrammica''
** Bartels's wood owl or Javan wood owl, ''S. (leptogrammica) bartelsi''
** Himalayan wood owl, ''S. (leptogrammica) newarensis''
* [[Tawny owl]], ''S. aluco''
* [[Tawny owl]], ''S. aluco''
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* [[Maghreb owl]], ''S. mauritanica''
* [[Himalayan owl]], ''S. nivicolum''
* [[Himalayan owl]], ''S. nivicolum''
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* [[Desert owl]], ''S. hadorami''
* [[Omani owl]], ''S. butleri''<ref name=ToO>{{cite news|title=Owl discovered in 2013 named Omani Owl|url=http://timesofoman.com/article/69030/Oman/IOC-World-Bird-List-include-Omani-Owl-name-for-Owl-discovered-in-Oman-in-2013-by-Magnus-Robb-named|accessdate=7 October 2015|publisher=Times of Oman|date=5 October 2015}}</ref>
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* [[Omani owl]], ''S. butleri''
* [[Desert owl]], ''S. hadorami'' <ref name=ToO /><ref>[http://www.sci-news.com/biology/science-desert-tawny-owl-strix-hadorami-new-species-bird-02432.html Desert Tawny Owl: New Species of Bird Discovered]</ref>
[[File:brown wood owl arp.jpg|thumb|right|Brown wood-owl ''Strix leptogrammica'']]
* [[Spotted owl]], ''S. occidentalis''
* [[Spotted owl]], ''S. occidentalis''
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** [[Northern spotted owl]], ''S. o. caurina''
** California [[spotted owl]], ''S. o. occidentalis''
* [[Barred owl]], ''S. varia''
* [[Barred owl]], ''S. varia''
* [[Cinereous owl]], ''S. sartorii''
* [[Cinereous owl]], ''S. sartorii''
* [[Fulvous owl]], ''S. fulvescens''
* [[Fulvous owl]], ''S. fulvescens''
* [[Rusty-barred owl]], ''S. hylophila''
* [[Rusty-barred owl]], ''S. hylophila''
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* [[Rufous-legged owl]], ''S. rufipes''
* [[Chaco owl]], ''S. chacoensis''
* [[Chaco owl]], ''S. chacoensis''
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* [[Rufous-legged owl]], ''S. rufipes''
* [[Ural owl]], ''S. uralensis''
* [[Ural owl]], ''S. uralensis''
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* [[Père David's owl]], ''S. davidi''
* [[Great grey owl]], ''S. nebulosa''
* [[Great grey owl]], ''S. nebulosa''
* [[African wood owl]], ''S. woodfordii''
* [[African wood owl]], ''S. woodfordii''
* [[Mottled owl]], ''S. virgata''
The following are sometimes included in the genus ''[[Ciccaba]]''.
* [[Mottled owl]], ''Strix virgata''
* [[Black-and-white owl]], ''S. nigrolineata''
* [[Black-and-white owl]], ''Strix nigrolineata''
* [[Black-banded owl]], ''S. huhula''
* [[Black-banded owl]], ''Strix huhula''
* [[Rufous-banded owl]], ''S. albitarsis''
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* [[Rufous-banded owl]], ''Strix albitarsis''


===Fossil species===
===Fossil species===
Line 62: Line 69:
*''Strix'' sp. (Late Pliocene of Rębielice Królewski, Poland) apparently similar to the [[great grey owl]]<ref name="mil" />
*''Strix'' sp. (Late Pliocene of Rębielice Królewski, Poland) apparently similar to the [[great grey owl]]<ref name="mil" />
*''Strix intermedia'' (Early - Middle Pleistocene of EC Europe) – may be paleosubspecies of ''S. aluco''<!-- Sylvia38:19 -->
*''Strix intermedia'' (Early - Middle Pleistocene of EC Europe) – may be paleosubspecies of ''S. aluco''<!-- Sylvia38:19 -->
*''Strix brea'' (Late Pleistocene of SW North America)<!-- Condor26:220; Condor35:66; Condor49:10 -->
*''Strix brea'' (Late Pleistocene of SW North America) Now placed in its own genus. (See below)
*
*''Strix'' sp. (Late Pleistocene of Ladds, USA)
*''Strix'' sp. (Late Pleistocene of Ladds, USA)


''"Strix" wintershofensis'' (Early/Middle Miocene of Wintershof West, Germany) and ''"Strix" edwardsi'' (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France), while being strigid owls, have not at present been reliably identified to genus; they might also belong into the European ''Ninox''-like group.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}
''"Strix" wintershofensis'' (Early/Middle Miocene of Wintershof West, Germany) and ''"Strix" edwardsi'' (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France), while being strigid owls, have not at present been reliably identified to genus; they might also belong into the European ''Ninox''-like group.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}


''"Strix" ignota'' (Middle Miocene of Sansan, France) is sometimes erroneously considered a ''[[nomen nudum]]'', but this assumption is based on what appears to be a ''[[lapsus]]'' or misprint in a 1912 source.<ref>Paris (1912: p.287) referred to Milne-Edwards (1869–1871: p.499) as the [[taxonomic]] authority, but the cited page only describes this owl but does not assign a [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]]. However, the name ''Strix ignota'' is given on p.580 of Milne-Edwards's work referring unequivocally to the fossils described on page 499.</ref> It may well belong into the present genus, but this requires confirmation.<ref name="mil" />
''"Strix" ignota'' (Middle Miocene of [[Sansan, Gers|Sansan]], France) is sometimes erroneously considered a ''[[nomen nudum]]'', but this assumption is based on what appears to be a ''[[lapsus]]'' or misprint in a 1912 source.<ref>Paris (1912: p.287) referred to Milne-Edwards (1869–1871: p.499) as the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] authority, but the cited page only describes this owl but does not assign a [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]]. However, the name ''Strix ignota'' is given on p.580 of Milne-Edwards's work referring unequivocally to the fossils described on page 499.</ref> It may well belong into the present genus, but this requires confirmation.<ref name="mil" />


''"Strix" perpasta'' (Late Miocene – Early Pliocene of Gargano Peninsula, Italy) does not appear to belong into this genus either.<ref>[[Storrs Olson|Olson, Storrs L.]] (1985): Section IX.C. Strigiformes. ''In:'' Farner, D. S.; King, J. R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): ''Avian Biology'' '''8''': 129–132. Academic Press, New York. p.131</ref> It is sometimes considered a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|junior synonym]] of a [[brown fish-owl]] [[paleosubspecies]].<ref name="mil" />
''"Strix" perpasta'' (Late Miocene – Early Pliocene of Gargano Peninsula, Italy) does not appear to belong into this genus either.<ref>[[Storrs Olson|Olson, Storrs L.]] (1985): Section IX.C. Strigiformes. ''In:'' Farner, D. S.; King, J. R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): ''Avian Biology'' '''8''': 129–132. Academic Press, New York. p.131</ref> It is sometimes considered a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|junior synonym]] of a [[brown fish-owl]] [[paleosubspecies]].<ref name="mil" />


[[UMMP]] V31030, a [[coracoid]] from Late Pliocene [[Rexroad Formation]] deposits of Kansas (USA), cannot be conclusively assigned to either the present genus or ''[[Bubo (genus)|Bubo]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Feduccia, J. Alan|year=1970|title= Some birds of prey from the Upper Pliocene of Kansas|journal=[[The Auk]]|volume=87|issue=4|pages= 795–797 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v087n04/p0795-p0797.pdf|doi=10.2307/4083714|last2=Ford|first2=Norman L.}}</ref>
[[UMMP]] V31030, a [[coracoid]] from Late Pliocene [[Rexroad Formation]] deposits of Kansas (USA), cannot be conclusively assigned to either the present genus or ''[[Bubo (bird)|Bubo]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Feduccia, J. Alan|year=1970|title= Some birds of prey from the Upper Pliocene of Kansas|journal=[[The Auk]]|volume=87|issue=4|pages= 795–797 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v087n04/p0795-p0797.pdf|doi=10.2307/4083714|last2=Ford|first2=Norman L.|jstor=4083714}}</ref>


'''Extinct forms formerly in ''Strix'':'''
'''Extinct forms formerly in ''Strix'':'''
Line 79: Line 87:
* ''"Strix" collongensis'' – now in ''[[Alasio]]''
* ''"Strix" collongensis'' – now in ''[[Alasio]]''
* ''"Strix" melitensis'' and ''"Strix" sanctialbani'' – now in ''[[Tyto]]''
* ''"Strix" melitensis'' and ''"Strix" sanctialbani'' – now in ''[[Tyto]]''
* ''"Strix" murivora'' – male of the [[Rodrigues owl]]
* ''"Strix" murivora'' – male of the [[Rodrigues scops owl]]
* ''"Strix" newtoni'' and ''"Strix" sauzieri'' – male and female of the [[Mauritius owl]]
* ''"Strix" newtoni'' and ''"Strix" sauzieri'' – male and female of the [[Mauritius scops owl]]


==References==
==References==
Line 86: Line 94:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Strix}}
* [[Alphonse Milne-Edwards|Milne-Edwards, Alphonse]] (1869–1871): [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97145r ''Recherches anatomiques et paléontologiques pour servir à l'histoire des oiseaux fossiles de la France''] (Vol. 2). G. Masson, Paris.
* [[Alphonse Milne-Edwards|Milne-Edwards, Alphonse]] (1869–1871): [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97145r ''Recherches anatomiques et paléontologiques pour servir à l'histoire des oiseaux fossiles de la France''] (Vol. 2). G. Masson, Paris.
* {{cite journal|author=Paris, P. |year=1912|title= Oiseaux fossiles de France|journal=Revue Française d'Ornithologie|volume=37|pages= 283–298}}
* {{cite journal|author=Paris, P. |year=1912|title= Oiseaux fossiles de France|journal=Revue Française d'Ornithologie|volume=37|pages= 283–298}}


{{Strigiformes|S.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q241515}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q241515}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Strix| ]]
[[Category:Strix (genus)| ]]
[[Category:Owls]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 21:24, 22 November 2024

Strix owls
Temporal range: Early Miocene to recent
Great grey owl, Strix nebulosa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Strigiformes
Family: Strigidae
Genus: Strix
Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
Strix stridula[1] = Strix aluco
Linnaeus, 1758
Species

See text.

Synonyms[2]

Ciccaba Wagler, 1832
Macabra Bonaparte, 1854
Myrtha Bonaparte, 1854
Nyctimene Heine & Reichenow, 1890
Ptynx Blyth, 1840
Stryx Pallas, 1771 (unjustified emendation)
Tybo Heine, 1890
Tyto Heine & Reichenow, 1890

Strix is a genus of owls in the typical owl family (Strigidae), one of the two generally accepted living families of owls, with the other being Tytonidae. Common names are earless owls or wood owls, though they are not the only owls without ear tufts, and "wood owl" is also used as a more generic name for forest-dwelling owls.

These are medium-sized to large, robustly built, powerful owls. They do not have ear tufts and most are highly nocturnal woodland birds. Most prey on small mammals, birds, and reptiles.

Most owls in the genus Strix can be distinguished from other genera of owls through their hooting vocalization and lack of visible ears.

The Latin genus name Strix referred to a mythical vampiric owl-monster believed to suck the blood of infants.[3] Although the genus Strix was established for the earless owls by Linnaeus in 1758, many applied the term to other owls (namely the Tyto) until the late 19th century.[4] This genus is closely related to the extinct Ornimegalonyx.

Taxonomy

[edit]

The genus Strix was introduced by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.[5] The type species is the tawny owl.[6] The genus name is a Latin word meaning "owl".[7]

Some Neotropical species were formerly classified in a separate genus, Ciccaba, which was eventually merged based on the placement of its type species, Strix huhula.[8]

Species

[edit]

The genus contains 22 species:[9]

Fossil species

[edit]

The genus Strix is well represented in the fossil record.[4] Being a fairly generic type of strigid owl, they were probably the first truly modern Strigidae to evolve. However, whether several of the species usually placed in this genus indeed belong here is uncertain.

Generally accepted in Strix are:

  • S. dakota (Early Miocene of South Dakota, USA) – tentatively placed here
  • Strix sp. (Late Miocene of Nebraska, USA)
  • Strix sp. (Late Pliocene of Rębielice Królewski, Poland) apparently similar to the great grey owl[4]
  • Strix intermedia (Early - Middle Pleistocene of EC Europe) – may be paleosubspecies of S. aluco
  • Strix brea (Late Pleistocene of SW North America) Now placed in its own genus. (See below)
  • Strix sp. (Late Pleistocene of Ladds, USA)

"Strix" wintershofensis (Early/Middle Miocene of Wintershof West, Germany) and "Strix" edwardsi (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France), while being strigid owls, have not at present been reliably identified to genus; they might also belong into the European Ninox-like group.[citation needed]

"Strix" ignota (Middle Miocene of Sansan, France) is sometimes erroneously considered a nomen nudum, but this assumption is based on what appears to be a lapsus or misprint in a 1912 source.[10] It may well belong into the present genus, but this requires confirmation.[4]

"Strix" perpasta (Late Miocene – Early Pliocene of Gargano Peninsula, Italy) does not appear to belong into this genus either.[11] It is sometimes considered a junior synonym of a brown fish-owl paleosubspecies.[4]

UMMP V31030, a coracoid from Late Pliocene Rexroad Formation deposits of Kansas (USA), cannot be conclusively assigned to either the present genus or Bubo.[12]

Extinct forms formerly in Strix:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Strigidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  2. ^ "IRMNG - Strix Linnaeus, 1758". www.irmng.org.
  3. ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 368. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  4. ^ a b c d e Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe Archived 2011-05-20 at the Wayback Machine. Ninox Press, Prague. p.217
  5. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 92.
  6. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1940). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 4. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 156.
  7. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 368. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  8. ^ "ITIS - Report: Ciccaba". www.itis.gov.
  9. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2021). "Owls". IOC World Bird List Version 11.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  10. ^ Paris (1912: p.287) referred to Milne-Edwards (1869–1871: p.499) as the taxonomic authority, but the cited page only describes this owl but does not assign a specific name. However, the name Strix ignota is given on p.580 of Milne-Edwards's work referring unequivocally to the fossils described on page 499.
  11. ^ Olson, Storrs L. (1985): Section IX.C. Strigiformes. In: Farner, D. S.; King, J. R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): Avian Biology 8: 129–132. Academic Press, New York. p.131
  12. ^ Feduccia, J. Alan; Ford, Norman L. (1970). "Some birds of prey from the Upper Pliocene of Kansas" (PDF). The Auk. 87 (4): 795–797. doi:10.2307/4083714. JSTOR 4083714.

Further reading

[edit]
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