Electron affinity (data page): Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Chemical data page}} |
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This page deals with the [[electron affinity]] as a property of isolated [[atom]]s or [[molecule]]s (i.e. in the [[gas]] phase). [[Solid-state physics|Solid state]] electron affinities are not listed here. |
This page deals with the [[electron affinity]] as a property of isolated [[atom]]s or [[molecule]]s (i.e. in the [[gas]] phase). [[Solid-state physics|Solid state]] electron affinities are not listed here. |
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|[[Deuterium]]||data-sort-value="0.75467"|0.754 67(4)||data-sort-value="72.814"|72.814(4)||<ref name=BeyerD/> |
|[[Deuterium]]||data-sort-value="0.75467"|0.754 67(4)||data-sort-value="72.814"|72.814(4)||<ref name=BeyerD/> |
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|2||He||[[Helium]]||data-sort-value="-0.5"| |
|2||He||[[Helium]]||data-sort-value="-0.5"|−0.5(2) ||data-sort-value="-48"|−48(20) ||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
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|3||Li||[[Lithium]]||data-sort-value="0.61804922"|0.618 049(22)||data-sort-value="59.632"|59.632 6(21)||<ref name=HaefflerLi /> |
|3||Li||[[Lithium]]||data-sort-value="0.61804922"|0.618 049(22)||data-sort-value="59.632"|59.632 6(21)||<ref name=HaefflerLi /> |
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|4||Be||[[Beryllium]]||data-sort-value="-0.5"| |
|4||Be||[[Beryllium]]||data-sort-value="-0.5"|−0.5(2)||data-sort-value="-48"|−48(20) ||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
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|5||B||[[Boron]]||data-sort-value="0.27972325"|0.279 723(25)||data-sort-value="26.989"|26.989(3)||<ref name=ScheerBCs /> |
|5||B||[[Boron]]||data-sort-value="0.27972325"|0.279 723(25)||data-sort-value="26.989"|26.989(3)||<ref name=ScheerBCs /> |
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|Carbon||data-sort-value="1.2621136"|1.262 113 6(12)||data-sort-value="121.7755"|121.775 5(2)||<ref name=BresteauC/> |
|Carbon||data-sort-value="1.2621136"|1.262 113 6(12)||data-sort-value="121.7755"|121.775 5(2)||<ref name=BresteauC/> |
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|7||N||[[Nitrogen]]||data-sort-value="-0.07"| |
|7||N||[[Nitrogen]]||data-sort-value="-0.07"|−0.07||data-sort-value="-6.8"|−6.8 ||<ref name=Bratsch /> |
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|8 |
|8 |
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| Line 53: | Line 52: | ||
|9||F||[[Fluorine]]||data-sort-value="3.4011898"|3.401 189 8(24)||data-sort-value="328.164"|328.164 9(3)||<ref name=BlondelFBR /><ref name=BlondelFSi /> |
|9||F||[[Fluorine]]||data-sort-value="3.4011898"|3.401 189 8(24)||data-sort-value="328.164"|328.164 9(3)||<ref name=BlondelFBR /><ref name=BlondelFSi /> |
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|10||Ne||[[Neon]]|| data-sort-value="-1.2"| |
|10||Ne||[[Neon]]|| data-sort-value="-1.2"|−1.2(2) ||data-sort-value="-116"|−116(19)||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
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|11||Na||[[Sodium]]||data-sort-value="0.547926"|0.547 926(25)||data-sort-value="52.867"|52.867(3)||<ref name=Hotop85 /> |
|11||Na||[[Sodium]]||data-sort-value="0.547926"|0.547 926(25)||data-sort-value="52.867"|52.867(3)||<ref name=Hotop85 /> |
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|12||Mg||[[Magnesium]]||data-sort-value="-0.4"| |
|12||Mg||[[Magnesium]]||data-sort-value="-0.4"|−0.4(2)||data-sort-value="-40"|−40(19)||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
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|13||Al||[[Aluminium]]||data-sort-value="0.43283"|0.432 83(5)||data-sort-value="41.762"|41.762(5)||<ref name=ScheerAl /> |
|13||Al||[[Aluminium]]||data-sort-value="0.43283"|0.432 83(5)||data-sort-value="41.762"|41.762(5)||<ref name=ScheerAl /> |
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|17||Cl||[[Chlorine]]||data-sort-value="3.612725"|3.612 725(28)||data-sort-value="348.575"|348.575(3)||<ref name=BerzinshCl /> |
|17||Cl||[[Chlorine]]||data-sort-value="3.612725"|3.612 725(28)||data-sort-value="348.575"|348.575(3)||<ref name=BerzinshCl /> |
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|18||Ar||[[Argon]]||data-sort-value="-1.0"| |
|18||Ar||[[Argon]]||data-sort-value="-1.0"|−1.0(2)||data-sort-value="-96"|−96(20)||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
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|19||K||[[Potassium]]||data-sort-value="0.501459"|0.501 459(13)||data-sort-value="48.383"|48.383(2)||<ref name=AnderssonK /> |
|19||K||[[Potassium]]||data-sort-value="0.501459"|0.501 459(13)||data-sort-value="48.383"|48.383(2)||<ref name=AnderssonK /> |
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|24||Cr||[[Chromium]]||data-sort-value="0.67593"|0.675 928(27)||data-sort-value="65.2172"|65.217 2(26)||<ref name=NingLu/> |
|24||Cr||[[Chromium]]||data-sort-value="0.67593"|0.675 928(27)||data-sort-value="65.2172"|65.217 2(26)||<ref name=NingLu/> |
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|25||Mn||[[Manganese]]||data-sort-value="-0.5"| |
|25||Mn||[[Manganese]]||data-sort-value="-0.5"|−0.5(2)||data-sort-value="-50"|−50(19)||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
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|26||Fe||[[Iron]]||data-sort-value="0.153236"|0.153 236(35)||data-sort-value="14.785"|14.785(4)||<ref name=ChenFe /> |
|26||Fe||[[Iron]]||data-sort-value="0.153236"|0.153 236(35)||data-sort-value="14.785"|14.785(4)||<ref name=ChenFe /> |
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| Line 99: | Line 98: | ||
|29||Cu||[[Copper]]||data-sort-value="1.23578"|1.235 78(4)||data-sort-value="119.235"|119.235(4)||<ref name=BilodeauCrCuMoAg /> |
|29||Cu||[[Copper]]||data-sort-value="1.23578"|1.235 78(4)||data-sort-value="119.235"|119.235(4)||<ref name=BilodeauCrCuMoAg /> |
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|30||Zn||[[Zinc]]||data-sort-value="-0.6"| |
|30||Zn||[[Zinc]]||data-sort-value="-0.6"|−0.6(2)||data-sort-value="-58"|−58(20)||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
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|31||Ga||[[Gallium]]||data-sort-value="0.301166"|0.301 166(15)||data-sort-value="29.0581"|29.058 1(15)||<ref name=TangGa/> |
|31||Ga||[[Gallium]]||data-sort-value="0.301166"|0.301 166(15)||data-sort-value="29.0581"|29.058 1(15)||<ref name=TangGa/> |
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|35||Br||[[Bromine]]||data-sort-value="3.363588"|3.363 588(3)||data-sort-value="324.536"|324.536 9(3)||<ref name=BlondelFBR /> |
|35||Br||[[Bromine]]||data-sort-value="3.363588"|3.363 588(3)||data-sort-value="324.536"|324.536 9(3)||<ref name=BlondelFBR /> |
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|36||Kr||[[Krypton]]||data-sort-value="-1.0"| |
|36||Kr||[[Krypton]]||data-sort-value="-1.0"|−1.0(2)||data-sort-value="-96"|−96(20)||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
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|37||Rb||[[Rubidium]]||data-sort-value="0.485916"|0.485 916(21)||data-sort-value="46.884"|46.884(3)||<ref name=FreyRb /> |
|37||Rb||[[Rubidium]]||data-sort-value="0.485916"|0.485 916(21)||data-sort-value="46.884"|46.884(3)||<ref name=FreyRb /> |
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|47||Ag||[[Silver]]||data-sort-value="1.30447"|1.304 47(3)||data-sort-value="125.862"|125.862(3)||<ref name=BilodeauCrCuMoAg /> |
|47||Ag||[[Silver]]||data-sort-value="1.30447"|1.304 47(3)||data-sort-value="125.862"|125.862(3)||<ref name=BilodeauCrCuMoAg /> |
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|48||Cd||[[Cadmium]]||data-sort-value="-0.7"| |
|48||Cd||[[Cadmium]]||data-sort-value="-0.7"|−0.7(2)||data-sort-value="-68"|−68(20)||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
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|49||In||[[Indium]]||data-sort-value="0.38392"|0.383 92(6)||data-sort-value="37.043"|37.043(6)||<ref name=WalterIn/> |
|49||In||[[Indium]]||data-sort-value="0.38392"|0.383 92(6)||data-sort-value="37.043"|37.043(6)||<ref name=WalterIn/> |
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|53||<sup>128</sup>I||Iodine||data-sort-value="3.059052"|3.059 052(38)||data-sort-value="295.154"|295.154(4)||<ref name=RotheI/> |
|53||<sup>128</sup>I||Iodine||data-sort-value="3.059052"|3.059 052(38)||data-sort-value="295.154"|295.154(4)||<ref name=RotheI/> |
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|54||Xe||[[Xenon]]||data-sort-value="-0.8"| |
|54||Xe||[[Xenon]]||data-sort-value="-0.8"|−0.8(2)||data-sort-value="-77"|−77(20)||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
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|55||Cs||[[Caesium]]||data-sort-value="0.4715983"|0.4715983(38)||data-sort-value="45.5023"|45.5023(4)||<ref>{{cite journal | last=Navarro Navarrete | first=José E. | last2=Nichols | first2=Miranda | last3=Ringvall-Moberg | first3=Annie | last4=Welander | first4=Jakob | last5=Lu | first5=Di | last6=Leimbach | first6=David | last7=Kristiansson | first7=Moa K. | last8=Eklund | first8=Gustav | last9=Raveesh | first9=Meena | last10=Chulkov | first10=Ruslan | last11=Zhaunerchyk | first11=Vitali | last12=Hanstorp | first12=Dag | title=High-resolution measurement of the electron affinity of cesium | journal=Physical Review A | volume=109 | issue=2 | date=2024-02-21 | issn=2469-9926 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.109.022812| doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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|56||Ba||[[Barium]]||data-sort-value="0.14462"|0.144 62(6)||data-sort-value="13.954"|13.954(6)||<ref name=PetruninBa /> |
|56||Ba||[[Barium]]||data-sort-value="0.14462"|0.144 62(6)||data-sort-value="13.954"|13.954(6)||<ref name=PetruninBa /> |
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| Line 181: | Line 180: | ||
|69||Tm||[[Thulium]]||data-sort-value="1.029"|1.029(22)||data-sort-value="99"|99(3)||<ref name=DavisTm /> |
|69||Tm||[[Thulium]]||data-sort-value="1.029"|1.029(22)||data-sort-value="99"|99(3)||<ref name=DavisTm /> |
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|70||Yb||[[Ytterbium]]||data-sort-value="-0.02"| |
|70||Yb||[[Ytterbium]]||data-sort-value="-0.02"|−0.02||data-sort-value="-1.93"|−1.93 ||est.<ref name=Haynes/> |
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|71||Lu||[[Lutetium]]||data-sort-value="0.2388"|0.238 8(7)||data-sort-value="23.04"|23.04(7)||<ref name=FuLu/> |
|71||Lu||[[Lutetium]]||data-sort-value="0.2388"|0.238 8(7)||data-sort-value="23.04"|23.04(7)||<ref name=FuLu/> |
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| Line 202: | Line 201: | ||
|79||Au||[[Gold]]||data-sort-value="2.308610"|2.308 610(25)||data-sort-value="222.747"|222.747(3)||<ref name=AndersenAu /> |
|79||Au||[[Gold]]||data-sort-value="2.308610"|2.308 610(25)||data-sort-value="222.747"|222.747(3)||<ref name=AndersenAu /> |
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|80||Hg||[[Mercury (element)|Mercury]]||data-sort-value="-0.5"| |
|80||Hg||[[Mercury (element)|Mercury]]||data-sort-value="-0.5"|−0.5(2)||data-sort-value="-48"|−48(20)||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
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|81||Tl||[[Thallium]]||data-sort-value="0.320053"|0.320 053(19)||data-sort-value="30.8804"|30.880 4(19)||<ref name=WalterTh /> |
|81||Tl||[[Thallium]]||data-sort-value="0.320053"|0.320 053(19)||data-sort-value="30.8804"|30.880 4(19)||<ref name=WalterTh /> |
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| Line 214: | Line 213: | ||
|85||At||[[Astatine]]||data-sort-value="2.41578"|2.415 78(7)||data-sort-value="233.087"|233.087(8)||<ref name=LeimbachAt/> |
|85||At||[[Astatine]]||data-sort-value="2.41578"|2.415 78(7)||data-sort-value="233.087"|233.087(8)||<ref name=LeimbachAt/> |
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|86||Rn||[[Radon]]||data-sort-value="-0.7"| |
|86||Rn||[[Radon]]||data-sort-value="-0.7"|−0.7(2)||data-sort-value="-68"|−68(20)||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
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|87||Fr||[[Francium]]||data-sort-value="0.486"|0.486||data-sort-value="46.89"|46.89||est.<ref name=Landaualkalis /><ref name=Haynes/> |
|87||Fr||[[Francium]]||data-sort-value="0.486"|0.486||data-sort-value="46.89"|46.89||est.<ref name=Landaualkalis /><ref name=Haynes/> |
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| Line 230: | Line 229: | ||
|93||Np||[[Neptunium]]||data-sort-value="0.48"|0.48 ||data-sort-value="45.85"|45.85 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
|93||Np||[[Neptunium]]||data-sort-value="0.48"|0.48 ||data-sort-value="45.85"|45.85 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
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|94||Pu||[[Plutonium]]||data-sort-value="-0.50"| |
|94||Pu||[[Plutonium]]||data-sort-value="-0.50"|−0.50 ||data-sort-value="-48.33"|−48.33 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
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|95||Am||[[Americium]]||data-sort-value="0.10"|0.10 ||data-sort-value="9.93"|9.93 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
|95||Am||[[Americium]]||data-sort-value="0.10"|0.10 ||data-sort-value="9.93"|9.93 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
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| Line 236: | Line 235: | ||
|96||Cm||[[Curium]]||data-sort-value="0.28"|0.28 ||data-sort-value="27.17"|27.17 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
|96||Cm||[[Curium]]||data-sort-value="0.28"|0.28 ||data-sort-value="27.17"|27.17 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
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|97||Bk||[[Berkelium]]||data-sort-value="-1.72"| |
|97||Bk||[[Berkelium]]||data-sort-value="-1.72"|−1.72 ||data-sort-value="-165.24"|−165.24 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
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|98||Cf||[[Californium]]||data-sort-value="-1.01"| |
|98||Cf||[[Californium]]||data-sort-value="-1.01"|−1.01 ||data-sort-value="-97.31"|−97.31 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
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|99||Es||[[Einsteinium]]||data-sort-value="-0.30"| |
|99||Es||[[Einsteinium]]||data-sort-value="-0.30"|−0.30 ||data-sort-value="-28.60"|−28.60 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
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|100||Fm||[[Fermium]]||data-sort-value="0.35"|0.35 ||data-sort-value="33.96"|33.96 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
|100||Fm||[[Fermium]]||data-sort-value="0.35"|0.35 ||data-sort-value="33.96"|33.96 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
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| Line 246: | Line 245: | ||
|101||Md||[[Mendelevium]]||data-sort-value="0.98"|0.98 ||data-sort-value="93.91"|93.91 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
|101||Md||[[Mendelevium]]||data-sort-value="0.98"|0.98 ||data-sort-value="93.91"|93.91 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
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|102||No||[[Nobelium]]||data-sort-value="-2.33"| |
|102||No||[[Nobelium]]||data-sort-value="-2.33"|−2.33 ||data-sort-value="-223.22"|−223.22 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
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|103||Lr||[[Lawrencium]]||data-sort-value="-0.31"| |
|103||Lr||[[Lawrencium]]||data-sort-value="-0.31"|−0.31 ||data-sort-value="-30.04"|−30.04 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
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|111||Rg||[[Roentgenium]]||data-sort-value="1.565"|1.565 || data-sort-value="151.0"|151.0||calc.<ref name=EliavRg>{{cite journal |last1=Eliav |first1=Ephraim |last2=Fritzsche |first2=Stephan |first3=Uzi |last3=Kaldor |date=2015 |title=Electronic structure theory of the superheavy elements |journal=Nucl. Phys. A |volume=944 |pages=518–550 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.06.017|bibcode=2015NuPhA.944..518E }}</ref> |
|111||Rg||[[Roentgenium]]||data-sort-value="1.565"|1.565 || data-sort-value="151.0"|151.0||calc.<ref name=EliavRg>{{cite journal |last1=Eliav |first1=Ephraim |last2=Fritzsche |first2=Stephan |first3=Uzi |last3=Kaldor |date=2015 |title=Electronic structure theory of the superheavy elements |journal=Nucl. Phys. A |volume=944 |pages=518–550 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.06.017|bibcode=2015NuPhA.944..518E }}</ref> |
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== Molecules == |
== Molecules == |
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The electron affinities ''E''<sub>ea</sub> of some |
The electron affinities ''E''<sub>ea</sub> of some molecules are given in the table below, from the lightest to the heaviest. Many more have been listed by {{harvp|Rienstra-Kiracofe|Tschumper|Schaefer|Nandi|2002}}. The electron affinities of the [[radical (chemistry)|radicals]] OH and SH are the most precisely known of all molecular electron affinities. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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| Line 301: | Line 300: | ||
|I<sub>2</sub>||[[Iodine|Diiodine]]||2.524(5)||243.5(5)||{{harvp|Zanni|Taylor|Greenblatt|Soep|1997}} |
|I<sub>2</sub>||[[Iodine|Diiodine]]||2.524(5)||243.5(5)||{{harvp|Zanni|Taylor|Greenblatt|Soep|1997}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|IBr||[[Iodine |
|IBr||[[Iodine monobromide]]||2.512(3)||242.4(4)||{{harvp|Sheps|Miller|Lineberger|2009}} |
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|- |
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|LiCl||[[Lithium chloride]]||0.593(10)||57.2(10)||{{harvp|Miller|Leopold|Murray|Lineberger|1986}} |
|LiCl||[[Lithium chloride]]||0.593(10)||57.2(10)||{{harvp|Miller|Leopold|Murray|Lineberger|1986}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|FeO||[[Iron(II) oxide]]||1.4950(5)||144.25(6)||{{harvp|Kim|Weichman|Neumark|2015}} |
|FeO||[[Iron(II) oxide]]||1.4950(5)||144.25(6)||{{harvp|Kim|Weichman|Neumark|2015}} |
||
|- |
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|CN||[[Cyano radical]]||3.862(4)|| ||<ref>{{cite journal | last=Bradforth | first=Stephen E. | last2=Kim | first2=Eun Ha | last3=Arnold | first3=Don W. | last4=Neumark | first4=Daniel M. | title=Photoelectron spectroscopy of CN−, NCO−, and NCS− | journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics | publisher=AIP Publishing | volume=98 | issue=2 | date=1993-01-15 | issn=0021-9606 | doi=10.1063/1.464244 | pages=800–810}}</ref> |
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| colspan=5 align=center |''Triatomics'' |
| colspan=5 align=center |''Triatomics'' |
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| Line 319: | Line 320: | ||
|CH<sub>2</sub>CHO||Vinyloxy||1.8248(+2-6)||176.07(+3-7)||{{harvp|Rienstra-Kiracofe|Tschumper|Schaefer|Nandi|2002}} after {{harvp|Mead|Lykke|Lineberger|Marks|1984}} |
|CH<sub>2</sub>CHO||Vinyloxy||1.8248(+2-6)||176.07(+3-7)||{{harvp|Rienstra-Kiracofe|Tschumper|Schaefer|Nandi|2002}} after {{harvp|Mead|Lykke|Lineberger|Marks|1984}} |
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|C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>||[[Benzene]]|| |
|C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>||[[Benzene]]||−0.70(14)||−68(14)||{{harvp|Ruoff|Kadish|Boulas|Chen|1995}} |
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|C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>||[[P-Benzoquinone|''p''-Benzoquinone]]||1.860(5)||179.5(6)||{{harvp|Schiedt|Weinkauf|1999}} |
|C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>||[[P-Benzoquinone|''p''-Benzoquinone]]||1.860(5)||179.5(6)||{{harvp|Schiedt|Weinkauf|1999}} |
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| Line 347: | Line 348: | ||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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!Z!![[Chemical element|Element]]!!Name!!Electron affinity ([[electronvolt|eV]])!!Electron affinity ( |
!Z!![[Chemical element|Element]]!!Name!!Electron affinity ([[electronvolt|eV]])!!Electron affinity (kJ/mol)!![[#References|References]] |
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|7||N<sup>−</sup>||Nitrogen||data-sort-value="-6.98"|-6.98||data-sort-value="-0.0000048"|-673||<ref name=Rayner-Canham> |
|7||N<sup>−</sup>||Nitrogen||data-sort-value="-6.98"|-6.98||data-sort-value="-0.0000048"|-673||<ref name="Rayner-Canham"> |
||
Rayner-Canham Appendix 5: Data summarised from J. E. Huheey et al., Inorganic Chemistry, 4th ed. (New York: |
Rayner-Canham Appendix 5: Data summarised from, and see also, J. E. Huheey et al., Inorganic Chemistry, 4th ed. (New York: |
||
HarperCollins, 1993) [https://bcs.whfreeman.com/WebPub/Chemistry/raynercanham6e/Appendices/Rayner-Canham%205e%20Appendix%205%20-%20Electron%20Affi%20nities%20of%20Selected%20Nonmetals.pdf]</ref> |
HarperCollins, 1993) [https://bcs.whfreeman.com/WebPub/Chemistry/raynercanham6e/Appendices/Rayner-Canham%205e%20Appendix%205%20-%20Electron%20Affi%20nities%20of%20Selected%20Nonmetals.pdf]</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|7||N<sup> |
|7||N<sup>2−</sup>||Nitrogen||data-sort-value="-11.09"|-11.09||data-sort-value="-0.0000076"|-1070||<ref name=Rayner-Canham/> |
||
|- |
|- |
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|8||O<sup>−</sup>||Oxygen||data-sort-value="7.71"|-7.71||data-sort-value="-0.0000053"|-744||<ref name=Rayner-Canham/> |
|8||O<sup>−</sup>||Oxygen||data-sort-value="-7.71"|-7.71||data-sort-value="-0.0000053"|-744||<ref name=Rayner-Canham/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|15||P<sup>−</sup>||Phosphorus||data-sort-value="-4.85"|-4.85||data-sort-value="-0.0000033"|-468||<ref name=Rayner-Canham/> |
|15||P<sup>−</sup>||Phosphorus||data-sort-value="-4.85"|-4.85||data-sort-value="-0.0000033"|-468||<ref name=Rayner-Canham/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|15||P<sup> |
|15||P<sup>2−</sup>||Phosphorus||data-sort-value="-9.18"|-9.18||data-sort-value="-0.0000063"|-886||<ref name=Rayner-Canham/> |
||
|- |
|||
|16||S<sup>−</sup>||Sulfur||data-sort-value="-4.73"|-4.73||data-sort-value="-0.0000032"|-456||<ref name=Rayner-Canham/> |
|||
|- |
|||
|33||As<sup>−</sup>||Arsenic||data-sort-value="-4.51"|-4.51||data-sort-value="-0.0000031"|-435||<ref name=Rayner-Canham/> |
|||
|- |
|||
|33||As<sup>2−</sup>||Arsenic||data-sort-value="-8.31"|-8.31||data-sort-value="-0.0000057"|-802||<ref name=Rayner-Canham/> |
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* {{citation|last1=Page|first1=F. M.|last2=Goode|first2=G. C.|title=Negative ions and the magnetron|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1969}}<ref>According to [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]] as concerns [http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C7637072&Mask=20#ref-1 Boron trifluoride], the Magnetron method, lacking mass analysis, is not considered reliable.</ref> |
||
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Latest revision as of 18:48, 21 November 2024
This page deals with the electron affinity as a property of isolated atoms or molecules (i.e. in the gas phase). Solid state electron affinities are not listed here.
Elements
[edit]Electron affinity can be defined in two equivalent ways. First, as the energy that is released by adding an electron to an isolated gaseous atom. The second (reverse) definition is that electron affinity is the energy required to remove an electron from a singly charged gaseous negative ion. The latter can be regarded as the ionization energy of the –1 ion or the zeroth ionization energy.[1] Either convention can be used.[2]
Negative electron affinities can be used in those cases where electron capture requires energy, i.e. when capture can occur only if the impinging electron has a kinetic energy large enough to excite a resonance of the atom-plus-electron system. Conversely electron removal from the anion formed in this way releases energy, which is carried out by the freed electron as kinetic energy. Negative ions formed in these cases are always unstable. They may have lifetimes of the order of microseconds to milliseconds, and invariably autodetach after some time.
| Z | Element | Name | Electron affinity (eV) | Electron affinity (kJ/mol) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1H | Hydrogen | 0.754 195(19) | 72.769(2) | [3] |
| 1 | 2H | Deuterium | 0.754 67(4) | 72.814(4) | [4] |
| 2 | He | Helium | −0.5(2) | −48(20) | est.[5] |
| 3 | Li | Lithium | 0.618 049(22) | 59.632 6(21) | [6] |
| 4 | Be | Beryllium | −0.5(2) | −48(20) | est.[5] |
| 5 | B | Boron | 0.279 723(25) | 26.989(3) | [7] |
| 6 | 12C | Carbon | 1.262 122 6(11) | 121.776 3(1) | [8] |
| 6 | 13C | Carbon | 1.262 113 6(12) | 121.775 5(2) | [8] |
| 7 | N | Nitrogen | −0.07 | −6.8 | [5] |
| 8 | 16O | Oxygen | 1.461 112 97(9) | 140.975 970(9) | [9] |
| 8 | 17O | Oxygen | 1.461 108(4) | 140.975 5(3) | [10] |
| 8 | 18O | Oxygen | 1.461 105(3) | 140.975 2(3) | [10] |
| 9 | F | Fluorine | 3.401 189 8(24) | 328.164 9(3) | [11][12] |
| 10 | Ne | Neon | −1.2(2) | −116(19) | est.[5] |
| 11 | Na | Sodium | 0.547 926(25) | 52.867(3) | [13] |
| 12 | Mg | Magnesium | −0.4(2) | −40(19) | est.[5] |
| 13 | Al | Aluminium | 0.432 83(5) | 41.762(5) | [14] |
| 14 | Si | Silicon | 1.389 521 2(8) | 134.068 4(1) | [15] |
| 15 | P | Phosphorus | 0.746 609(11) | 72.037(1) | [16] |
| 16 | 32S | Sulfur | 2.077 104 2(6) | 200.410 1(1) | [15] |
| 16 | 34S | Sulfur | 2.077 104 5(12) | 200.410 1(2) | [17] |
| 17 | Cl | Chlorine | 3.612 725(28) | 348.575(3) | [18] |
| 18 | Ar | Argon | −1.0(2) | −96(20) | est.[5] |
| 19 | K | Potassium | 0.501 459(13) | 48.383(2) | [19] |
| 20 | Ca | Calcium | 0.024 55(10) | 2.37(1) | [20] |
| 21 | Sc | Scandium | 0.179 380(23) | 17.307 6(22) | [21] |
| 22 | Ti | Titanium | 0.075 54(5) | 7.289(5) | [22] |
| 23 | V | Vanadium | 0.527 66(20) | 50.911(20) | [23] |
| 24 | Cr | Chromium | 0.675 928(27) | 65.217 2(26) | [21] |
| 25 | Mn | Manganese | −0.5(2) | −50(19) | est.[5] |
| 26 | Fe | Iron | 0.153 236(35) | 14.785(4) | [24] |
| 27 | Co | Cobalt | 0.662 255(47) | 63.897 9(45) | [25] |
| 28 | Ni | Nickel | 1.157 16(12) | 111.65(2) | [26] |
| 29 | Cu | Copper | 1.235 78(4) | 119.235(4) | [27] |
| 30 | Zn | Zinc | −0.6(2) | −58(20) | est.[5] |
| 31 | Ga | Gallium | 0.301 166(15) | 29.058 1(15) | [28] |
| 32 | Ge | Germanium | 1.232 676 4(13) | 118.935 2(2) | [29] |
| 33 | As | Arsenic | 0.804 8(2) | 77.65(2) | [30] |
| 34 | Se | Selenium | 2.020 604 7(12) | 194.958 7(2) | [31] |
| 35 | Br | Bromine | 3.363 588(3) | 324.536 9(3) | [11] |
| 36 | Kr | Krypton | −1.0(2) | −96(20) | est.[5] |
| 37 | Rb | Rubidium | 0.485 916(21) | 46.884(3) | [32] |
| 38 | Sr | Strontium | 0.052 06(6) | 5.023(6) | [33] |
| 39 | Y | Yttrium | 0.311 29(22) | 30.035(21) | [21] |
| 40 | Zr | Zirconium | 0.433 28(9) | 41.806(9) | [34] |
| 41 | Nb | Niobium | 0.917 40(7) | 88.516(7) | [35] |
| 42 | Mo | Molybdenum | 0.747 23(8) | 72.097(8) | [21] |
| 43 | Tc | Technetium | 0.55(20) | 53(20) | est.[36] |
| 44 | Ru | Ruthenium | 1.046 27(2) | 100.950(3) | [21] |
| 45 | Rh | Rhodium | 1.142 89(20) | 110.27(2) | [26] |
| 46 | Pd | Palladium | 0.562 14(12) | 54.24(2) | [26] |
| 47 | Ag | Silver | 1.304 47(3) | 125.862(3) | [27] |
| 48 | Cd | Cadmium | −0.7(2) | −68(20) | est.[5] |
| 49 | In | Indium | 0.383 92(6) | 37.043(6) | [37] |
| 50 | Sn | Tin | 1.112 070(2) | 107.298 4(3) | [38] |
| 51 | Sb | Antimony | 1.047 401(19) | 101.059(2) | [39] |
| 52 | Te | Tellurium | 1.970 875(7) | 190.161(1) | [40] |
| 53 | 127I | Iodine | 3.059 046 5(37) | 295.153 1(4) | [41] |
| 53 | 128I | Iodine | 3.059 052(38) | 295.154(4) | [42] |
| 54 | Xe | Xenon | −0.8(2) | −77(20) | est.[5] |
| 55 | Cs | Caesium | 0.4715983(38) | 45.5023(4) | [43] |
| 56 | Ba | Barium | 0.144 62(6) | 13.954(6) | [44] |
| 57 | La | Lanthanum | 0.557 546(20) | 53.795(2) | [45] |
| 58 | Ce | Cerium | 0.600 160(27) | 57.906 7(26) | [46] |
| 59 | Pr | Praseodymium | 0.109 23(46) | 10.539(45) | [47] |
| 60 | Nd | Neodymium | 0.097 49(33) | 9.406(32) | [47] |
| 61 | Pm | Promethium | 0.129 | 12.45 | [48] |
| 62 | Sm | Samarium | 0.162 | 15.63 | [48] |
| 63 | Eu | Europium | 0.116(13) | 11.2(13) | [49] |
| 64 | Gd | Gadolinium | 0.212(30) | 20.5(29) | [21] |
| 65 | Tb | Terbium | 0.131 31(80) | 12.670(77) | [47] |
| 66 | Dy | Dysprosium | 0.015(3) | 1.45(30) | [50] |
| 67 | Ho | Holmium | 0.338 | 32.61 | [48] |
| 68 | Er | Erbium | 0.312 | 30.10 | [48] |
| 69 | Tm | Thulium | 1.029(22) | 99(3) | [51] |
| 70 | Yb | Ytterbium | −0.02 | −1.93 | est.[36] |
| 71 | Lu | Lutetium | 0.238 8(7) | 23.04(7) | [52] |
| 72 | Hf | Hafnium | 0.178 0(7) | 17.18(7) | [53] |
| 73 | Ta | Tantalum | 0.328 859(23) | 31.730 1(22) | [21] |
| 74 | W | Tungsten | 0.816 26(8) | 78.76(1) | [54] |
| 75 | Re | Rhenium | 0.060 396(64) | 5.827 3(62) | [55] |
| 76 | Os | Osmium | 1.077 661(24) | 103.978 5(24) | [21] |
| 77 | Ir | Iridium | 1.564 057(12) | 150.908 6(12) | [56] |
| 78 | Pt | Platinum | 2.125 10(5) | 205.041(5) | [57] |
| 79 | Au | Gold | 2.308 610(25) | 222.747(3) | [58] |
| 80 | Hg | Mercury | −0.5(2) | −48(20) | est.[5] |
| 81 | Tl | Thallium | 0.320 053(19) | 30.880 4(19) | [59] |
| 82 | Pb | Lead | 0.356 721(2) | 34.418 3(3) | [60] |
| 83 | Bi | Bismuth | 0.942 362(13) | 90.924(2) | [61] |
| 84 | Po | Polonium | 1.40(7) | 136(7) | calc.[62] |
| 85 | At | Astatine | 2.415 78(7) | 233.087(8) | [63] |
| 86 | Rn | Radon | −0.7(2) | −68(20) | est.[5] |
| 87 | Fr | Francium | 0.486 | 46.89 | est.[64][36] |
| 88 | Ra | Radium | 0.10 | 9.648 5 | est.[65][36] |
| 89 | Ac | Actinium | 0.35 | 33.77 | est.[36] |
| 90 | Th | Thorium | 0.607 69(6) | 58.633(6) | [66] |
| 91 | Pa | Protactinium | 0.55 | 53.03 | est.[67] |
| 92 | U | Uranium | 0.314 97(9) | 30.390(9) | [68] |
| 93 | Np | Neptunium | 0.48 | 45.85 | est.[67] |
| 94 | Pu | Plutonium | −0.50 | −48.33 | est.[67] |
| 95 | Am | Americium | 0.10 | 9.93 | est.[67] |
| 96 | Cm | Curium | 0.28 | 27.17 | est.[67] |
| 97 | Bk | Berkelium | −1.72 | −165.24 | est.[67] |
| 98 | Cf | Californium | −1.01 | −97.31 | est.[67] |
| 99 | Es | Einsteinium | −0.30 | −28.60 | est.[67] |
| 100 | Fm | Fermium | 0.35 | 33.96 | est.[67] |
| 101 | Md | Mendelevium | 0.98 | 93.91 | est.[67] |
| 102 | No | Nobelium | −2.33 | −223.22 | est.[67] |
| 103 | Lr | Lawrencium | −0.31 | −30.04 | est.[67] |
| 111 | Rg | Roentgenium | 1.565 | 151.0 | calc.[69] |
| 113 | Nh | Nihonium | 0.69 | 66.6 | calc.[70] |
| 115 | Mc | Moscovium | 0.366 | 35.3 | calc.[70] |
| 116 | Lv | Livermorium | 0.776 | 74.9 | calc.[70] |
| 117 | Ts | Tennessine | 1.719 | 165.9 | calc.[70] |
| 118 | Og | Oganesson | 0.080(6) | 7.72(58) | calc.[71] |
| 119 | Uue | Ununennium | 0.662 | 63.87 | calc.[64] |
| 120 | Ubn | Unbinilium | 0.021 | 2.03 | calc.[72] |
| 121 | Ubu | Unbiunium | 0.57 | 55 | calc.[36] |
Molecules
[edit]The electron affinities Eea of some molecules are given in the table below, from the lightest to the heaviest. Many more have been listed by Rienstra-Kiracofe et al. (2002). The electron affinities of the radicals OH and SH are the most precisely known of all molecular electron affinities.
Second and third electron affinity
[edit]| Z | Element | Name | Electron affinity (eV) | Electron affinity (kJ/mol) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | N− | Nitrogen | -6.98 | -673 | [74] |
| 7 | N2− | Nitrogen | -11.09 | -1070 | [74] |
| 8 | O− | Oxygen | -7.71 | -744 | [74] |
| 15 | P− | Phosphorus | -4.85 | -468 | [74] |
| 15 | P2− | Phosphorus | -9.18 | -886 | [74] |
| 16 | S− | Sulfur | -4.73 | -456 | [74] |
| 33 | As− | Arsenic | -4.51 | -435 | [74] |
| 33 | As2− | Arsenic | -8.31 | -802 | [74] |
| 34 | Se− | Selenium | -4.25 | -410 | [74] |
Bibliography
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