Electron affinity (data page): Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
Chrisanion (talk | contribs) →Elements: A misprint had underestimated the uncertainty for Ca by a factor of 10. |
Countercheck (talk | contribs) delinked duplicate internal links |
||
| (48 intermediate revisions by 24 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{ |
{{Short description|Chemical data page}} |
||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
== Elements == |
== Elements == |
||
'''Electron affinity''' can be defined in two equivalent ways. First, as the energy that is released by adding an electron to an isolated gaseous atom. The second (reverse) definition is that electron affinity is the energy required to remove an electron from a singly charged gaseous negative ion. Either convention can be used.<ref name="Compendiumof">{{GoldBookRef |title=Electron affinity |file=E01977}}</ref> |
'''Electron affinity''' can be defined in two equivalent ways. First, as the energy that is released by adding an electron to an isolated gaseous atom. The second (reverse) definition is that electron affinity is the energy required to remove an electron from a singly charged gaseous negative ion. The latter can be regarded as the ionization energy of the –1 ion or the ''zeroth'' ionization energy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wulfsberg |first1=G. P.|date=2018 |title=Foundations of Inorganic Chemistry |location= California|publisher= University Science Books|page=362 |isbn=978-1-891389-95-5}}</ref> Either convention can be used.<ref name="Compendiumof">{{GoldBookRef |title=Electron affinity |file=E01977}}</ref> |
||
'''Negative electron affinities''' can be used in those cases where electron capture requires energy, i.e. when capture can occur only if the impinging electron has a kinetic energy large enough to excite a [[resonance (particle physics)|resonance]] of the atom-plus-electron system. Conversely electron removal from the anion formed in this way releases energy, which is carried out by the freed electron as kinetic energy. Negative ions formed in these cases are always unstable. They may have lifetimes of the order of microseconds to milliseconds, and invariably [[autoionize|autodetach]] after some time. |
'''Negative electron affinities''' can be used in those cases where electron capture requires energy, i.e. when capture can occur only if the impinging electron has a kinetic energy large enough to excite a [[resonance (particle physics)|resonance]] of the atom-plus-electron system. Conversely electron removal from the anion formed in this way releases energy, which is carried out by the freed electron as kinetic energy. Negative ions formed in these cases are always unstable. They may have lifetimes of the order of microseconds to milliseconds, and invariably [[autoionize|autodetach]] after some time. |
||
| Line 15: | Line 14: | ||
|1 |
|1 |
||
|<sup>1</sup>H |
|<sup>1</sup>H |
||
|[[Hydrogen]]||data-sort-value="0.754195"|0.754 195(19)||data-sort-value="72.769"|72.769(2)||<ref name=LykkeH |
|[[Hydrogen]]||data-sort-value="0.754195"|0.754 195(19)||data-sort-value="72.769"|72.769(2)||<ref name=LykkeH/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1 |
|1 |
||
|<sup>2</sup>H |
|<sup>2</sup>H |
||
|[[Deuterium]]||data-sort-value="0. |
|[[Deuterium]]||data-sort-value="0.75467"|0.754 67(4)||data-sort-value="72.814"|72.814(4)||<ref name=BeyerD/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|2||He||[[Helium]]||data-sort-value="-0.5"| |
|2||He||[[Helium]]||data-sort-value="-0.5"|−0.5(2) ||data-sort-value="-48"|−48(20) ||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|3||Li||[[Lithium]]||data-sort-value="0.61804922"|0.618 049(22)||data-sort-value="59.632"|59.632 6(21)||<ref name=HaefflerLi /> |
|3||Li||[[Lithium]]||data-sort-value="0.61804922"|0.618 049(22)||data-sort-value="59.632"|59.632 6(21)||<ref name=HaefflerLi /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|4||Be||[[Beryllium]]||data-sort-value="-0.5"| |
|4||Be||[[Beryllium]]||data-sort-value="-0.5"|−0.5(2)||data-sort-value="-48"|−48(20) ||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|5||B||[[Boron]]||data-sort-value="0.27972325"|0.279 723(25)||data-sort-value="26.989"|26.989(3)||<ref name=ScheerBCs /> |
|5||B||[[Boron]]||data-sort-value="0.27972325"|0.279 723(25)||data-sort-value="26.989"|26.989(3)||<ref name=ScheerBCs /> |
||
| Line 37: | Line 36: | ||
|Carbon||data-sort-value="1.2621136"|1.262 113 6(12)||data-sort-value="121.7755"|121.775 5(2)||<ref name=BresteauC/> |
|Carbon||data-sort-value="1.2621136"|1.262 113 6(12)||data-sort-value="121.7755"|121.775 5(2)||<ref name=BresteauC/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|7||N||[[Nitrogen]]||data-sort-value="-0.07"| |
|7||N||[[Nitrogen]]||data-sort-value="-0.07"|−0.07||data-sort-value="-6.8"|−6.8 ||<ref name=Bratsch /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|8 |
|8 |
||
|<sup>16</sup>O |
|<sup>16</sup>O |
||
|[[Oxygen]]||data-sort-value="1. |
|[[Oxygen]]||data-sort-value="1.46111297"|1.461 112 97(9)||data-sort-value="140.976"|140.975 970(9)||<ref name=Kristiansson/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|8 |
|8 |
||
|<sup>17</sup>O |
|<sup>17</sup>O |
||
|Oxygen||data-sort-value="1.461108"|1.461 108 |
|Oxygen||data-sort-value="1.461108"|1.461 108(4)||data-sort-value="140.9755"|140.975 5(3)||<ref name=BlondelO/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|8 |
|8 |
||
| Line 53: | Line 52: | ||
|9||F||[[Fluorine]]||data-sort-value="3.4011898"|3.401 189 8(24)||data-sort-value="328.164"|328.164 9(3)||<ref name=BlondelFBR /><ref name=BlondelFSi /> |
|9||F||[[Fluorine]]||data-sort-value="3.4011898"|3.401 189 8(24)||data-sort-value="328.164"|328.164 9(3)||<ref name=BlondelFBR /><ref name=BlondelFSi /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|10||Ne||[[Neon]]|| data-sort-value="-1.2"| |
|10||Ne||[[Neon]]|| data-sort-value="-1.2"|−1.2(2) ||data-sort-value="-116"|−116(19)||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|11||Na||[[Sodium]]||data-sort-value="0.547926"|0.547 926(25)||data-sort-value="52.867"|52.867(3)||<ref name=Hotop85 /> |
|11||Na||[[Sodium]]||data-sort-value="0.547926"|0.547 926(25)||data-sort-value="52.867"|52.867(3)||<ref name=Hotop85 /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|12||Mg||[[Magnesium]]||data-sort-value="-0.4"| |
|12||Mg||[[Magnesium]]||data-sort-value="-0.4"|−0.4(2)||data-sort-value="-40"|−40(19)||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|13||Al||[[Aluminium]]||data-sort-value="0.43283"|0.432 83(5)||data-sort-value="41.762"|41.762(5)||<ref name=ScheerAl /> |
|13||Al||[[Aluminium]]||data-sort-value="0.43283"|0.432 83(5)||data-sort-value="41.762"|41.762(5)||<ref name=ScheerAl /> |
||
| Line 63: | Line 62: | ||
|14||Si||[[Silicon]]||data-sort-value="1.3895212"|1.389 521 2(8)||data-sort-value="134.068"|134.068 4(1)||<ref name=Chaibi /> |
|14||Si||[[Silicon]]||data-sort-value="1.3895212"|1.389 521 2(8)||data-sort-value="134.068"|134.068 4(1)||<ref name=Chaibi /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|15||P||[[Phosphorus]]||data-sort-value="0. |
|15||P||[[Phosphorus]]||data-sort-value="0.746609"|0.746 609(11)||data-sort-value="72.037"|72.037(1)||<ref name=PelaezP /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|16 |
|16 |
||
| Line 75: | Line 74: | ||
|17||Cl||[[Chlorine]]||data-sort-value="3.612725"|3.612 725(28)||data-sort-value="348.575"|348.575(3)||<ref name=BerzinshCl /> |
|17||Cl||[[Chlorine]]||data-sort-value="3.612725"|3.612 725(28)||data-sort-value="348.575"|348.575(3)||<ref name=BerzinshCl /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|18||Ar||[[Argon]]||data-sort-value="-1.0"| |
|18||Ar||[[Argon]]||data-sort-value="-1.0"|−1.0(2)||data-sort-value="-96"|−96(20)||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|19||K||[[Potassium]]||data-sort-value="0.501459"|0.501 459(13)||data-sort-value="48.383"|48.383(2)||<ref name=AnderssonK /> |
|19||K||[[Potassium]]||data-sort-value="0.501459"|0.501 459(13)||data-sort-value="48.383"|48.383(2)||<ref name=AnderssonK /> |
||
| Line 81: | Line 80: | ||
|20||Ca||[[Calcium]]||data-sort-value="0.02455"|0.024 55(10)||data-sort-value="2.37"|2.37(1)||<ref name=PetruninCa /> |
|20||Ca||[[Calcium]]||data-sort-value="0.02455"|0.024 55(10)||data-sort-value="2.37"|2.37(1)||<ref name=PetruninCa /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|21||Sc||[[Scandium]]||data-sort-value="0. |
|21||Sc||[[Scandium]]||data-sort-value="0.17938"|0.179 380(23)||data-sort-value="17.3076"|17.307 6(22)||<ref name=NingLu/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|22||Ti||[[Titanium]]||data-sort-value="0.07554"|0.075 54(5)||data-sort-value="7.289"|7.289(5)||<ref name=TangTi |
|22||Ti||[[Titanium]]||data-sort-value="0.07554"|0.075 54(5)||data-sort-value="7.289"|7.289(5)||<ref name=TangTi/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|23||V||[[Vanadium]]||data-sort-value="0.52766"|0.527 66(20)||data-sort-value="50.911"|50.911(20)||<ref name=LuV |
|23||V||[[Vanadium]]||data-sort-value="0.52766"|0.527 66(20)||data-sort-value="50.911"|50.911(20)||<ref name=LuV/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|24||Cr||[[Chromium]]||data-sort-value="0. |
|24||Cr||[[Chromium]]||data-sort-value="0.67593"|0.675 928(27)||data-sort-value="65.2172"|65.217 2(26)||<ref name=NingLu/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|25||Mn||[[Manganese]]||data-sort-value="-0.5"| |
|25||Mn||[[Manganese]]||data-sort-value="-0.5"|−0.5(2)||data-sort-value="-50"|−50(19)||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|26||Fe||[[Iron]]||data-sort-value="0.153236"|0.153 236( |
|26||Fe||[[Iron]]||data-sort-value="0.153236"|0.153 236(35)||data-sort-value="14.785"|14.785(4)||<ref name=ChenFe /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|27||Co||[[Cobalt]]||data-sort-value="0. |
|27||Co||[[Cobalt]]||data-sort-value="0.662255"|0.662 255(47)||data-sort-value="63.8979"|63.897 9(45)||<ref name=ChenCo /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|28||Ni||[[Nickel]]||data-sort-value="1.15716"|1.157 16(12)||data-sort-value="111.65"|111.65(2)||<ref name=ScheerCoNiRhPd /> |
|28||Ni||[[Nickel]]||data-sort-value="1.15716"|1.157 16(12)||data-sort-value="111.65"|111.65(2)||<ref name=ScheerCoNiRhPd /> |
||
| Line 99: | Line 98: | ||
|29||Cu||[[Copper]]||data-sort-value="1.23578"|1.235 78(4)||data-sort-value="119.235"|119.235(4)||<ref name=BilodeauCrCuMoAg /> |
|29||Cu||[[Copper]]||data-sort-value="1.23578"|1.235 78(4)||data-sort-value="119.235"|119.235(4)||<ref name=BilodeauCrCuMoAg /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|30||Zn||[[Zinc]]||data-sort-value="-0.6"| |
|30||Zn||[[Zinc]]||data-sort-value="-0.6"|−0.6(2)||data-sort-value="-58"|−58(20)||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|31||Ga||[[Gallium]]||data-sort-value="0. |
|31||Ga||[[Gallium]]||data-sort-value="0.301166"|0.301 166(15)||data-sort-value="29.0581"|29.058 1(15)||<ref name=TangGa/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|32||Ge||[[Germanium]]||data-sort-value="1.2326764"|1.232 676 4(13)||data-sort-value="118.935"|118.935 2(2)||<ref name=BresteauGe /> |
|32||Ge||[[Germanium]]||data-sort-value="1.2326764"|1.232 676 4(13)||data-sort-value="118.935"|118.935 2(2)||<ref name=BresteauGe /> |
||
| Line 111: | Line 110: | ||
|35||Br||[[Bromine]]||data-sort-value="3.363588"|3.363 588(3)||data-sort-value="324.536"|324.536 9(3)||<ref name=BlondelFBR /> |
|35||Br||[[Bromine]]||data-sort-value="3.363588"|3.363 588(3)||data-sort-value="324.536"|324.536 9(3)||<ref name=BlondelFBR /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|36||Kr||[[Krypton]]||data-sort-value="-1.0"| |
|36||Kr||[[Krypton]]||data-sort-value="-1.0"|−1.0(2)||data-sort-value="-96"|−96(20)||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|37||Rb||[[Rubidium]]||data-sort-value="0.485916"|0.485 916(21)||data-sort-value="46.884"|46.884(3)||<ref name=FreyRb /> |
|37||Rb||[[Rubidium]]||data-sort-value="0.485916"|0.485 916(21)||data-sort-value="46.884"|46.884(3)||<ref name=FreyRb /> |
||
| Line 117: | Line 116: | ||
|38||Sr||[[Strontium]]||data-sort-value="0.05206"|0.052 06(6)||data-sort-value="5.023"|5.023(6)||<ref name=AndersenSr /> |
|38||Sr||[[Strontium]]||data-sort-value="0.05206"|0.052 06(6)||data-sort-value="5.023"|5.023(6)||<ref name=AndersenSr /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|39||Y||[[Yttrium]]||data-sort-value="0. |
|39||Y||[[Yttrium]]||data-sort-value="0.31129"|0.311 29(22)||data-sort-value="30.035"|30.035(21)||<ref name=NingLu/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|40||Zr||[[Zirconium]]||data-sort-value="0.43328"|0.433 28(9)||data-sort-value="41.806"|41.806(9)||<ref name=FuZr/> |
|40||Zr||[[Zirconium]]||data-sort-value="0.43328"|0.433 28(9)||data-sort-value="41.806"|41.806(9)||<ref name=FuZr/> |
||
| Line 123: | Line 122: | ||
|41||Nb||[[Niobium]]||data-sort-value="0.91740"|0.917 40(7)||data-sort-value="88.516"|88.516(7)||<ref name=LuoNb/> |
|41||Nb||[[Niobium]]||data-sort-value="0.91740"|0.917 40(7)||data-sort-value="88.516"|88.516(7)||<ref name=LuoNb/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|42||Mo||[[Molybdenum]]||data-sort-value="0. |
|42||Mo||[[Molybdenum]]||data-sort-value="0.74723"|0.747 23(8)||data-sort-value="72.097"|72.097(8)||<ref name=NingLu/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|43||Tc||[[Technetium]]||data-sort-value="0.55"|0.55(20)||data-sort-value="53"|53(20)||est.<ref name=Haynes/> |
|43||Tc||[[Technetium]]||data-sort-value="0.55"|0.55(20)||data-sort-value="53"|53(20)||est.<ref name=Haynes/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|44||Ru||[[Ruthenium]]||data-sort-value="1. |
|44||Ru||[[Ruthenium]]||data-sort-value="1.04627"|1.046 27(2)||data-sort-value="100.95"|100.950(3)||<ref name=NingLu/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|45||Rh||[[Rhodium]]||data-sort-value="1.14289"|1.142 89(20)||data-sort-value="110.27"|110.27(2)||<ref name=ScheerCoNiRhPd /> |
|45||Rh||[[Rhodium]]||data-sort-value="1.14289"|1.142 89(20)||data-sort-value="110.27"|110.27(2)||<ref name=ScheerCoNiRhPd /> |
||
| Line 135: | Line 134: | ||
|47||Ag||[[Silver]]||data-sort-value="1.30447"|1.304 47(3)||data-sort-value="125.862"|125.862(3)||<ref name=BilodeauCrCuMoAg /> |
|47||Ag||[[Silver]]||data-sort-value="1.30447"|1.304 47(3)||data-sort-value="125.862"|125.862(3)||<ref name=BilodeauCrCuMoAg /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|48||Cd||[[Cadmium]]||data-sort-value="-0.7"| |
|48||Cd||[[Cadmium]]||data-sort-value="-0.7"|−0.7(2)||data-sort-value="-68"|−68(20)||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|49||In||[[Indium]]||data-sort-value="0.38392"|0.383 92(6)||data-sort-value="37.043"|37.043(6)||<ref name=WalterIn/> |
|49||In||[[Indium]]||data-sort-value="0.38392"|0.383 92(6)||data-sort-value="37.043"|37.043(6)||<ref name=WalterIn/> |
||
| Line 145: | Line 144: | ||
|52||Te||[[Tellurium]]||data-sort-value="1.970875"|1.970 875(7)||data-sort-value="190.161"|190.161(1)||<ref name=HaefflerTe /> |
|52||Te||[[Tellurium]]||data-sort-value="1.970875"|1.970 875(7)||data-sort-value="190.161"|190.161(1)||<ref name=HaefflerTe /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|53||<sup>127</sup>I||[[Iodine]]||data-sort-value="3.0590465"|3.059 046 5(37)||data-sort-value="295.1531"|295.153 1(4)||<ref name= |
|53||<sup>127</sup>I||[[Iodine]]||data-sort-value="3.0590465"|3.059 046 5(37)||data-sort-value="295.1531"|295.153 1(4)||<ref name=PelaezIo/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|53||<sup>128</sup>I||Iodine||data-sort-value="3.059052"|3.059 052(38)||data-sort-value="295.154"|295.154(4)||<ref name=RotheI/> |
|53||<sup>128</sup>I||Iodine||data-sort-value="3.059052"|3.059 052(38)||data-sort-value="295.154"|295.154(4)||<ref name=RotheI/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|54||Xe||[[Xenon]]||data-sort-value="-0.8"| |
|54||Xe||[[Xenon]]||data-sort-value="-0.8"|−0.8(2)||data-sort-value="-77"|−77(20)||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|55||Cs||[[Caesium]]||data-sort-value="0.4715983"|0.4715983(38)||data-sort-value="45.5023"|45.5023(4)||<ref>{{cite journal | last=Navarro Navarrete | first=José E. | last2=Nichols | first2=Miranda | last3=Ringvall-Moberg | first3=Annie | last4=Welander | first4=Jakob | last5=Lu | first5=Di | last6=Leimbach | first6=David | last7=Kristiansson | first7=Moa K. | last8=Eklund | first8=Gustav | last9=Raveesh | first9=Meena | last10=Chulkov | first10=Ruslan | last11=Zhaunerchyk | first11=Vitali | last12=Hanstorp | first12=Dag | title=High-resolution measurement of the electron affinity of cesium | journal=Physical Review A | volume=109 | issue=2 | date=2024-02-21 | issn=2469-9926 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.109.022812| doi-access=free }}</ref> |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
|56||Ba||[[Barium]]||data-sort-value="0.14462"|0.144 62(6)||data-sort-value="13.954"|13.954(6)||<ref name=PetruninBa /> |
|56||Ba||[[Barium]]||data-sort-value="0.14462"|0.144 62(6)||data-sort-value="13.954"|13.954(6)||<ref name=PetruninBa /> |
||
| Line 157: | Line 156: | ||
|57||La||[[Lanthanum]]||data-sort-value="0.557546"|0.557 546(20)||data-sort-value="53.795"|53.795(2)||<ref name=BlondelLa/> |
|57||La||[[Lanthanum]]||data-sort-value="0.557546"|0.557 546(20)||data-sort-value="53.795"|53.795(2)||<ref name=BlondelLa/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|58||Ce||[[Cerium]]||data-sort-value="0. |
|58||Ce||[[Cerium]]||data-sort-value="0.60016"|0.600 160(27)||data-sort-value="57.9067"|57.906 7(26)||<ref name=FuCe/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|59||Pr||[[Praseodymium]]||data-sort-value="0.10923"|0.109 23(46)||data-sort-value="10.539"|10.539(45)||<ref name=FuPrNdTb/> <!-- Range: 0.1 to 0.96, see Felfli --> |
|59||Pr||[[Praseodymium]]||data-sort-value="0.10923"|0.109 23(46)||data-sort-value="10.539"|10.539(45)||<ref name=FuPrNdTb/> <!-- Range: 0.1 to 0.96, see Felfli --> |
||
| Line 169: | Line 168: | ||
|63||Eu||[[Europium]]||data-sort-value="0.116"|0.116(13)||data-sort-value="11.2"|11.2(13)||<ref name=ChengEu/> |
|63||Eu||[[Europium]]||data-sort-value="0.116"|0.116(13)||data-sort-value="11.2"|11.2(13)||<ref name=ChengEu/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|64||Gd||[[Gadolinium]]||data-sort-value="0. |
|64||Gd||[[Gadolinium]]||data-sort-value="0.212"|0.212(30)||data-sort-value="20.5"|20.5(29)||<ref name=NingLu/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|65||Tb||[[Terbium]]||data-sort-value="0.13131"|0.131 31(80)||data-sort-value="12.670"|12.670(77)||<ref name=FuPrNdTb/> <!-- Range: >0.1, see Felfli --> |
|65||Tb||[[Terbium]]||data-sort-value="0.13131"|0.131 31(80)||data-sort-value="12.670"|12.670(77)||<ref name=FuPrNdTb/> <!-- Range: >0.1, see Felfli --> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|66||Dy||[[Dysprosium]]||data-sort-value="0. |
|66||Dy||[[Dysprosium]]||data-sort-value="0.015"|0.015(3)||data-sort-value="1.45"|1.45(30)||<ref name=Nadeau97/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|67||Ho||[[Holmium]]||data-sort-value="0.338"|0.338 || data-sort-value="32.61"|32.61||<ref name=Felfli /> <!-- Range: >0.1, see Felfli --> |
|67||Ho||[[Holmium]]||data-sort-value="0.338"|0.338 || data-sort-value="32.61"|32.61||<ref name=Felfli /> <!-- Range: >0.1, see Felfli --> |
||
| Line 181: | Line 180: | ||
|69||Tm||[[Thulium]]||data-sort-value="1.029"|1.029(22)||data-sort-value="99"|99(3)||<ref name=DavisTm /> |
|69||Tm||[[Thulium]]||data-sort-value="1.029"|1.029(22)||data-sort-value="99"|99(3)||<ref name=DavisTm /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|70||Yb||[[Ytterbium]]||data-sort-value="-0.02"| |
|70||Yb||[[Ytterbium]]||data-sort-value="-0.02"|−0.02||data-sort-value="-1.93"|−1.93 ||est.<ref name=Haynes/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|71||Lu||[[Lutetium]]||data-sort-value="0.2388"|0.238 8(7)||data-sort-value="23.04"|23.04(7)||<ref name=FuLu/> |
|71||Lu||[[Lutetium]]||data-sort-value="0.2388"|0.238 8(7)||data-sort-value="23.04"|23.04(7)||<ref name=FuLu/> |
||
| Line 188: | Line 187: | ||
<!--ref name=AndersenReview /--><!--ref name=PanHf--><!--{{cite journal|last=Pan |first=Lin|last2=Beck|first2=Donald R.|date=21 December 2009 |title=Calculations of Hf<sup>−</sup> electron affinity and photodetachment partial cross sections|url=http://www.phy.mtu.edu/~donald/pdf/Hf-.2009.pdf|journal=Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics|publisher=IOP Publishing Ltd |volume=43 |issue=2 |access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref--><!--this is so low because the 5d and 6s orbital radii are almost equal for Hf, so there is too much electron repulsion if you try to put the added electron into a 5d: so instead it goes into the high-energy 6p orbital, which isn't so nice energetically--> |
<!--ref name=AndersenReview /--><!--ref name=PanHf--><!--{{cite journal|last=Pan |first=Lin|last2=Beck|first2=Donald R.|date=21 December 2009 |title=Calculations of Hf<sup>−</sup> electron affinity and photodetachment partial cross sections|url=http://www.phy.mtu.edu/~donald/pdf/Hf-.2009.pdf|journal=Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics|publisher=IOP Publishing Ltd |volume=43 |issue=2 |access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref--><!--this is so low because the 5d and 6s orbital radii are almost equal for Hf, so there is too much electron repulsion if you try to put the added electron into a 5d: so instead it goes into the high-energy 6p orbital, which isn't so nice energetically--> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|73||Ta||[[Tantalum]]||data-sort-value="0. |
|73||Ta||[[Tantalum]]||data-sort-value="0.328859"|0.328 859(23)||data-sort-value="31.7301"|31.730 1(22)||<ref name=NingLu/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|74||W||[[Tungsten]]||data-sort-value="0.81626"|0.816 26(8)||data-sort-value="78.76"|78.76(1)||<ref name=LindahlW /> |
|74||W||[[Tungsten]]||data-sort-value="0.81626"|0.816 26(8)||data-sort-value="78.76"|78.76(1)||<ref name=LindahlW /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|75||Re||[[Rhenium]]||data-sort-value="0.060396"|0.060 396( |
|75||Re||[[Rhenium]]||data-sort-value="0.060396"|0.060 396(64)||data-sort-value="5.8273"|5.827 3(62)||<ref name=ChenRe/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|76||Os||[[Osmium]]||data-sort-value="1. |
|76||Os||[[Osmium]]||data-sort-value="1.077661"|1.077 661(24)||data-sort-value="103.9785"|103.978 5(24)||<ref name=NingLu/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|77||Ir||[[Iridium]]||data-sort-value="1. |
|77||Ir||[[Iridium]]||data-sort-value="1.564057"|1.564 057(12)||data-sort-value="150.909"|150.908 6(12)||<ref name=LuIr/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|78||Pt||[[Platinum]]||data-sort-value="2.12510"|2.125 10(5)||data-sort-value="205.041"|205.041(5)||<ref name=BilodeauIrPt /> |
|78||Pt||[[Platinum]]||data-sort-value="2.12510"|2.125 10(5)||data-sort-value="205.041"|205.041(5)||<ref name=BilodeauIrPt /> |
||
| Line 202: | Line 201: | ||
|79||Au||[[Gold]]||data-sort-value="2.308610"|2.308 610(25)||data-sort-value="222.747"|222.747(3)||<ref name=AndersenAu /> |
|79||Au||[[Gold]]||data-sort-value="2.308610"|2.308 610(25)||data-sort-value="222.747"|222.747(3)||<ref name=AndersenAu /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|80||Hg||[[Mercury (element)|Mercury]]||data-sort-value="-0.5"| |
|80||Hg||[[Mercury (element)|Mercury]]||data-sort-value="-0.5"|−0.5(2)||data-sort-value="-48"|−48(20)||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|81||Tl||[[Thallium]]||data-sort-value="0.320053"|0.320 053(19)||data-sort-value="30.8804"|30.880 4(19)||<ref name=WalterTh /> |
|81||Tl||[[Thallium]]||data-sort-value="0.320053"|0.320 053(19)||data-sort-value="30.8804"|30.880 4(19)||<ref name=WalterTh /> |
||
| Line 210: | Line 209: | ||
|83||Bi||[[Bismuth]]||data-sort-value="0.942362"|0.942 362(13)||data-sort-value="90.924"|90.924(2)||<ref name=BilodeauBi /> |
|83||Bi||[[Bismuth]]||data-sort-value="0.942362"|0.942 362(13)||data-sort-value="90.924"|90.924(2)||<ref name=BilodeauBi /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|84||Po||[[Polonium]]||data-sort-value="1.40"|1.40(7)||data-sort-value="136"|136(7)|| |
|84||Po||[[Polonium]]||data-sort-value="1.40"|1.40(7)||data-sort-value="136"|136(7)||calc.<ref name=LiMCDHF/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|85||At||[[Astatine]]||data-sort-value="2.41578"|2.415 78(7)||data-sort-value="233.087"|233.087(8)||<ref name=LeimbachAt/> |
|85||At||[[Astatine]]||data-sort-value="2.41578"|2.415 78(7)||data-sort-value="233.087"|233.087(8)||<ref name=LeimbachAt/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|86||Rn||[[Radon]]||data-sort-value="-0.7"| |
|86||Rn||[[Radon]]||data-sort-value="-0.7"|−0.7(2)||data-sort-value="-68"|−68(20)||est.<ref name=Bratsch /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|87||Fr||[[Francium]]||data-sort-value="0.486"|0.486||data-sort-value="46.89"|46.89||est.<ref name=Landaualkalis /><ref name=Haynes/> |
|87||Fr||[[Francium]]||data-sort-value="0.486"|0.486||data-sort-value="46.89"|46.89||est.<ref name=Landaualkalis /><ref name=Haynes/> |
||
| Line 222: | Line 221: | ||
|89||Ac||[[Actinium]]||data-sort-value="0.35"|0.35 ||data-sort-value="33.77"|33.77||est.<ref name=Haynes/> |
|89||Ac||[[Actinium]]||data-sort-value="0.35"|0.35 ||data-sort-value="33.77"|33.77||est.<ref name=Haynes/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|90||Th||[[Thorium]]||data-sort-value=" |
|90||Th||[[Thorium]]||data-sort-value="0.60769"|0.607 69(6)||data-sort-value="58.633"|58.633(6)||<ref name=TangTh/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|91||Pa||[[Protactinium]]||data-sort-value="0.55"|0.55 ||data-sort-value="53.03"|53.03||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
|91||Pa||[[Protactinium]]||data-sort-value="0.55"|0.55 ||data-sort-value="53.03"|53.03||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|92||U||[[Uranium]]||data-sort-value="0. |
|92||U||[[Uranium]]||data-sort-value="0.31497"|0.314 97(9)||data-sort-value="30.39"|30.390(9)||<ref name=TangU/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|93||Np||[[Neptunium]]||data-sort-value="0.48"|0.48 ||data-sort-value="45.85"|45.85 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
|93||Np||[[Neptunium]]||data-sort-value="0.48"|0.48 ||data-sort-value="45.85"|45.85 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|94||Pu||[[Plutonium]]||data-sort-value="-0.50"| |
|94||Pu||[[Plutonium]]||data-sort-value="-0.50"|−0.50 ||data-sort-value="-48.33"|−48.33 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|95||Am||[[Americium]]||data-sort-value="0.10"|0.10 ||data-sort-value="9.93"|9.93 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
|95||Am||[[Americium]]||data-sort-value="0.10"|0.10 ||data-sort-value="9.93"|9.93 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
||
| Line 236: | Line 235: | ||
|96||Cm||[[Curium]]||data-sort-value="0.28"|0.28 ||data-sort-value="27.17"|27.17 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
|96||Cm||[[Curium]]||data-sort-value="0.28"|0.28 ||data-sort-value="27.17"|27.17 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|97||Bk||[[Berkelium]]||data-sort-value="-1.72"| |
|97||Bk||[[Berkelium]]||data-sort-value="-1.72"|−1.72 ||data-sort-value="-165.24"|−165.24 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|98||Cf||[[Californium]]||data-sort-value="-1.01"| |
|98||Cf||[[Californium]]||data-sort-value="-1.01"|−1.01 ||data-sort-value="-97.31"|−97.31 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|99||Es||[[Einsteinium]]||data-sort-value="-0.30"| |
|99||Es||[[Einsteinium]]||data-sort-value="-0.30"|−0.30 ||data-sort-value="-28.60"|−28.60 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|100||Fm||[[Fermium]]||data-sort-value="0.35"|0.35 ||data-sort-value="33.96"|33.96 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
|100||Fm||[[Fermium]]||data-sort-value="0.35"|0.35 ||data-sort-value="33.96"|33.96 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
||
| Line 246: | Line 245: | ||
|101||Md||[[Mendelevium]]||data-sort-value="0.98"|0.98 ||data-sort-value="93.91"|93.91 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
|101||Md||[[Mendelevium]]||data-sort-value="0.98"|0.98 ||data-sort-value="93.91"|93.91 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|102||No||[[Nobelium]]||data-sort-value="-2.33"| |
|102||No||[[Nobelium]]||data-sort-value="-2.33"|−2.33 ||data-sort-value="-223.22"|−223.22 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|103||Lr||[[Lawrencium]]||data-sort-value="-0.31"| |
|103||Lr||[[Lawrencium]]||data-sort-value="-0.31"|−0.31 ||data-sort-value="-30.04"|−30.04 ||est.<ref name=Guo/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|111||Rg||[[Roentgenium]]||data-sort-value="1.565"|1.565 || data-sort-value="151.0"|151.0||calc.<ref name=EliavRg>{{cite journal |last1=Eliav |first1=Ephraim |last2=Fritzsche |first2=Stephan |first3=Uzi |last3=Kaldor |date=2015 |title=Electronic structure theory of the superheavy elements |journal=Nucl. Phys. A |volume=944 |pages=518–550 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.06.017|bibcode=2015NuPhA.944..518E }}</ref> |
|111||Rg||[[Roentgenium]]||data-sort-value="1.565"|1.565 || data-sort-value="151.0"|151.0||calc.<ref name=EliavRg>{{cite journal |last1=Eliav |first1=Ephraim |last2=Fritzsche |first2=Stephan |first3=Uzi |last3=Kaldor |date=2015 |title=Electronic structure theory of the superheavy elements |journal=Nucl. Phys. A |volume=944 |pages=518–550 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.06.017|bibcode=2015NuPhA.944..518E }}</ref> |
||
| Line 260: | Line 259: | ||
|117||Ts||[[Tennessine]]||data-sort-value="1.719"|1.719 || data-sort-value="165.9"|165.9||calc.<ref name=Borschevsky>{{cite web |url=http://www.kernchemie.uni-mainz.de/downloads/che_7/presentations/borschevsky.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115184921/http://www.kernchemie.uni-mainz.de/downloads/che_7/presentations/borschevsky.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2018 |title=Fully relativistic ''ab initio'' studies of superheavy elements |last1=Borschevsky |first1=Anastasia |first2=Valeria |last2=Pershina |first3=Uzi |last3=Kaldor |first4=Ephraim |last4=Eliav |website=www.kernchemie.uni-mainz.de |publisher=[[Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz]] |access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref> |
|117||Ts||[[Tennessine]]||data-sort-value="1.719"|1.719 || data-sort-value="165.9"|165.9||calc.<ref name=Borschevsky>{{cite web |url=http://www.kernchemie.uni-mainz.de/downloads/che_7/presentations/borschevsky.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115184921/http://www.kernchemie.uni-mainz.de/downloads/che_7/presentations/borschevsky.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2018 |title=Fully relativistic ''ab initio'' studies of superheavy elements |last1=Borschevsky |first1=Anastasia |first2=Valeria |last2=Pershina |first3=Uzi |last3=Kaldor |first4=Ephraim |last4=Eliav |website=www.kernchemie.uni-mainz.de |publisher=[[Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz]] |access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|118||Og||[[Oganesson]]||data-sort-value="0. |
|118||Og||[[Oganesson]]||data-sort-value="0.080"|0.080(6) ||data-sort-value="7.72"|7.72(58)||calc.<ref name=IPEA>{{cite book |first1=Yangyang |last1=Guo |first2=Lukáš F. |last2=Pašteka |first3=Ephraim |last3=Eliav |first4=Anastasia |last4=Borschevsky |date=2021 |editor1-first=Monika |editor1-last=Musiał |editor2-first=Philip E. |editor2-last=Hoggan |title=Advances in Quantum Chemistry |volume=83 |pages=107–123 |chapter=Chapter 5: Ionization potentials and electron affinity of oganesson with relativistic coupled cluster method |isbn=978-0-12-823546-1}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|119||Uue||[[Ununennium]]||data-sort-value="0.662"|0.662 ||data-sort-value="63.87"|63.87 ||calc.<ref name=Landaualkalis /> |
|119||Uue||[[Ununennium]]||data-sort-value="0.662"|0.662 ||data-sort-value="63.87"|63.87 ||calc.<ref name=Landaualkalis /> |
||
| Line 271: | Line 270: | ||
== Molecules == |
== Molecules == |
||
The electron affinities ''E''<sub>ea</sub> of some |
The electron affinities ''E''<sub>ea</sub> of some molecules are given in the table below, from the lightest to the heaviest. Many more have been listed by {{harvp|Rienstra-Kiracofe|Tschumper|Schaefer|Nandi|2002}}. The electron affinities of the [[radical (chemistry)|radicals]] OH and SH are the most precisely known of all molecular electron affinities. |
||
{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
| Line 301: | Line 300: | ||
|I<sub>2</sub>||[[Iodine|Diiodine]]||2.524(5)||243.5(5)||{{harvp|Zanni|Taylor|Greenblatt|Soep|1997}} |
|I<sub>2</sub>||[[Iodine|Diiodine]]||2.524(5)||243.5(5)||{{harvp|Zanni|Taylor|Greenblatt|Soep|1997}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|IBr||[[Iodine |
|IBr||[[Iodine monobromide]]||2.512(3)||242.4(4)||{{harvp|Sheps|Miller|Lineberger|2009}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|LiCl||[[Lithium chloride]]||0.593(10)||57.2(10)||{{harvp|Miller|Leopold|Murray|Lineberger|1986}} |
|LiCl||[[Lithium chloride]]||0.593(10)||57.2(10)||{{harvp|Miller|Leopold|Murray|Lineberger|1986}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|FeO||[[Iron(II) oxide]]||1.4950(5)||144.25(6)||{{harvp|Kim|Weichman|Neumark|2015}} |
|FeO||[[Iron(II) oxide]]||1.4950(5)||144.25(6)||{{harvp|Kim|Weichman|Neumark|2015}} |
||
|- |
|||
|CN||[[Cyano radical]]||3.862(4)|| ||<ref>{{cite journal | last=Bradforth | first=Stephen E. | last2=Kim | first2=Eun Ha | last3=Arnold | first3=Don W. | last4=Neumark | first4=Daniel M. | title=Photoelectron spectroscopy of CN−, NCO−, and NCS− | journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics | publisher=AIP Publishing | volume=98 | issue=2 | date=1993-01-15 | issn=0021-9606 | doi=10.1063/1.464244 | pages=800–810}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan=5 align=center |''Triatomics'' |
| colspan=5 align=center |''Triatomics'' |
||
| Line 319: | Line 320: | ||
|CH<sub>2</sub>CHO||Vinyloxy||1.8248(+2-6)||176.07(+3-7)||{{harvp|Rienstra-Kiracofe|Tschumper|Schaefer|Nandi|2002}} after {{harvp|Mead|Lykke|Lineberger|Marks|1984}} |
|CH<sub>2</sub>CHO||Vinyloxy||1.8248(+2-6)||176.07(+3-7)||{{harvp|Rienstra-Kiracofe|Tschumper|Schaefer|Nandi|2002}} after {{harvp|Mead|Lykke|Lineberger|Marks|1984}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>||[[Benzene]]|| |
|C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>||[[Benzene]]||−0.70(14)||−68(14)||{{harvp|Ruoff|Kadish|Boulas|Chen|1995}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>||[[P-Benzoquinone|''p''-Benzoquinone]]||1.860(5)||179.5(6)||{{harvp|Schiedt|Weinkauf|1999}} |
|C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>||[[P-Benzoquinone|''p''-Benzoquinone]]||1.860(5)||179.5(6)||{{harvp|Schiedt|Weinkauf|1999}} |
||
| Line 347: | Line 348: | ||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Z!![[Chemical element|Element]]!!Name!!Electron affinity ([[electronvolt|eV]])!!Electron affinity ( |
!Z!![[Chemical element|Element]]!!Name!!Electron affinity ([[electronvolt|eV]])!!Electron affinity (kJ/mol)!![[#References|References]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|7||N<sup>−</sup>||Nitrogen||data-sort-value="-6.98"|-6.98||data-sort-value="-0.0000048"|-673||<ref name=Rayner-Canham> |
|7||N<sup>−</sup>||Nitrogen||data-sort-value="-6.98"|-6.98||data-sort-value="-0.0000048"|-673||<ref name="Rayner-Canham"> |
||
Rayner-Canham Appendix 5: Data summarised from J. E. Huheey et al., Inorganic Chemistry, 4th ed. (New York: |
Rayner-Canham Appendix 5: Data summarised from, and see also, J. E. Huheey et al., Inorganic Chemistry, 4th ed. (New York: |
||
HarperCollins, 1993) [https://bcs.whfreeman.com/WebPub/Chemistry/raynercanham6e/Appendices/Rayner-Canham%205e%20Appendix%205%20-%20Electron%20Affi%20nities%20of%20Selected%20Nonmetals.pdf]</ref> |
HarperCollins, 1993) [https://bcs.whfreeman.com/WebPub/Chemistry/raynercanham6e/Appendices/Rayner-Canham%205e%20Appendix%205%20-%20Electron%20Affi%20nities%20of%20Selected%20Nonmetals.pdf]</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|7||N<sup> |
|7||N<sup>2−</sup>||Nitrogen||data-sort-value="-11.09"|-11.09||data-sort-value="-0.0000076"|-1070||<ref name=Rayner-Canham/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|8||O<sup>−</sup>||Oxygen||data-sort-value="7.71"|-7.71||data-sort-value="-0.0000053"|-744||<ref name=Rayner-Canham/> |
|8||O<sup>−</sup>||Oxygen||data-sort-value="-7.71"|-7.71||data-sort-value="-0.0000053"|-744||<ref name=Rayner-Canham/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|15||P<sup>−</sup>||Phosphorus||data-sort-value="-4.85"|-4.85||data-sort-value="-0.0000033"|-468||<ref name=Rayner-Canham/> |
|15||P<sup>−</sup>||Phosphorus||data-sort-value="-4.85"|-4.85||data-sort-value="-0.0000033"|-468||<ref name=Rayner-Canham/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|15||P<sup> |
|15||P<sup>2−</sup>||Phosphorus||data-sort-value="-9.18"|-9.18||data-sort-value="-0.0000063"|-886||<ref name=Rayner-Canham/> |
||
|- |
|||
|16||S<sup>−</sup>||Sulfur||data-sort-value="-4.73"|-4.73||data-sort-value="-0.0000032"|-456||<ref name=Rayner-Canham/> |
|||
|- |
|||
|33||As<sup>−</sup>||Arsenic||data-sort-value="-4.51"|-4.51||data-sort-value="-0.0000031"|-435||<ref name=Rayner-Canham/> |
|||
|- |
|||
|33||As<sup>2−</sup>||Arsenic||data-sort-value="-8.31"|-8.31||data-sort-value="-0.0000057"|-802||<ref name=Rayner-Canham/> |
|||
|- |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
|} |
|} |
||
| Line 380: | Line 388: | ||
* {{citation|last1=Goldfarb|first1=F.|last2=Drag|first2=C.|last3=Chaibi|first3=W.|last4=Kröger|first4=S.|last5 =Blondel|first5=C.|last6=Delsart|first6=C.|journal=J. Chem. Phys.|volume=122|issue=1|page=014308|year=2005|title=Photodetachment microscopy of the P, Q, and R branches of the OH<sup>−</sup>(v=0) to OH(v=0) detachment threshold|doi=10.1063/1.1824904 |pmid=15638660|bibcode=2005JChPh.122a4308G}} |
* {{citation|last1=Goldfarb|first1=F.|last2=Drag|first2=C.|last3=Chaibi|first3=W.|last4=Kröger|first4=S.|last5 =Blondel|first5=C.|last6=Delsart|first6=C.|journal=J. Chem. Phys.|volume=122|issue=1|page=014308|year=2005|title=Photodetachment microscopy of the P, Q, and R branches of the OH<sup>−</sup>(v=0) to OH(v=0) detachment threshold|doi=10.1063/1.1824904 |pmid=15638660|bibcode=2005JChPh.122a4308G}} |
||
* {{citation|last1=Huang|first1=Dao-Ling|last2=Dau|first2=Phuong Diem|last3=Liu|first3=Hong-Tao|last4=Wang|first4=Lai-Sheng|s2cid=1061364|title=High-resolution photoelectron imaging of cold C{{su|b=60|p=−}} anions and accurate determination of the electron affinity of C<sub>60</sub>|journal=J. Chem. Phys.|volume=140|issue=22|page=224315|year=2014|doi=10.1063/1.4881421|pmid=24929396|bibcode=2014JChPh.140v4315H}} |
* {{citation|last1=Huang|first1=Dao-Ling|last2=Dau|first2=Phuong Diem|last3=Liu|first3=Hong-Tao|last4=Wang|first4=Lai-Sheng|s2cid=1061364|title=High-resolution photoelectron imaging of cold C{{su|b=60|p=−}} anions and accurate determination of the electron affinity of C<sub>60</sub>|journal=J. Chem. Phys.|volume=140|issue=22|page=224315|year=2014|doi=10.1063/1.4881421|pmid=24929396|bibcode=2014JChPh.140v4315H}} |
||
* {{citation|last1=Kim|first1=J.B.|last2=Weichman|first2=M.L.|last3=Neumark|first3=D.M.|title=Low-lying states of FeO and FeO<sup>−</sup> by slow photoelectron spectroscopy|journal=Mol. Phys.|volume=113|issue=15–16|page=2105|year=2015|doi=10.1080/00268976.2015.1005706|bibcode=2015MolPh.113.2105K}} |
* {{citation|last1=Kim|first1=J.B.|last2=Weichman|first2=M.L.|last3=Neumark|first3=D.M.|title=Low-lying states of FeO and FeO<sup>−</sup> by slow photoelectron spectroscopy|journal=Mol. Phys.|volume=113|issue=15–16|page=2105|year=2015|doi=10.1080/00268976.2015.1005706|bibcode=2015MolPh.113.2105K|s2cid=13868986 }} |
||
* {{citation|last1=Mathur|first1=B.P.|last2=Rothe|first2=E.W.|last3=Tang|first3=S.Y.|last4=Reck|first4=G.P.|journal=J. Chem. Phys.|volume=65|issue=2|page=565|year=1976|title=Negative ions from phosphorus halides due to cesium charge exchange|doi=10.1063/1.433109|bibcode=1976JChPh..65..565M}} |
* {{citation|last1=Mathur|first1=B.P.|last2=Rothe|first2=E.W.|last3=Tang|first3=S.Y.|last4=Reck|first4=G.P.|journal=J. Chem. Phys.|volume=65|issue=2|page=565|year=1976|title=Negative ions from phosphorus halides due to cesium charge exchange|doi=10.1063/1.433109|bibcode=1976JChPh..65..565M}} |
||
* {{citation|last1=Mead|first1=R.D.|last2=Lykke|first2=K.R.|last3=Lineberger|first3=W.C.|last4=Marks|first4=J.|last5 =Brauman|first5=J.I.|title=Spectroscopy and dynamics of the dipole-bound state of acetaldehyde enolate|journal=J. Chem. Phys.|volume=81|issue=11|page=4883|year=1984|doi=10.1063/1.447515|bibcode=1984JChPh..81.4883M}} |
* {{citation|last1=Mead|first1=R.D.|last2=Lykke|first2=K.R.|last3=Lineberger|first3=W.C.|last4=Marks|first4=J.|last5 =Brauman|first5=J.I.|title=Spectroscopy and dynamics of the dipole-bound state of acetaldehyde enolate|journal=J. Chem. Phys.|volume=81|issue=11|page=4883|year=1984|doi=10.1063/1.447515|bibcode=1984JChPh..81.4883M}} |
||
| Line 388: | Line 396: | ||
* {{citation|last1=Page|first1=F. M.|last2=Goode|first2=G. C.|title=Negative ions and the magnetron|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1969}}<ref>According to [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]] as concerns [http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C7637072&Mask=20#ref-1 Boron trifluoride], the Magnetron method, lacking mass analysis, is not considered reliable.</ref> |
* {{citation|last1=Page|first1=F. M.|last2=Goode|first2=G. C.|title=Negative ions and the magnetron|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1969}}<ref>According to [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]] as concerns [http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C7637072&Mask=20#ref-1 Boron trifluoride], the Magnetron method, lacking mass analysis, is not considered reliable.</ref> |
||
* {{citation|last1=Ruoff|first1=R.S.|last2=Kadish|first2=K.M.|last3=Boulas|first3=P.|last4=Chen|first4=E.C.M.|journal=J. Phys. Chem.|volume=99|issue=21|page=8843|title=Relationship between the Electron Affinities and Half-Wave Reduction Potentials of Fullerenes, Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Metal Complexes|year=1995|doi=10.1021/j100021a060}} |
* {{citation|last1=Ruoff|first1=R.S.|last2=Kadish|first2=K.M.|last3=Boulas|first3=P.|last4=Chen|first4=E.C.M.|journal=J. Phys. Chem.|volume=99|issue=21|page=8843|title=Relationship between the Electron Affinities and Half-Wave Reduction Potentials of Fullerenes, Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Metal Complexes|year=1995|doi=10.1021/j100021a060}} |
||
* {{citation|last1=Schiedt|first1=J.|first2=R.|last2=Weinkauf|title=Spin-orbit coupling in the O{{su|b=2|p=−}} anion|journal=Z. Naturforsch. A|volume=50|issue=11|page=1041|year=1995|bibcode=1995ZNatA..50.1041S|doi=10.1515/zna-1995-1110}} |
* {{citation|last1=Schiedt|first1=J.|first2=R.|last2=Weinkauf|title=Spin-orbit coupling in the O{{su|b=2|p=−}} anion|journal=Z. Naturforsch. A|volume=50|issue=11|page=1041|year=1995|bibcode=1995ZNatA..50.1041S|doi=10.1515/zna-1995-1110|s2cid=197275321 |doi-access=free}} |
||
* {{citation|last1=Schiedt|first1=J.|last2=Weinkauf|first2=R.|title=Resonant photodetachment via shape and Feshbach resonances: p-benzoquinone anions as a model system|journal=J. Chem. Phys.|volume=110|issue=1|page=304|year=1999|doi=10.1063/1.478066|bibcode=1999JChPh.110..304S}} |
* {{citation|last1=Schiedt|first1=J.|last2=Weinkauf|first2=R.|title=Resonant photodetachment via shape and Feshbach resonances: p-benzoquinone anions as a model system|journal=J. Chem. Phys.|volume=110|issue=1|page=304|year=1999|doi=10.1063/1.478066|bibcode=1999JChPh.110..304S}} |
||
* {{citation|last1=Schulz|first1=P.A.|last2=Mead|first2=R.D.|last3=Jones|first3=P.L.|last4=Lineberger|first4=W.C.|journal=J. Chem. Phys.|volume=77|issue=3|page=1153|title=OH<sup>−</sup> and OD<sup>−</sup> threshold photodetachment|year=1982|doi=10.1063/1.443980|bibcode=1982JChPh..77.1153S}} |
* {{citation|last1=Schulz|first1=P.A.|last2=Mead|first2=R.D.|last3=Jones|first3=P.L.|last4=Lineberger|first4=W.C.|journal=J. Chem. Phys.|volume=77|issue=3|page=1153|title=OH<sup>−</sup> and OD<sup>−</sup> threshold photodetachment|year=1982|doi=10.1063/1.443980|bibcode=1982JChPh..77.1153S}} |
||
* {{citation|last1=Sheps|first1=L.|last2=Miller|first2=E.M.|last3=Lineberger|first3=W.C.|title=Photoelectron spectroscopy of small IBr<sup>−</sup>(CO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>n</sub>(n=0–3) cluster anions|journal=J. Chem. Phys.|volume=131|issue= |
* {{citation|last1=Sheps|first1=L.|last2=Miller|first2=E.M.|last3=Lineberger|first3=W.C.|title=Photoelectron spectroscopy of small IBr<sup>−</sup>(CO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>n</sub>(n=0–3) cluster anions|journal=J. Chem. Phys.|volume=131|issue=6|page=064304|year=2009|bibcode=2009JChPh.131f4304S|doi=10.1063/1.3200941|pmid=19691385}} |
||
* {{citation|first1=M.J.|last1=Travers|first2=D.C.|last2=Cowles|first3=G.B.|last3=Ellison|title=Reinvestigation of the electron affinities of O<sub>2</sub> and NO|journal=Chem. Phys. Lett.|volume=164|issue=5|page=449|year=1989|doi=10.1016/0009-2614(89)85237-6|bibcode=1989CPL...164..449T}} |
* {{citation|first1=M.J.|last1=Travers|first2=D.C.|last2=Cowles|first3=G.B.|last3=Ellison|title=Reinvestigation of the electron affinities of O<sub>2</sub> and NO|journal=Chem. Phys. Lett.|volume=164|issue=5|page=449|year=1989|doi=10.1016/0009-2614(89)85237-6|bibcode=1989CPL...164..449T}} |
||
* {{citation|last1=Troe|first1=J.|last2=Miller|first2=T.M.|last3=Viggiano|first3=A.A.|title=Communication:Revised electron affinity of SF<sub>6</sub> from kinetic data|journal=J. Chem. Phys. |volume=136|issue=2|page=121102|year=2012|doi=10.1063/1.3698170|pmid=22462826|bibcode=2012JChPh. |
* {{citation|last1=Troe|first1=J.|last2=Miller|first2=T.M.|last3=Viggiano|first3=A.A.|title=Communication:Revised electron affinity of SF<sub>6</sub> from kinetic data|journal=J. Chem. Phys. |volume=136|issue=2|page=121102|year=2012|doi=10.1063/1.3698170|pmid=22462826|bibcode=2012JChPh.136l1102T|doi-access=free|hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-000F-A0CD-D|hdl-access=free}} |
||
* {{citation|last1=Wenthold|first1=P.G.|last2=Kim|first2=J.B.|last3=Jonas|first3=K.-L.|last4=Lineberger|first4=W.C.|title=An Experimental and Computational Study of the Electron Affinity of Boron Oxide|journal=J. Phys. Chem. A|year=1997|volume=101|issue=24|page=4472|doi=10.1021/jp970645u|bibcode=1997JPCA..101.4472W|citeseerx=10.1.1.497.1352}} |
* {{citation|last1=Wenthold|first1=P.G.|last2=Kim|first2=J.B.|last3=Jonas|first3=K.-L.|last4=Lineberger|first4=W.C.|title=An Experimental and Computational Study of the Electron Affinity of Boron Oxide|journal=J. Phys. Chem. A|year=1997|volume=101|issue=24|page=4472|doi=10.1021/jp970645u|bibcode=1997JPCA..101.4472W|citeseerx=10.1.1.497.1352}} |
||
* {{citation|last1=Zanni|first1=M.T.|last2=Taylor|first2=T.R.|last3=Greenblatt|first3=B.J.|last4=Soep|first4=B.|last5 =Neumark|first5=D.M.|title=Characterization of the I{{su|b=2|p=−}} anion ground state using conventional and femtosecond photoelectron spectroscopy|journal=J. Chem. Phys.|volume=107|issue=19|page=7613|year=1997|doi=10.1063/1.475110|bibcode=1997JChPh.107.7613Z}} |
* {{citation|last1=Zanni|first1=M.T.|last2=Taylor|first2=T.R.|last3=Greenblatt|first3=B.J.|last4=Soep|first4=B.|last5 =Neumark|first5=D.M.|title=Characterization of the I{{su|b=2|p=−}} anion ground state using conventional and femtosecond photoelectron spectroscopy|journal=J. Chem. Phys.|volume=107|issue=19|page=7613|year=1997|doi=10.1063/1.475110|bibcode=1997JChPh.107.7613Z}} |
||
| Line 408: | Line 416: | ||
<ref name=AnderssonK>{{cite journal | last1 = Andersson | first1 = K.T. | last2 = Sandstrom | first2 = J. | last3 = Kiyan | first3 = I.Y. | last4 = Hanstorp | first4 = D. | last5 = Pegg | first5 = D.J. | year = 2000 | title = Measurement of the electron affinity of potassium | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 62 | issue = 2| page = 022503 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.62.022503 | bibcode = 2000PhRvA..62b2503A }}</ref> |
<ref name=AnderssonK>{{cite journal | last1 = Andersson | first1 = K.T. | last2 = Sandstrom | first2 = J. | last3 = Kiyan | first3 = I.Y. | last4 = Hanstorp | first4 = D. | last5 = Pegg | first5 = D.J. | year = 2000 | title = Measurement of the electron affinity of potassium | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 62 | issue = 2| page = 022503 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.62.022503 | bibcode = 2000PhRvA..62b2503A }}</ref> |
||
| ⚫ | <ref name=BerzinshCl>{{cite journal | last1 = Berzinsh | first1 = U. | last2 = Gustafsson | first2 = M. | last3 = Hanstorp | first3 = D. | last4 = Klinkmüller | first4 = A. | last5 = Ljungblad | first5 = U. | last6 = Martensson-Pendrill | first6 = A.M. | author6-link=Ann-Marie Pendrill | year = 1995 | title = Isotope shift in the electron affinity of chlorine | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 51 | issue = 1| pages = 231–238 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.51.231 | pmid = 9911578 | arxiv = physics/9804028 | bibcode = 1995PhRvA..51..231B | s2cid = 3225884 }}</ref> |
||
<!--ref name=BengaliW>Bengali A.A., Casey S.M., Cheng C.-L., Dick J.P., Fenn T., Villaalta P.W. and Leopold D.G. (1992). Negative Ion Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Coordinatively Unsaturated Group VI Metal Carbonyls: Cr(CO)<sub>3</sub>, Mo(CO)<sub>3</sub>, and W(CO)<sub>3</sub>. ''[[Journal of the American Chemical Society]]'' '''114''':5257–68 {{DOI|10.1021/ja00039a043}}.</ref--> |
|||
<ref name=BeyerD>Beyer M. & Merkt F. (2018). "Communication: Heavy-Rydberg states of HD and the electron affinity of the deuterium atom". ''J. Chem. Phys.'' '''149''', 031102 {{doi|10.1063/1.5043186}}</ref> |
|||
| ⚫ | <ref name=BerzinshCl>{{cite journal | last1 = Berzinsh | first1 = U. | last2 = Gustafsson | first2 = M. | last3 = Hanstorp | first3 = D. | last4 = Klinkmüller | first4 = A. | last5 = Ljungblad | first5 = U. | last6 = Martensson-Pendrill | first6 = A.M. | year = 1995 | title = Isotope shift in the electron affinity of chlorine | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 51 | issue = 1| pages = 231–238 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.51.231 | pmid = 9911578 | arxiv = physics/9804028 | bibcode = 1995PhRvA..51..231B }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=BilodeauCrCuMoAg>{{cite journal | last1 = Bilodeau | first1 = R.C. | last2 = Scheer | first2 = M. | last3 = Haugen | first3 = H.K. | year = 1998 | title = Infrared Laser Photodetachment of Transition Metal Negative Ions: Studies on Cr<sup>−</sup>, Mo<sup>−</sup>, Cu<sup>−</sup>, and Ag<sup>−</sup> | journal = [[Journal of Physics B]] | volume = 31 | pages = 3885–91 | doi = 10.1088/0953-4075/31/17/013 }}</ref> |
<ref name=BilodeauCrCuMoAg>{{cite journal | last1 = Bilodeau | first1 = R.C. | last2 = Scheer | first2 = M. | last3 = Haugen | first3 = H.K. | year = 1998 | title = Infrared Laser Photodetachment of Transition Metal Negative Ions: Studies on Cr<sup>−</sup>, Mo<sup>−</sup>, Cu<sup>−</sup>, and Ag<sup>−</sup> | journal = [[Journal of Physics B]] | volume = 31 | pages = 3885–91 | doi = 10.1088/0953-4075/31/17/013 | s2cid = 250869727 }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=BilodeauIrPt>{{cite journal | last1 = Bilodeau | first1 = R.C. | last2 = Scheer | first2 = M. | last3 = Haugen | first3 = H.K. | last4 = Brooks | first4 = R.L. | year = 1999 | title = Near-threshold Laser Spectroscopy of Iridium and Platinum Negative Ions: Electron Affinities and the Threshold Law | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 61 | page = 012505 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.61.012505 }}</ref> |
<ref name=BilodeauIrPt>{{cite journal | last1 = Bilodeau | first1 = R.C. | last2 = Scheer | first2 = M. | last3 = Haugen | first3 = H.K. | last4 = Brooks | first4 = R.L. | year = 1999 | title = Near-threshold Laser Spectroscopy of Iridium and Platinum Negative Ions: Electron Affinities and the Threshold Law | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 61 | issue = 1 | page = 012505 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.61.012505 | bibcode = 1999PhRvA..61a2505B }}</ref> |
||
| ⚫ | <ref name= |
||
<ref name=BilodeauBi>{{cite journal | last1 = Bilodeau | first1 = R.C. | last2 = Haugen | first2 = H.K. | year = 2001 | title = Electron affinity of Bi using infrared laser photodetachment threshold spectroscopy | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 64 | issue = 2| page = 024501 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.64.024501 | bibcode = 2001PhRvA..64b4501B }}</ref> |
<ref name=BilodeauBi>{{cite journal | last1 = Bilodeau | first1 = R.C. | last2 = Haugen | first2 = H.K. | year = 2001 | title = Electron affinity of Bi using infrared laser photodetachment threshold spectroscopy | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 64 | issue = 2| page = 024501 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.64.024501 | bibcode = 2001PhRvA..64b4501B }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=BlondelO>{{cite journal | last1 = Blondel | first1 = C. | last2 = Delsart | first2 = C. | last3 = Valli | first3 = C. | last4 = Yiou | first4 = S. | last5 = Godefroid | first5 = M.R. | last6 = Van Eck | first6 = S. | year = 2001 | title = Electron affinities of <sup>16</sup> O, <sup>17</sup> O, <sup>18</sup> O, the fine structure of <sup>16</sup>O<sup>−</sup>, and the hyperfine structure of <sup>17</sup>O<sup>−</sup>. | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 64 | issue = 5| page = 052504 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.64.052504 }}</ref> |
<ref name=BlondelO>{{cite journal | last1 = Blondel | first1 = C. | last2 = Delsart | first2 = C. | last3 = Valli | first3 = C. | last4 = Yiou | first4 = S. | last5 = Godefroid | first5 = M.R. | last6 = Van Eck | first6 = S. | year = 2001 | title = Electron affinities of <sup>16</sup> O, <sup>17</sup> O, <sup>18</sup> O, the fine structure of <sup>16</sup>O<sup>−</sup>, and the hyperfine structure of <sup>17</sup>O<sup>−</sup>. | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 64 | issue = 5| page = 052504 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.64.052504 | bibcode = 2001PhRvA..64e2504B }}</ref> |
||
< |
<ref name=BlondelFSi>{{cite journal | last1 = Blondel | first1 = C. | last2 = Delsart | first2 = C. | last3 = Goldfarb | first3 = F. | year = 2001 | title = Electron spectrometry at the μeV level and the electron affinities of Si and F | journal = [[Journal of Physics B]] | volume = 34 | pages = L281–88 | doi = 10.1088/0953-4075/34/9/101 | s2cid = 250875182 }}</ref> |
||
<!--ref name=BlondelS2>Blondel C. (1995). "Recent experimental achievements with negative ions". ''[[Physica Scripta]]'' '''T58''':31 {{DOI|10.1088/0031-8949/1995/T58/004}}.</ref--> |
|||
<ref name=BlondelFSi>{{cite journal | last1 = Blondel | first1 = C. | last2 = Delsart | first2 = C. | last3 = Goldfarb | first3 = F. | year = 2001 | title = Electron spectrometry at the μeV level and the electron affinities of Si and F | journal = [[Journal of Physics B]] | volume = 34 | pages = L281–88 | doi = 10.1088/0953-4075/34/9/101 }}</ref> |
|||
<!--ref name=BlondelS>Blondel C., Chaibi W., Delsart C. and Drag C. (2006). Electron spectrometry at the µeV level and the electron affinities of Si and F. ''J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.'' '''39''', 1409 {{DOI|10.1088/0953-4075/34/9/101}}.</ref--> |
|||
<ref name=BlondelFBR>{{cite journal | last1 = Blondel | first1 = C. | last2 = Cacciani | first2 = P. | last3 = Delsart | first3 = C. | last4 = Trainham | first4 = R. | year = 1989 | title = High Resolution Determination of the Electron Affinity of Fluorine and Bromine using Crossed Ion and Laser Beams | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 40 | issue = 7| pages = 3698–3701 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.40.3698 | pmid = 9902584 | bibcode = 1989PhRvA..40.3698B }}</ref> |
<ref name=BlondelFBR>{{cite journal | last1 = Blondel | first1 = C. | last2 = Cacciani | first2 = P. | last3 = Delsart | first3 = C. | last4 = Trainham | first4 = R. | year = 1989 | title = High Resolution Determination of the Electron Affinity of Fluorine and Bromine using Crossed Ion and Laser Beams | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 40 | issue = 7| pages = 3698–3701 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.40.3698 | pmid = 9902584 | bibcode = 1989PhRvA..40.3698B }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=BlondelLa>{{cite journal |
<ref name=BlondelLa>{{cite journal|last1 = Blondel|first1 = C.|year = 2020|title=Comment on "Measurement of the electron affinity of the lanthanum atom"|journal = Phys. Rev. A|volume = 101|issue = 1| pages = 016501|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.101.016501|bibcode = 2020PhRvA.101a6501B| s2cid=213221561 |url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02928751/file/AKK1015_rev.pdf }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=Bratsch>{{cite journal | last1 = Bratsch | first1 = S.G. | last2 = Lagowski | first2 = J.J. | year = 1986 | title = Predicted stabilities of monatomic anions in water and liquid ammonia at 298.15 K. | journal = Polyhedron | volume = 5 | issue = 11| pages = 1763–1770 | doi = 10.1016/S0277-5387(00)84854-8 }}</ref> |
<ref name=Bratsch>{{cite journal | last1 = Bratsch | first1 = S.G. | last2 = Lagowski | first2 = J.J. | year = 1986 | title = Predicted stabilities of monatomic anions in water and liquid ammonia at 298.15 K. | journal = Polyhedron | volume = 5 | issue = 11| pages = 1763–1770 | doi = 10.1016/S0277-5387(00)84854-8 }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=BresteauGe>{{cite journal | last1 = Bresteau | first1 = D. |
<ref name=BresteauGe>{{cite journal | last1 = Bresteau | first1 = D.| last2 = Babilotte | first2 = Ph. | last3 = Drag | first3 = C. | last4 = Blondel | first4 = C. | year = 2015 | title = Intra-cavity photodetachment microscopy and the electron affinity of germanium | journal = J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. | volume = 48 | issue = 12| page = 125001 | doi = 10.1088/0953-4075/48/12/125001 | bibcode = 2015JPhB...48l5001B }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=BresteauC>{{cite journal |
<ref name=BresteauC>{{cite journal| last1 = Bresteau | first1 = D.| last2 = Drag | first2 = C. | last3 = Blondel | first3 = C. | year = 2016 | title = Isotope shift of the electron affinity of carbon measured by photodetachment microscopy | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 93 | issue = 1| page = 013414 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.93.013414 | bibcode = 2016PhRvA..93a3414B}}</ref> |
||
<ref name=BresteauPb>{{cite journal |
<ref name=BresteauPb>{{cite journal| last1 = Bresteau | first1 = D.| last2 = Drag | first2 = C. | last3 = Blondel | first3 = C. | year = 2019 | title = Electron affinity of lead | journal = J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. | volume = 52 | issue = 6| page = 065001 | doi = 10.1088/1361-6455/aaf685 | bibcode = 2019JPhB...52f5001B| s2cid = 125298267}}</ref> |
||
<ref name=Carette>{{cite journal |
<ref name=Carette>{{cite journal| last1 = Carette | first1 = T.| last2 = Drag | first2 = C. | last3 = Scharf | first3 = O. | last4 = Blondel | first4 = C. | last5 = Delsart | first5 = C. | last6 = Fischer | first6 = C. | year = 2000| title = F. & Godefroid M. (2010). Isotope shift in the sulfur electron affinity: Observation and theory | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 81 | page = 042522 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.81.042522 | arxiv = 1002.1297 | s2cid = 54056163}}</ref> |
||
< |
<ref name=Chaibi>{{cite journal|last1=Chaibi|first1=W.|last2=Peláez|first2=R.J.|last3=Blondel|first3=C.|last4=Drag|first4=C.|last5=Delsart|first5=C.|title=Effect of a magnetic field in photodetachment microscopy|doi=10.1140/epjd/e2010-00086-7|journal=[[The European Physical Journal D|Eur. Phys. J. D]]|volume=58|issue=1|pages=29|year=2010|bibcode=2010EPJD...58...29C |s2cid=17677037 }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=Chaibi>{{cite journal|last1=Chaibi|first1=W.|last2=Peláez|first2=R.J.|last3=Blondel|first3=C.|last4=Drag|first4=C.|last5=Delsart|first5=C.|title=Effect of a magnetic field in photodetachment microscopy|doi=10.1140/epjd/e2010-00086-7|journal=[[The European Physical Journal D|Eur. Phys. J. D]]|volume=58|issue=1|pages=29|year=2010|bibcode=2010EPJD...58...29C }}</ref> |
|||
<!--ref name=Champion>Champion J., Seydou M, Sabatie-Gogova A., Renault E., Montavon G. and Galland N. (2011), Assessment of an effective quasirelativistic methodology designed to study astatine chemistry in aqueous solution, ''Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.,'' '''13''', 14984–14992, {{DOI|10.1039/C1CP20512A}}</ref--> |
|||
<ref name=ChenFe>{{cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = X. | last2 = Luo | first2 = Z. | last3 = Li | first3 = J. | last4 = Ning | first4 = C. | year = 2016 | title = Accurate Electron Affinity of Iron and Fine Structures of Negative Iron ions | journal = Sci. Rep. | volume = 6 | page = 24996 | doi = 10.1038/srep24996 | pmid = 27138292 | pmc = 4853736 | bibcode = 2016NatSR...624996C | doi-access = free }}</ref> |
<ref name=ChenFe>{{cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = X. | last2 = Luo | first2 = Z. | last3 = Li | first3 = J. | last4 = Ning | first4 = C. | year = 2016 | title = Accurate Electron Affinity of Iron and Fine Structures of Negative Iron ions | journal = Sci. Rep. | volume = 6 | page = 24996 | doi = 10.1038/srep24996 | pmid = 27138292 | pmc = 4853736 | bibcode = 2016NatSR...624996C | doi-access = free }}</ref> |
||
| Line 454: | Line 450: | ||
<ref name=ChenCo>{{cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = X. | last2 = Ning | first2 = C. | year = 2016 | title = Accurate electron affinity of Co and fine-structure splittings of Co<sup>−</sup> via slow-electron velocity-map imaging | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 93 | issue = 5| page = 052508 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.93.052508 | bibcode = 2016PhRvA..93e2508C }}</ref> |
<ref name=ChenCo>{{cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = X. | last2 = Ning | first2 = C. | year = 2016 | title = Accurate electron affinity of Co and fine-structure splittings of Co<sup>−</sup> via slow-electron velocity-map imaging | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 93 | issue = 5| page = 052508 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.93.052508 | bibcode = 2016PhRvA..93e2508C }}</ref> |
||
< |
<ref name=DavisTm>{{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=V.T.|last2=Thompson|first2=J.S.|year=2001|title=Measurement of the electron affinity of thulium|journal=Phys. Rev. A|volume=65|issue = 1|page=010501|doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.65.010501|bibcode=2001PhRvA..65a0501D|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233713}}</ref> |
||
<!--ref name=DavisCe>Davis V.T. and Thompson J.S. (2002a). Measurement of the electron affinity of cerium. ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' '''88''':073003 {{DOI|10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.073003}}.</ref--> |
|||
| ⚫ | <ref name= |
||
<ref name=ChengEu>{{cite journal | last1 = Cheng | first1 = S.B. | last2 = Castleman | first2 = A. W. Jr | year = 2015 | title = Direct experimental observation of weakly-bound character of the attached electron in europium anion | journal = Sci. Rep. | volume = 5 | page = 12414 | doi = 10.1038/srep12414 | pmid = 26198741 | pmc = 4510523 | bibcode = 2015NatSR...512414C | doi-access = free }}</ref> |
<ref name=ChengEu>{{cite journal | last1 = Cheng | first1 = S.B. | last2 = Castleman | first2 = A. W. Jr | year = 2015 | title = Direct experimental observation of weakly-bound character of the attached electron in europium anion | journal = Sci. Rep. | volume = 5 | page = 12414 | doi = 10.1038/srep12414 | pmid = 26198741 | pmc = 4510523 | bibcode = 2015NatSR...512414C | doi-access = free }}</ref> |
||
<!--ref name=DavisHeavyanions>Davis V.T., Thompson J. and Covington A. (2005). Laser photodetachment electron spectroscopy studies of heavy atomic anions. ''Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B'' '''241''' 118 {{DOI|10.1016/j.nimb.2005.07.073}}.</ref--> |
|||
<!--ref name=DellwoLi>Dellwo J., Liu Y., Pegg D.J. and Alton G.D. (1992). Near-Threshold Photodetachment of the Li<sup>−</sup> Ion. ''Phys. Rev. A'' '''45''':1544–47 {{DOI|10.1103/PhysRevA.45.1544}}.</ref--> |
|||
<ref name=FeigerleScY>{{cite journal | last1 = Feigerle | first1 = C.S. | last2 = Herman | first2 = Z. | last3 = Lineberger | first3 = W.C. | year = 1981 | title = Laser Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Sc<sup>−</sup> and Y<sup>−</sup>: A Determination of the Order of Electron Filling in Transition Metal Anions | journal = J. Electron Spectrosc | volume = 23 | pages = 441–50 | doi = 10.1016/0368-2048(81)85050-5 }}</ref> |
|||
| ⚫ | <ref name= |
||
<ref name=Felfli>{{Cite journal|last1=Felfli|first1=Z.|last2=Msezane|first2=A.|last3=Sokolovski|first3=D.|title=Resonances in low-energy electron elastic cross sections for lanthanide atoms|doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.79.012714|journal=Phys. Rev. A|volume=79|issue=1|year=2009|page=012714|bibcode=2009PhRvA..79a2714F}}</ref> |
<ref name=Felfli>{{Cite journal|last1=Felfli|first1=Z.|last2=Msezane|first2=A.|last3=Sokolovski|first3=D.|title=Resonances in low-energy electron elastic cross sections for lanthanide atoms|doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.79.012714|journal=Phys. Rev. A|volume=79|issue=1|year=2009|page=012714|bibcode=2009PhRvA..79a2714F}}</ref> |
||
| ⚫ | <ref name= |
||
<ref name=FreyRb>{{cite journal | last1 = Frey | first1 = P. | last2 = Breyer | first2 = F. | last3 = Hotop | first3 = H. | year = 1978 | title = ''High Resolution Photodetachment from the Rubidium Negative Ion around the Rb(5p<sub>1/2</sub>) Threshold. Journal of Physics B''J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys | volume = 11 | pages = L589–94 | doi = 10.1088/0022-3700/11/19/005 | journal = Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics }}</ref> |
<ref name=FreyRb>{{cite journal | last1 = Frey | first1 = P. | last2 = Breyer | first2 = F. | last3 = Hotop | first3 = H. | year = 1978 | title = ''High Resolution Photodetachment from the Rubidium Negative Ion around the Rb(5p<sub>1/2</sub>) Threshold. Journal of Physics B''J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys | volume = 11 | pages = L589–94 | doi = 10.1088/0022-3700/11/19/005 | journal = Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics }}</ref> |
||
<ref name= |
<ref name=FuCe>{{cite journal|first1=X.-X.|last1=Fu|first2=R.-L.|last2=Tang|first3=Y.-Z.|last3=Lu|first4=C.-G.|last4=Ning|title=Accurate electron affinity of atomic cerium and excited states of its anion|journal=Chin. Phys. B|volume=29|page=073201|year=2020|issue=7 |doi=10.1088/1674-1056/ab90e9|bibcode=2020ChPhB..29g3201F |s2cid=250763618 }}</ref> |
||
<ref name= |
<ref name=FuLu>{{cite journal|last1=Fu|first1=X.X.|last2=Tang|first2=R.L.|last3=Lu|first3=Y.Z.|last4=Ning|first4=C.G.|year=2019|title=Measurement of electron affinity of atomic lutetium via the cryo-SEVI Method|journal=Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics|volume=32|issue=2|page=187|doi=10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp1812293|bibcode=2019ChJCP..32..187F|s2cid=165042639 }}</ref> |
||
| ⚫ | <ref name=FuPrNdTb>{{cite journal | last1 = Fu | first1 = X. | last2 = Lu | first2 = Y. | last3 = Tang | first3 = R. | last4 = Ning | first4 = C. | year = 2020 | title = Electron affinity measurements of lanthanide atoms: Pr, Nd, and Tb | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 101 | issue = 2 | page = 022502 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.101.022502 | bibcode = 2020PhRvA.101b2502F | s2cid = 213030610 }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=FuZr>{{cite journal | last1 = Fu | first1 = X. | last2 = Li | first2 = J. | last3 = Luo | first3 = Z. | last4 = Chen | first4 = X. | last5 = Ning | first5 = C. | year = 2017 | title = ''Precision measurement of electron affinity of Zr and fine structures of its negative ions. Journal of Chemical Physics'' J. Chem. Phys | volume = 147 | issue = 6| page = 064306 | doi = 10.1063/1.4986547 | journal = The Journal of Chemical Physics | pmid = 28810756 }}</ref> |
<ref name=FuZr>{{cite journal | last1 = Fu | first1 = X. | last2 = Li | first2 = J. | last3 = Luo | first3 = Z. | last4 = Chen | first4 = X. | last5 = Ning | first5 = C. | year = 2017 | title = ''Precision measurement of electron affinity of Zr and fine structures of its negative ions. Journal of Chemical Physics'' J. Chem. Phys | volume = 147 | issue = 6| page = 064306 | doi = 10.1063/1.4986547 | journal = The Journal of Chemical Physics | pmid = 28810756 }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=GibsonGa>{{cite journal | last1 = Gibson | first1 = N.D. | last2 = Walter | first2 = C.W | last3 = Crocker | first3 = C. | last4 = Wang | first4 = J. | last5 = Nakayama | first5 = W. | last6 = Yukich | first6 = J. | last7 = Eliav | first7 = E. | last8 = Kaldor | first8 = U. |year = 2019| title = Electron affinity of gallium and fine structure of Ga<sup>−</sup>: Experiment and theory | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 100 | issue = 5 | page = 052512 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.100.052512 }}</ref> |
|||
<ref name=Guo>{{cite journal | last1 = Guo | first1 = Y. | last2 = Whitehead | first2 = M.A. | year = 1989 | title = ''Electron affinities of alkaline-earth element calculated with the local-spin-density-functional theory. | volume = 40 | issue = 1| pages = 28–34 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.40.28 | journal = Physical Review A | pmid = 9901864 }}</ref> |
<ref name=Guo>{{cite journal | last1 = Guo | first1 = Y. | last2 = Whitehead | first2 = M.A. | year = 1989 | title = ''Electron affinities of alkaline-earth element calculated with the local-spin-density-functional theory. | volume = 40 | issue = 1| pages = 28–34 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.40.28 | journal = Physical Review A | pmid = 9901864 }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=HaefflerLi>{{cite journal |
<ref name=HaefflerLi>{{cite journal|last1=Haeffler|first1=G.|last2=Hanstorp|first2=D.|last3=Kiyan|first3=I.|last4=Klinkmüller|first4=A.E.|last5=Ljungblad|first5=U.|last6=Pegg|first6=D.J.|year=1996|title=Electron affinity of Li: A state-selective measurement|journal=Phys. Rev. A|volume=53|issue=6|pages=4127–31|doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.53.4127|pmid=9913377|arxiv=physics/9703013|bibcode=1996PhRvA..53.4127H |s2cid=568882 }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=HaefflerTe>{{cite journal |
<ref name=HaefflerTe>{{cite journal|last1=Haeffler|first1=G.|last2=Klinkmüller|first2=A.E.|last3=Rangell|first3=J.|last4=Berzinsh|first4=U.|last5=Hanstorp|first5=D.|year=1996|title=The electron affinity of tellurium|volume=38|page=211|doi=10.1007/s004600050085|journal=Z. Phys. D|issue=3 |arxiv=physics/9703012|bibcode=1996ZPhyD..38..211H |s2cid=10789594 }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=Haynes>''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'' 92nd Edn. (2011–2012); W. M. Haynes. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. "Section 10, Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics; Electron Affinities".</ref> |
<ref name=Haynes>''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'' 92nd Edn. (2011–2012); W. M. Haynes. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. "Section 10, Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics; Electron Affinities".</ref> |
||
<ref name=Hotop85>{{cite journal | last1 = Hotop | first1 = H. | last2 = Lineberger | first2 = W.C. | year = 1985 | title = Binding energies in atomic negative ions. II | journal = J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data | volume = 14 | issue = 3| page = 731 | doi = 10.1063/1.555735 | bibcode = 1985JPCRD..14..731H }}</ref> |
<ref name=Hotop85>{{cite journal | last1 = Hotop | first1 = H. | last2 = Lineberger | first2 = W.C. | year = 1985 | title = Binding energies in atomic negative ions. II | journal = J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data | volume = 14 | issue = 3| page = 731 | doi = 10.1063/1.555735 | bibcode = 1985JPCRD..14..731H }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=Kristiansson>{{cite journal|last1=Kristiansson|first1=M.K.|last2=Chartkunchand|first2=K.|last3=Eklund|first3=G.|display-authors=etal|title=High-precision electron affinity of oxygen|journal=Nat Commun|volume=13|page=5906|year=2022|issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-33438-y|pmid=36207329 |pmc=9546871 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.5906K |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
|||
<ref name=Landaualkalis>{{cite journal | last1 = Landau | first1 = A. | last2 = Eliav | first2 = E. | last3 = Ishikawa | first3 = Y. | last4 = Kaldor | first4 = U. | year = 2001 | title = Benchmark calculations of electron affinities of the alkali atoms sodium to eka-francium (element 119) | journal = J. Chem. Phys. | volume = 115 | issue = 6| page = 2389 | doi = 10.1063/1.1386413 | bibcode = 2001JChPh.115.2389L }}</ref> |
<ref name=Landaualkalis>{{cite journal | last1 = Landau | first1 = A. | last2 = Eliav | first2 = E. | last3 = Ishikawa | first3 = Y. | last4 = Kaldor | first4 = U. | year = 2001 | title = Benchmark calculations of electron affinities of the alkali atoms sodium to eka-francium (element 119) | journal = J. Chem. Phys. | volume = 115 | issue = 6| page = 2389 | doi = 10.1063/1.1386413 | bibcode = 2001JChPh.115.2389L }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=LeimbachAt>{{cite journal|last1=Leimbach|first1=D.|display-authors=etal|year=2020|title=The electron affinity of astatine|journal=Nat. Commun.|volume=11|issue=1|page=3824|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17599-2|pmid=32733029|pmc=7393155|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
<ref name=LeimbachAt>{{cite journal|last1=Leimbach|first1=D.|display-authors=etal|year=2020|title=The electron affinity of astatine|journal=Nat. Commun.|volume=11|issue=1|page=3824|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17599-2|pmid=32733029|pmc=7393155|arxiv=2002.11418 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.3824L |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
||
| ⚫ | <ref name=LiMCDHF>{{cite journal | last1 = Junqin | first1 = Li | last2 = Zilong | first2 = Zhao | last3 = Martin | first3 = Andersson | last4 = Xuemei | first4 = Zhang | last5 = Chongyang | first5 = Chen | year = 2012 | title = Theoretical study for the electron affinities of negative ions with the MCDHF method | journal = J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. | volume = 45 | issue = 16| page = 165004 | doi = 10.1088/0953-4075/45/16/165004 | bibcode = 2012JPhB...45p5004L | s2cid = 121023909 }}</ref> |
||
<!--ref name=LeopoldFeCo>Leopold D.G. and Lineberger W.C. (1986). A study of the low-lying electronic states of Fe<sub>2</sub> and Co<sub>2</sub> by negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy. [[Journal of Chemical Physics]] '''85''':51–55 {{DOI|10.1063/1.451630}}.</ref--> |
|||
<ref name= |
<ref name=LindahlW>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindahl | first1 = A.O. | display-authors = etal | year = 2010 | title = The electron affinity of tungsten | journal = Eur. Phys. J. D | volume = 60 | issue = 2| page = 219 | doi = 10.1140/epjd/e2010-00199-y | bibcode = 2010EPJD...60..219L | s2cid = 122176839 }}</ref> |
||
<ref name= |
<ref name=LuoNb>Luo Z., Chen X., Li J. & Ning C. (2016). Precision measurement of the electron affinity of niobium. ''Phys. Rev. A'' '''93''', 020501(R) {{doi|10.1103/PhysRevA.93.020501}}</ref> |
||
<!--ref name=LippaAs>Lippa T.P., Xu S.J., Lyapustina S.A., Nilles J.M. and Bowen K.H. (1998). Photoelectron spectroscopy of As<sup>−</sup>, As{{su|b=2|p=−}}, As{{su|b=3|p=−}}, As{{su|b=4|p=−}}, and As{{su|b=5|p=−}}. [[Journal of Chemical Physics]] '''109''':10727–31 {{DOI|10.1063/1.477771}}.</ref--> |
|||
<ref name= |
<ref name=LuIr>Lu Y., Zhao J., Tang R., Fu X. & Ning C. (2020). "Measurement of electron affinity of |
||
iridium atom and photoelectron angular distributions of iridium anion". ''J. Chem. Phys.'' '''152''', 034302 {{doi|10.1063/1.5134535}}</ref> |
|||
<ref name=LuV>{{cite journal | last1 = Fu | first1 = X. | last2 = Luo | first2 = Z. | last3 = Chen | first3 = X. | last4 = Li | first4 = J. | last5 = Ning | first5 = C. | year = 2016 | title = Accurate electron affinity of V and fine-structure splittings of V<sup>−</sup> via slow-electron velocity-map imaging | journal = J. Chem. Phys. | volume = 145 | issue = 16| page = 164307 | doi = 10.1063/1.4965928 | pmid = 27802620 | bibcode = 2016JChPh.145p4307F }}</ref> |
<ref name=LuV>{{cite journal | last1 = Fu | first1 = X. | last2 = Luo | first2 = Z. | last3 = Chen | first3 = X. | last4 = Li | first4 = J. | last5 = Ning | first5 = C. | year = 2016 | title = Accurate electron affinity of V and fine-structure splittings of V<sup>−</sup> via slow-electron velocity-map imaging | journal = J. Chem. Phys. | volume = 145 | issue = 16| page = 164307 | doi = 10.1063/1.4965928 | pmid = 27802620 | bibcode = 2016JChPh.145p4307F }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=LykkeH>{{cite journal |
<ref name=LykkeH>{{cite journal|last1=Lykke|first1=K.R.|last2=Murray|first2=K.K.|last3=Lineberger|first3=W.C.|year=1991|title=Threshold Photodetachment of H<sup>−</sup>|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233707|volume=43|issue=11|pages=6104–7|doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.43.6104|journal=Phys. Rev. A|pmid=9904944|bibcode=1991PhRvA..43.6104L }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=Nadeau97>{{cite journal|last1=Nadeau|first1=M. J.|last2=Garwan|first2=M. A.|last3=Zhao|first3=X. L.|last4=Litherland|first4=A. E.|year=1997|title=A negative ion survey; towards the completion of the periodic table of the negative ions|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B|volume=123|issue=1–4 |pages=521–526|doi=10.1016/S0168-583X(96)00749-5|bibcode=1997NIMPB.123..521N }}</ref> |
|||
<!--ref name=Moore>Moore C.E. (1970). ''National Standard Reference Data Series 34'', Washington: National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Government Printing Office.</ref--> |
|||
<ref name= |
<ref name=NingLu>{{cite journal|last1=Ning|first1=Chuangang|last2=Lu|first2=Yuzhu|year=2022|title=Electron Affinities of Atoms and Structures of Atomic Negative Ions|journal=J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data|volume=51|issue=2 |page=021502|doi=10.1063/5.0080243|bibcode=2022JPCRD..51b1502N |s2cid=248844032 }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=PelaezIo>{{cite journal|title=Pulsed photodetachment microscopy and the electron affinity of iodine|last1=Peláez|first1=R.J.|last2=Blondel|first2=C.|last3=Delsart|first3=C.|last4=Drag|first4=C.|year=2009|journal=J. Phys. B|volume=42|issue=12 |page=125001|doi=10.1088/0953-4075/42/12/125001|bibcode=2009JPhB...42l5001P |s2cid=123302487 }}</ref> |
|||
<!--ref name=PanLa>Pan L. and Beck D.R. (2016). La<sup>−</sup> binding energies by analysis of its photodetachment spectra. ''Phys. Rev. A'' '''93''', 062501 {{doi|10.1103/PhysRevA.93.062501}}</ref--> |
|||
| ⚫ | <ref name=PelaezP>{{cite journal|last1=Peláez|first1=R.J.|last2=Blondel|first2=C.|last3=Vandevraye|first3=M.|last4=Drag|first4=C.|last5=Delsart|first5=C.|year=2011|title=Photodetachment microscopy to an excited spectral term and the electron affinity of phosphorus|journal=J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.|volume=44|issue=19|page=195009|doi=10.1088/0953-4075/44/19/195009|bibcode=2011JPhB...44s5009P|hdl=10261/62382|s2cid=12279331|hdl-access=free}}</ref> |
||
<!--ref name=PekerisH>Pekeris C.L. (1962). <sup>1</sup>''S'', 2 <sup>1</sup>''S'', and 2 <sup>3</sup>''S'' States of H<sup>−</sup>. ''Phys. Rev.'' '''126''': 1470–76 {{DOI|10.1103/PhysRev.126.1470}}</ref--> |
|||
<ref name=PelaezI>Peláez R.J., Blondel C., Delsart C. and Drag C. (2009) ''J. Phys. B'' '''42''' 125001 {{DOI|10.1088/0953-4075/42/12/125001}}</ref> |
|||
| ⚫ | <ref name=PelaezP>{{cite journal |
||
<ref name=PetruninBa>{{cite journal | last1 = Petrunin | first1 = V.V. | last2 = Volstad | first2 = J.D. | last3 = Balling | first3 = P. | last4 = Kristensen | first4 = K. | last5 = Andersen | first5 = T. | year = 1995 | title = Resonant Ionization Spectroscopy of Ba<sup>−</sup>: Metastable and Stable Ions | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 75 | issue = 10| pages = 1911–14 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1911 | pmid = 10059160 | bibcode = 1995PhRvL..75.1911P |
<ref name=PetruninBa>{{cite journal | last1 = Petrunin | first1 = V.V. | last2 = Volstad | first2 = J.D. | last3 = Balling | first3 = P. | last4 = Kristensen | first4 = K. | last5 = Andersen | first5 = T. | year = 1995 | title = Resonant Ionization Spectroscopy of Ba<sup>−</sup>: Metastable and Stable Ions | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 75 | issue = 10| pages = 1911–14 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1911 | pmid = 10059160 | bibcode = 1995PhRvL..75.1911P}}</ref> |
||
<ref name=PetruninCa>{{cite journal | last1 = Petrunin | first1 = V.V. | last2 = Andersen | first2 = H.H. | last3 = Balling | first3 = P. | last4 = Andersen | first4 = T. | year = 1996 | title = Structural Properties of the Negative Calcium Ion: Binding Energies and Fine-structure Splitting | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 76 | issue = 5| pages = 744–47 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.744 | pmid = 10061539 | bibcode = 1996PhRvL..76..744P }}</ref> |
<ref name=PetruninCa>{{cite journal | last1 = Petrunin | first1 = V.V. | last2 = Andersen | first2 = H.H. | last3 = Balling | first3 = P. | last4 = Andersen | first4 = T. | year = 1996 | title = Structural Properties of the Negative Calcium Ion: Binding Energies and Fine-structure Splitting | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 76 | issue = 5| pages = 744–47 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.744 | pmid = 10061539 | bibcode = 1996PhRvL..76..744P }}</ref> |
||
| Line 523: | Line 509: | ||
<ref name=RotheI>{{cite journal | last1 = Rothe | first1 = S. | last2 = Sundberg | first2 = J. | last3 = Welander | first3 = J. | last4 = Chrysalidis | first4 = K. | last5 = Goodacre | first5 = T. | year = 2017| title = D., Fedosseev V., ... & Kron T. (2017). Laser photodetachment of radioactive <sup>128</sup>I<sup>−</sup>. | journal = J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. | volume = 44 | page = 104003 | doi = 10.1088/1361-6471/aa80aa | doi-access = free }}</ref> |
<ref name=RotheI>{{cite journal | last1 = Rothe | first1 = S. | last2 = Sundberg | first2 = J. | last3 = Welander | first3 = J. | last4 = Chrysalidis | first4 = K. | last5 = Goodacre | first5 = T. | year = 2017| title = D., Fedosseev V., ... & Kron T. (2017). Laser photodetachment of radioactive <sup>128</sup>I<sup>−</sup>. | journal = J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. | volume = 44 | page = 104003 | doi = 10.1088/1361-6471/aa80aa | doi-access = free }}</ref> |
||
<!--ref name=Scheer>Scheer M. D. & Fine J. (1967). Positive and Negative Self-Surface Ionization of Tungsten and Rhenium. J. Chem. Phys. 46, 3998-4003 {{DOI|10.1063/1.1840476}}.</ref--> |
|||
<ref name=ScheerBCs>{{cite journal | last1 = Scheer | first1 = M. | last2 = Bilodeau | first2 = R.C. | last3 = Haugen | first3 = H.K. | year = 1998 | title = Negative ion of boron: An experimental study of the <sup>3</sup>''P'' ground state | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 80 | issue = 12| pages = 2562–65 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.2562 | bibcode = 1998PhRvL..80.2562S }}</ref> |
<ref name=ScheerBCs>{{cite journal | last1 = Scheer | first1 = M. | last2 = Bilodeau | first2 = R.C. | last3 = Haugen | first3 = H.K. | year = 1998 | title = Negative ion of boron: An experimental study of the <sup>3</sup>''P'' ground state | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 80 | issue = 12| pages = 2562–65 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.2562 | bibcode = 1998PhRvL..80.2562S }}</ref> |
||
<!--ref name=ScheerCSiGeSn>Scheer M., Bilodeau R.C., Brodie C.A. and Haugen H.K. (1998a). Systematic study of the stable states of C<sup>−</sup>, Si<sup>−</sup>, Ge<sup>−</sup>, and Sn<sup>−</sup> via infrared laser spectroscopy. ''Phys. Rev. A'' '''58''':2844–56 {{DOI|10.1103/PhysRevA.58.2844}}.</ref--> |
|||
<ref name=ScheerCoNiRhPd>{{cite journal |
<ref name=ScheerCoNiRhPd>{{cite journal|last1=Scheer|first1=M.|last2=Brodie|first2=C.A.|last3=Bilodeau|first3=R.C.|last4=Haugen|first4=H.K.|year=1998|title=Laser spectroscopic measurements of binding energies and fine-structure splittings of Co<sup>−</sup>, Ni<sup>−</sup>, Rh<sup>−</sup>, and Pd<sup>−</sup>.|journal=Phys. Rev. A|volume=58|issue=3|pages=2051–62|doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.58.2051 |bibcode=1998PhRvA..58.2051S }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=ScheerSb>{{cite journal | last1 = Scheer | first1 = M. | last2 = Haugen | first2 = H.K. | last3 = Beck | first3 = D.R. | year = 1997 | title = Single- and Multiphoton Infrared Laser Spectroscopy of Sb<sup>−</sup>: A Case Study | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 79 | issue = 21| pages = 4104–7 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.4104 | bibcode = 1997PhRvL..79.4104S }}</ref> |
<ref name=ScheerSb>{{cite journal | last1 = Scheer | first1 = M. | last2 = Haugen | first2 = H.K. | last3 = Beck | first3 = D.R. | year = 1997 | title = Single- and Multiphoton Infrared Laser Spectroscopy of Sb<sup>−</sup>: A Case Study | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 79 | issue = 21| pages = 4104–7 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.4104 | bibcode = 1997PhRvL..79.4104S }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=ScheerAl>{{cite journal | last1 = Scheer | first1 = M. | last2 = Bilodeau | first2 = R.C. | last3 = Thøgersen | first3 = J. | last4 = Haugen | first4 = H.K. | year = 1998b | title = Threshold Photodetachment of Al<sup>−</sup>: Electron Affinity and Fine Structure | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 57 | issue = 3| pages = R1493–96 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.57.R1493 | bibcode = 1998PhRvA..57.1493S }}</ref> |
|||
<ref name=ScheerCs>{{cite journal | last1 = Scheer | first1 = M. | last2 = Thøgersen | first2 = J. | last3 = Bilodeau | first3 = R.C. | last4 = Brodie | first4 = C.A. | last5 = Haugen | first5 = H.K. | year = 1998d | title = Experimental Evidence that the 6s6p <sup>3</sup>''P''<sub>J</sub> States of Cs<sup>−</sup> are Shape Resonances | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 80 | issue = 4| pages = 684–87 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.684 | bibcode = 1998PhRvL..80..684S }}</ref> |
|||
< |
<ref name=ScheerAl>{{cite journal|last1=Scheer|first1=M.|last2=Bilodeau|first2=R.C.|last3=Thøgersen|first3=J.|last4=Haugen|first4=H.K.|year=1998|title=Threshold Photodetachment of Al<sup>−</sup>: Electron Affinity and Fine Structure|journal=Phys. Rev. A|volume=57|issue=3|pages=R1493–96|doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.57.R1493|bibcode=1998PhRvA..57.1493S }}</ref> |
||
| ⚫ | <ref name=TangGa>{{cite journal|first1=R.|last1=Tang|first2=X.|last2=Fu|first3=Y.|last3=Lu|first4=C.|last4=Ning|title=Accurate electron affinity of Ga and fine structures of its anions|journal=J. Chem. Phys.|volume=152|page=114303|year=2020|issue=11 |doi=10.1063/1.5144962|pmid=32199425 |bibcode=2020JChPh.152k4303T |s2cid=214617280 }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=TangHf>Tang R., Chen X., Fu X., Wang H. and Ning C. (2018). Electron affinity of the hafnium atom. ''Phys. Rev. A'' '''98''' 020501(R) {{doi|10.1103/PhysRevA.98.020501}}.</ref> |
<ref name=TangHf>Tang R., Chen X., Fu X., Wang H. and Ning C. (2018). Electron affinity of the hafnium atom. ''Phys. Rev. A'' '''98''' 020501(R) {{doi|10.1103/PhysRevA.98.020501}}.</ref> |
||
<ref name=TangTh>Tang R., Si R., Fei Z., Fu X., Lu Y., Brage T., Liu H., Chen C. & Ning C. (2019). "Candidate for Laser Cooling of a Negative Ion: |
|||
| ⚫ | <ref name= |
||
High-Resolution Photoelectron Imaging of Th<sup>−</sup>". ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' '''123''', 203002 {{doi|10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.203002}}</ref> |
|||
| ⚫ | <ref name=TangTi>{{cite journal | last1 = Tang | first1 = R. | last2 = Fu | first2 = X. | last3 = Ning | first3 = C. | year = 2018 | title = Accurate electron affinity of Ti and fine structures of its anions | journal = J. Chem. Phys. | volume = 149 | issue = 13| page = 134304 | doi = 10.1063/1.5049629 | pmid = 30292212 | bibcode = 2018JChPh.149m4304T | s2cid = 52934687 }}</ref> |
||
<!--ref name=Valli>Valli C., Blondel C. and Delsart C. (1999). Measuring electron affinities with the photodetachment microscope. ''Phys. Rev. A'' '''59''':3809–15 {{DOI|10.1103/PhysRevA.59.3809}}.</ref--> |
|||
<ref name=TangU>Tang R., Lu Y., Liu H. & Ning C. (2021). "Electron affinity of uranium and bound states of opposite parity in its anion". ''Phys. Rev.'' A '''103''', L050801 {{doi|10.1103/PhysRevA.103.L050801}}</ref> |
|||
<ref name=VandevrayeSe>{{cite journal | last1 = Vandevraye | first1 = M. | last2 = Drag | first2 = C. | last3 = Blondel | first3 = C. | year = 2012 | title = Electron affinity of selenium measured by photodetachment microscopy | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 85 | issue = 1| page = 015401 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.85.015401 | bibcode = 2012PhRvA..85a5401V }}</ref> |
<ref name=VandevrayeSe>{{cite journal | last1 = Vandevraye | first1 = M. | last2 = Drag | first2 = C. | last3 = Blondel | first3 = C. | year = 2012 | title = Electron affinity of selenium measured by photodetachment microscopy | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 85 | issue = 1| page = 015401 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.85.015401 | bibcode = 2012PhRvA..85a5401V }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=VandevrayeSn>{{Cite journal|last1=Vandevraye|first1=M.|last2=Drag|first2=C.|last3=Blondel|first3=C.|doi=10.1088/0953-4075/46/12/125002|title= Electron affinity of tin measured by photodetachment microscopy|journal=Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics|volume=46|issue=12|pages=125002|year=2013|bibcode=2013JPhB...46l5002V}}</ref> |
<ref name=VandevrayeSn>{{Cite journal|last1=Vandevraye|first1=M.|last2=Drag|first2=C.|last3=Blondel|first3=C.|doi=10.1088/0953-4075/46/12/125002|title= Electron affinity of tin measured by photodetachment microscopy|journal=Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics|volume=46|issue=12|pages=125002|year=2013|bibcode=2013JPhB...46l5002V|s2cid=121556183 }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=WalterAs>{{cite journal | last1 = Walter | first1 = C. W. | last2 = Gibson | first2 = N. D. | last3 = Field | first3 = R. L. | last4 = Snedden | first4 = A. P. | last5 = Shapiro | first5 = J. Z. | last6 = Janczak | first6 = C. M. | last7 = Hanstorp | first7 = D. | year = 2009 | title = Electron affinity of arsenic and the fine structure of As<sup>−</sup> measured using infrared photodetachment threshold spectroscopy | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 80 | issue = 1| page = 014501 | doi = 10.1103/physreva.80.014501 | bibcode = 2009PhRvA..80a4501W }}</ref> |
<ref name=WalterAs>{{cite journal | last1 = Walter | first1 = C. W. | last2 = Gibson | first2 = N. D. | last3 = Field | first3 = R. L. | last4 = Snedden | first4 = A. P. | last5 = Shapiro | first5 = J. Z. | last6 = Janczak | first6 = C. M. | last7 = Hanstorp | first7 = D. | year = 2009 | title = Electron affinity of arsenic and the fine structure of As<sup>−</sup> measured using infrared photodetachment threshold spectroscopy | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 80 | issue = 1| page = 014501 | doi = 10.1103/physreva.80.014501 | bibcode = 2009PhRvA..80a4501W }}</ref> |
||
| Line 547: | Line 535: | ||
<ref name=WalterIn>{{cite journal | last1 = Walter | first1 = C.W. | last2 = Gibson | first2 = N.D. | last3 = Carman | first3 = D.J. | last4 = Li | first4 = Y.-G. | last5 = Matyas | first5 = D.J. | year = 2010 | title = Electron affinity of indium and the fine structure of In<sup>−</sup> measured using infrared photodetachment threshold spectroscopy | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 82 | issue = 3| page = 032507 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.82.032507 | bibcode = 2010PhRvA..82c2507W }}</ref> |
<ref name=WalterIn>{{cite journal | last1 = Walter | first1 = C.W. | last2 = Gibson | first2 = N.D. | last3 = Carman | first3 = D.J. | last4 = Li | first4 = Y.-G. | last5 = Matyas | first5 = D.J. | year = 2010 | title = Electron affinity of indium and the fine structure of In<sup>−</sup> measured using infrared photodetachment threshold spectroscopy | journal = Phys. Rev. A | volume = 82 | issue = 3| page = 032507 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.82.032507 | bibcode = 2010PhRvA..82c2507W }}</ref> |
||
| ⚫ | <ref name=WalterTh>{{cite journal|last1=Walter|first1=C.W.|last2=Gibson|first2=N.D.|last3=Spielman|first3=S.E.|year=2020|title=Electron affinity of thallium measured with threshold spectroscopy|journal=Phys. Rev. A|volume=101|issue=5|page=052511|doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.101.052511|bibcode=2020PhRvA.101e2511W |s2cid=219489520 }}</ref> |
||
<!--ref name=WalterCe>Walter C. W. ''et al''. (2011). Experimental and theoretical study of bound and quasibound states of Ce<sup>−</sup>. ''Phys. Rev. A'' '''84''', 032514 {{DOI|10.1103/PhysRevA.84.032514}}</ref--> |
|||
<ref name=WalterTh>{{cite journal|last1=Walter|first1=C.W.|last2=Gibson|first2=N.D.|last3=Spielman|first3=S.E.|year=2020|title=Electron affinity of thallium measured with threshold spectroscopy|journal=Phys. Rev. A|volume=101|issue=5|page=052511|doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.101.052511}}</ref> |
|||
<!--ref name=WilliamsGa>Williams W.W., Carpenter D.L., Covington A.M., Koepnick M.C., Calabrese D. and Thompson J.S. (1998a). Laser photodetachment electron spectrometry of Ga<sup>−</sup>. [[Journal of Physics B]] '''31''':L341–45 {{DOI|10.1088/0953-4075/31/8/003}}.</ref--> |
|||
<!--ref name=WilliamsIn>Williams W.W., Carpenter D.L., Covington A.M., Thompson J.S., Kvale T.J. and Seely D.G. (1998b). Fine-Structure-Resolved Laser Photodetachment Electron Spectroscopy of In<sup>−</sup>. ''Phys. Rev. A'' '''58''':3582–84 {{DOI|10.1103/PhysRevA.58.3582}}.</ref--> |
|||
<!--ref name=Zollweg>Zollweg R.J. (1969). Electron Affinities of the Heavy Elements. ''J. Chem. Phys.'' '''50''', 4251 {{DOI|10.1063/1.1670890}}.</ref--> |
|||
<ref name=ChenRe>{{cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = X.L. | last2 = Ning | first2 = C.G. | year = 2017 | title = Observation of Rhenium Anion and Electron Affinity of Re. | journal = J. Phys. Chem. Lett. | volume = 8 | issue = 12| pages = 2735–2738 | doi = 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01079 | pmid = 28581753 }}</ref> |
<ref name=ChenRe>{{cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = X.L. | last2 = Ning | first2 = C.G. | year = 2017 | title = Observation of Rhenium Anion and Electron Affinity of Re. | journal = J. Phys. Chem. Lett. | volume = 8 | issue = 12| pages = 2735–2738 | doi = 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01079 | pmid = 28581753 }}</ref> |
||
<!--ref name=CRC90>''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'' 90th Edn. (2009–2010); D. R. Lide. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. "Section 10, Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics; Electron Affinities".</ref--> |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
Latest revision as of 18:48, 21 November 2024
This page deals with the electron affinity as a property of isolated atoms or molecules (i.e. in the gas phase). Solid state electron affinities are not listed here.
Elements
[edit]Electron affinity can be defined in two equivalent ways. First, as the energy that is released by adding an electron to an isolated gaseous atom. The second (reverse) definition is that electron affinity is the energy required to remove an electron from a singly charged gaseous negative ion. The latter can be regarded as the ionization energy of the –1 ion or the zeroth ionization energy.[1] Either convention can be used.[2]
Negative electron affinities can be used in those cases where electron capture requires energy, i.e. when capture can occur only if the impinging electron has a kinetic energy large enough to excite a resonance of the atom-plus-electron system. Conversely electron removal from the anion formed in this way releases energy, which is carried out by the freed electron as kinetic energy. Negative ions formed in these cases are always unstable. They may have lifetimes of the order of microseconds to milliseconds, and invariably autodetach after some time.
| Z | Element | Name | Electron affinity (eV) | Electron affinity (kJ/mol) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1H | Hydrogen | 0.754 195(19) | 72.769(2) | [3] |
| 1 | 2H | Deuterium | 0.754 67(4) | 72.814(4) | [4] |
| 2 | He | Helium | −0.5(2) | −48(20) | est.[5] |
| 3 | Li | Lithium | 0.618 049(22) | 59.632 6(21) | [6] |
| 4 | Be | Beryllium | −0.5(2) | −48(20) | est.[5] |
| 5 | B | Boron | 0.279 723(25) | 26.989(3) | [7] |
| 6 | 12C | Carbon | 1.262 122 6(11) | 121.776 3(1) | [8] |
| 6 | 13C | Carbon | 1.262 113 6(12) | 121.775 5(2) | [8] |
| 7 | N | Nitrogen | −0.07 | −6.8 | [5] |
| 8 | 16O | Oxygen | 1.461 112 97(9) | 140.975 970(9) | [9] |
| 8 | 17O | Oxygen | 1.461 108(4) | 140.975 5(3) | [10] |
| 8 | 18O | Oxygen | 1.461 105(3) | 140.975 2(3) | [10] |
| 9 | F | Fluorine | 3.401 189 8(24) | 328.164 9(3) | [11][12] |
| 10 | Ne | Neon | −1.2(2) | −116(19) | est.[5] |
| 11 | Na | Sodium | 0.547 926(25) | 52.867(3) | [13] |
| 12 | Mg | Magnesium | −0.4(2) | −40(19) | est.[5] |
| 13 | Al | Aluminium | 0.432 83(5) | 41.762(5) | [14] |
| 14 | Si | Silicon | 1.389 521 2(8) | 134.068 4(1) | [15] |
| 15 | P | Phosphorus | 0.746 609(11) | 72.037(1) | [16] |
| 16 | 32S | Sulfur | 2.077 104 2(6) | 200.410 1(1) | [15] |
| 16 | 34S | Sulfur | 2.077 104 5(12) | 200.410 1(2) | [17] |
| 17 | Cl | Chlorine | 3.612 725(28) | 348.575(3) | [18] |
| 18 | Ar | Argon | −1.0(2) | −96(20) | est.[5] |
| 19 | K | Potassium | 0.501 459(13) | 48.383(2) | [19] |
| 20 | Ca | Calcium | 0.024 55(10) | 2.37(1) | [20] |
| 21 | Sc | Scandium | 0.179 380(23) | 17.307 6(22) | [21] |
| 22 | Ti | Titanium | 0.075 54(5) | 7.289(5) | [22] |
| 23 | V | Vanadium | 0.527 66(20) | 50.911(20) | [23] |
| 24 | Cr | Chromium | 0.675 928(27) | 65.217 2(26) | [21] |
| 25 | Mn | Manganese | −0.5(2) | −50(19) | est.[5] |
| 26 | Fe | Iron | 0.153 236(35) | 14.785(4) | [24] |
| 27 | Co | Cobalt | 0.662 255(47) | 63.897 9(45) | [25] |
| 28 | Ni | Nickel | 1.157 16(12) | 111.65(2) | [26] |
| 29 | Cu | Copper | 1.235 78(4) | 119.235(4) | [27] |
| 30 | Zn | Zinc | −0.6(2) | −58(20) | est.[5] |
| 31 | Ga | Gallium | 0.301 166(15) | 29.058 1(15) | [28] |
| 32 | Ge | Germanium | 1.232 676 4(13) | 118.935 2(2) | [29] |
| 33 | As | Arsenic | 0.804 8(2) | 77.65(2) | [30] |
| 34 | Se | Selenium | 2.020 604 7(12) | 194.958 7(2) | [31] |
| 35 | Br | Bromine | 3.363 588(3) | 324.536 9(3) | [11] |
| 36 | Kr | Krypton | −1.0(2) | −96(20) | est.[5] |
| 37 | Rb | Rubidium | 0.485 916(21) | 46.884(3) | [32] |
| 38 | Sr | Strontium | 0.052 06(6) | 5.023(6) | [33] |
| 39 | Y | Yttrium | 0.311 29(22) | 30.035(21) | [21] |
| 40 | Zr | Zirconium | 0.433 28(9) | 41.806(9) | [34] |
| 41 | Nb | Niobium | 0.917 40(7) | 88.516(7) | [35] |
| 42 | Mo | Molybdenum | 0.747 23(8) | 72.097(8) | [21] |
| 43 | Tc | Technetium | 0.55(20) | 53(20) | est.[36] |
| 44 | Ru | Ruthenium | 1.046 27(2) | 100.950(3) | [21] |
| 45 | Rh | Rhodium | 1.142 89(20) | 110.27(2) | [26] |
| 46 | Pd | Palladium | 0.562 14(12) | 54.24(2) | [26] |
| 47 | Ag | Silver | 1.304 47(3) | 125.862(3) | [27] |
| 48 | Cd | Cadmium | −0.7(2) | −68(20) | est.[5] |
| 49 | In | Indium | 0.383 92(6) | 37.043(6) | [37] |
| 50 | Sn | Tin | 1.112 070(2) | 107.298 4(3) | [38] |
| 51 | Sb | Antimony | 1.047 401(19) | 101.059(2) | [39] |
| 52 | Te | Tellurium | 1.970 875(7) | 190.161(1) | [40] |
| 53 | 127I | Iodine | 3.059 046 5(37) | 295.153 1(4) | [41] |
| 53 | 128I | Iodine | 3.059 052(38) | 295.154(4) | [42] |
| 54 | Xe | Xenon | −0.8(2) | −77(20) | est.[5] |
| 55 | Cs | Caesium | 0.4715983(38) | 45.5023(4) | [43] |
| 56 | Ba | Barium | 0.144 62(6) | 13.954(6) | [44] |
| 57 | La | Lanthanum | 0.557 546(20) | 53.795(2) | [45] |
| 58 | Ce | Cerium | 0.600 160(27) | 57.906 7(26) | [46] |
| 59 | Pr | Praseodymium | 0.109 23(46) | 10.539(45) | [47] |
| 60 | Nd | Neodymium | 0.097 49(33) | 9.406(32) | [47] |
| 61 | Pm | Promethium | 0.129 | 12.45 | [48] |
| 62 | Sm | Samarium | 0.162 | 15.63 | [48] |
| 63 | Eu | Europium | 0.116(13) | 11.2(13) | [49] |
| 64 | Gd | Gadolinium | 0.212(30) | 20.5(29) | [21] |
| 65 | Tb | Terbium | 0.131 31(80) | 12.670(77) | [47] |
| 66 | Dy | Dysprosium | 0.015(3) | 1.45(30) | [50] |
| 67 | Ho | Holmium | 0.338 | 32.61 | [48] |
| 68 | Er | Erbium | 0.312 | 30.10 | [48] |
| 69 | Tm | Thulium | 1.029(22) | 99(3) | [51] |
| 70 | Yb | Ytterbium | −0.02 | −1.93 | est.[36] |
| 71 | Lu | Lutetium | 0.238 8(7) | 23.04(7) | [52] |
| 72 | Hf | Hafnium | 0.178 0(7) | 17.18(7) | [53] |
| 73 | Ta | Tantalum | 0.328 859(23) | 31.730 1(22) | [21] |
| 74 | W | Tungsten | 0.816 26(8) | 78.76(1) | [54] |
| 75 | Re | Rhenium | 0.060 396(64) | 5.827 3(62) | [55] |
| 76 | Os | Osmium | 1.077 661(24) | 103.978 5(24) | [21] |
| 77 | Ir | Iridium | 1.564 057(12) | 150.908 6(12) | [56] |
| 78 | Pt | Platinum | 2.125 10(5) | 205.041(5) | [57] |
| 79 | Au | Gold | 2.308 610(25) | 222.747(3) | [58] |
| 80 | Hg | Mercury | −0.5(2) | −48(20) | est.[5] |
| 81 | Tl | Thallium | 0.320 053(19) | 30.880 4(19) | [59] |
| 82 | Pb | Lead | 0.356 721(2) | 34.418 3(3) | [60] |
| 83 | Bi | Bismuth | 0.942 362(13) | 90.924(2) | [61] |
| 84 | Po | Polonium | 1.40(7) | 136(7) | calc.[62] |
| 85 | At | Astatine | 2.415 78(7) | 233.087(8) | [63] |
| 86 | Rn | Radon | −0.7(2) | −68(20) | est.[5] |
| 87 | Fr | Francium | 0.486 | 46.89 | est.[64][36] |
| 88 | Ra | Radium | 0.10 | 9.648 5 | est.[65][36] |
| 89 | Ac | Actinium | 0.35 | 33.77 | est.[36] |
| 90 | Th | Thorium | 0.607 69(6) | 58.633(6) | [66] |
| 91 | Pa | Protactinium | 0.55 | 53.03 | est.[67] |
| 92 | U | Uranium | 0.314 97(9) | 30.390(9) | [68] |
| 93 | Np | Neptunium | 0.48 | 45.85 | est.[67] |
| 94 | Pu | Plutonium | −0.50 | −48.33 | est.[67] |
| 95 | Am | Americium | 0.10 | 9.93 | est.[67] |
| 96 | Cm | Curium | 0.28 | 27.17 | est.[67] |
| 97 | Bk | Berkelium | −1.72 | −165.24 | est.[67] |
| 98 | Cf | Californium | −1.01 | −97.31 | est.[67] |
| 99 | Es | Einsteinium | −0.30 | −28.60 | est.[67] |
| 100 | Fm | Fermium | 0.35 | 33.96 | est.[67] |
| 101 | Md | Mendelevium | 0.98 | 93.91 | est.[67] |
| 102 | No | Nobelium | −2.33 | −223.22 | est.[67] |
| 103 | Lr | Lawrencium | −0.31 | −30.04 | est.[67] |
| 111 | Rg | Roentgenium | 1.565 | 151.0 | calc.[69] |
| 113 | Nh | Nihonium | 0.69 | 66.6 | calc.[70] |
| 115 | Mc | Moscovium | 0.366 | 35.3 | calc.[70] |
| 116 | Lv | Livermorium | 0.776 | 74.9 | calc.[70] |
| 117 | Ts | Tennessine | 1.719 | 165.9 | calc.[70] |
| 118 | Og | Oganesson | 0.080(6) | 7.72(58) | calc.[71] |
| 119 | Uue | Ununennium | 0.662 | 63.87 | calc.[64] |
| 120 | Ubn | Unbinilium | 0.021 | 2.03 | calc.[72] |
| 121 | Ubu | Unbiunium | 0.57 | 55 | calc.[36] |
Molecules
[edit]The electron affinities Eea of some molecules are given in the table below, from the lightest to the heaviest. Many more have been listed by Rienstra-Kiracofe et al. (2002). The electron affinities of the radicals OH and SH are the most precisely known of all molecular electron affinities.
Second and third electron affinity
[edit]| Z | Element | Name | Electron affinity (eV) | Electron affinity (kJ/mol) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | N− | Nitrogen | -6.98 | -673 | [74] |
| 7 | N2− | Nitrogen | -11.09 | -1070 | [74] |
| 8 | O− | Oxygen | -7.71 | -744 | [74] |
| 15 | P− | Phosphorus | -4.85 | -468 | [74] |
| 15 | P2− | Phosphorus | -9.18 | -886 | [74] |
| 16 | S− | Sulfur | -4.73 | -456 | [74] |
| 33 | As− | Arsenic | -4.51 | -435 | [74] |
| 33 | As2− | Arsenic | -8.31 | -802 | [74] |
| 34 | Se− | Selenium | -4.25 | -410 | [74] |
Bibliography
[edit]- Janousek, Bruce K.; Brauman, John I. (1979), "Electron affinities", in Bowers, M. T. (ed.), Gas Phase Ion Chemistry, vol. 2, New York: Academic Press, p. 53.
- Rienstra-Kiracofe, J.C.; Tschumper, G.S.; Schaefer, H.F.; Nandi, S.; Ellison, G.B. (2002), "Atomic and molecular electron affinities: Photoelectron experiments and theoretical computations", Chem. Rev., vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 231–282, doi:10.1021/cr990044u, PMID 11782134.
- Updated values can be found in the NIST chemistry webbook for around three dozen elements and close to 400 compounds.
Specific molecules
[edit]- Adams, C.L.; Schneider, H.; Ervin, K.M.; Weber, J.M. (2009), "Low-energy photoelectron imaging spectroscopy of nitromethane anions: Electron affinity, vibrational features, anisotropies, and the dipole-bound state", J. Chem. Phys., 130 (7): 074307, Bibcode:2009JChPh.130g4307A, doi:10.1063/1.3076892, PMID 19239294
- Borshchevskii, A.Ya.; Boltalina, O.V.; Sorokin, I.D.; Sidorov, L.N. (1988), "Thermochemical quantities for gas-phase iron, uranium, and molybdenum fluorides, and their negative ions", J. Chem. Thermodyn., 20 (5): 523, doi:10.1016/0021-9614(88)90080-8
- Chaibi, W.; Delsart, C.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2006), "High precision measurement of the 32SH electron affinity by laser detachment microscopy", J. Mol. Spectrosc., 239 (1): 11, Bibcode:2006JMoSp.239...11C, doi:10.1016/j.jms.2006.05.012
- Chowdhury, S.; Kebarle, P. (1986), "Electron affinities of di- and tetracyanoethylene and cyanobenzenes based on measurements of gas-phase electron-transfer equilibria", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 108 (18): 5453, doi:10.1021/ja00278a014
- Ervin, K.M.; Ho, J.; Lineberger, W.C. (1988), "Ultraviolet photoelectron spectrum of nitrite anion", J. Phys. Chem., 92 (19): 5405, doi:10.1021/j100330a017
- Ervin, K.M.; Lineberger, W.C. (1991), "Photoelectron spectra of C−
2 and C2H−", J. Phys. Chem., 95 (3): 1167, doi:10.1021/j100156a026 - George, P.M.; Beauchamp, J.L. (1979), "The electron and fluoride affinities of tungsten hexafluoride by ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy", Chem. Phys., 36 (3): 345, Bibcode:1979CP.....36..345G, doi:10.1016/0301-0104(79)85018-1
- Goldfarb, F.; Drag, C.; Chaibi, W.; Kröger, S.; Blondel, C.; Delsart, C. (2005), "Photodetachment microscopy of the P, Q, and R branches of the OH−(v=0) to OH(v=0) detachment threshold", J. Chem. Phys., 122 (1): 014308, Bibcode:2005JChPh.122a4308G, doi:10.1063/1.1824904, PMID 15638660
- Huang, Dao-Ling; Dau, Phuong Diem; Liu, Hong-Tao; Wang, Lai-Sheng (2014), "High-resolution photoelectron imaging of cold C−
60 anions and accurate determination of the electron affinity of C60", J. Chem. Phys., 140 (22): 224315, Bibcode:2014JChPh.140v4315H, doi:10.1063/1.4881421, PMID 24929396, S2CID 1061364 - Kim, J.B.; Weichman, M.L.; Neumark, D.M. (2015), "Low-lying states of FeO and FeO− by slow photoelectron spectroscopy", Mol. Phys., 113 (15–16): 2105, Bibcode:2015MolPh.113.2105K, doi:10.1080/00268976.2015.1005706, S2CID 13868986
- Mathur, B.P.; Rothe, E.W.; Tang, S.Y.; Reck, G.P. (1976), "Negative ions from phosphorus halides due to cesium charge exchange", J. Chem. Phys., 65 (2): 565, Bibcode:1976JChPh..65..565M, doi:10.1063/1.433109
- Mead, R.D.; Lykke, K.R.; Lineberger, W.C.; Marks, J.; Brauman, J.I. (1984), "Spectroscopy and dynamics of the dipole-bound state of acetaldehyde enolate", J. Chem. Phys., 81 (11): 4883, Bibcode:1984JChPh..81.4883M, doi:10.1063/1.447515
- Miller, T.M.; Leopold, D.G.; Murray, K.K.; Lineberger, W.C. (1986), "Electron affinities of the alkali halides and the structure of their negative ions", J. Chem. Phys., 85 (5): 2368, Bibcode:1986JChPh..85.2368M, doi:10.1063/1.451091
- Nimlos, Mark R.; Ellison, G. Barney (1986), "Photoelectron spectroscopy of sulfur-containing anions (SO−
2, S−
3, and S2O−)", J. Phys. Chem., 90 (12): 2574, doi:10.1021/j100403a007 - Novick, S.E.; Engelking, P.C.; Jones, P.L.; Futrell, J.H.; Lineberger, W.C. (1979), "Laser photoelectron, photodetachment, and photodestruction spectra of O−
3", J. Chem. Phys., 70 (6): 2652, Bibcode:1979JChPh..70.2652N, doi:10.1063/1.437842 - Page, F. M.; Goode, G. C. (1969), Negative ions and the magnetron, John Wiley & Sons[75]
- Ruoff, R.S.; Kadish, K.M.; Boulas, P.; Chen, E.C.M. (1995), "Relationship between the Electron Affinities and Half-Wave Reduction Potentials of Fullerenes, Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Metal Complexes", J. Phys. Chem., 99 (21): 8843, doi:10.1021/j100021a060
- Schiedt, J.; Weinkauf, R. (1995), "Spin-orbit coupling in the O−
2 anion", Z. Naturforsch. A, 50 (11): 1041, Bibcode:1995ZNatA..50.1041S, doi:10.1515/zna-1995-1110, S2CID 197275321 - Schiedt, J.; Weinkauf, R. (1999), "Resonant photodetachment via shape and Feshbach resonances: p-benzoquinone anions as a model system", J. Chem. Phys., 110 (1): 304, Bibcode:1999JChPh.110..304S, doi:10.1063/1.478066
- Schulz, P.A.; Mead, R.D.; Jones, P.L.; Lineberger, W.C. (1982), "OH− and OD− threshold photodetachment", J. Chem. Phys., 77 (3): 1153, Bibcode:1982JChPh..77.1153S, doi:10.1063/1.443980
- Sheps, L.; Miller, E.M.; Lineberger, W.C. (2009), "Photoelectron spectroscopy of small IBr−(CO2)n(n=0–3) cluster anions", J. Chem. Phys., 131 (6): 064304, Bibcode:2009JChPh.131f4304S, doi:10.1063/1.3200941, PMID 19691385
- Travers, M.J.; Cowles, D.C.; Ellison, G.B. (1989), "Reinvestigation of the electron affinities of O2 and NO", Chem. Phys. Lett., 164 (5): 449, Bibcode:1989CPL...164..449T, doi:10.1016/0009-2614(89)85237-6
- Troe, J.; Miller, T.M.; Viggiano, A.A. (2012), "Communication:Revised electron affinity of SF6 from kinetic data", J. Chem. Phys., 136 (2): 121102, Bibcode:2012JChPh.136l1102T, doi:10.1063/1.3698170, hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-000F-A0CD-D, PMID 22462826
- Wenthold, P.G.; Kim, J.B.; Jonas, K.-L.; Lineberger, W.C. (1997), "An Experimental and Computational Study of the Electron Affinity of Boron Oxide", J. Phys. Chem. A, 101 (24): 4472, Bibcode:1997JPCA..101.4472W, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.497.1352, doi:10.1021/jp970645u
- Zanni, M.T.; Taylor, T.R.; Greenblatt, B.J.; Soep, B.; Neumark, D.M. (1997), "Characterization of the I−
2 anion ground state using conventional and femtosecond photoelectron spectroscopy", J. Chem. Phys., 107 (19): 7613, Bibcode:1997JChPh.107.7613Z, doi:10.1063/1.475110
References
[edit]- ^ Wulfsberg, G. P. (2018). Foundations of Inorganic Chemistry. California: University Science Books. p. 362. ISBN 978-1-891389-95-5.
- ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "Electron affinity". doi:10.1351/goldbook.E01977
- ^ Lykke, K.R.; Murray, K.K.; Lineberger, W.C. (1991). "Threshold Photodetachment of H−". Phys. Rev. A. 43 (11): 6104–7. Bibcode:1991PhRvA..43.6104L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.43.6104. PMID 9904944.
- ^ Beyer M. & Merkt F. (2018). "Communication: Heavy-Rydberg states of HD and the electron affinity of the deuterium atom". J. Chem. Phys. 149, 031102 doi:10.1063/1.5043186
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bratsch, S.G.; Lagowski, J.J. (1986). "Predicted stabilities of monatomic anions in water and liquid ammonia at 298.15 K.". Polyhedron. 5 (11): 1763–1770. doi:10.1016/S0277-5387(00)84854-8.
- ^ Haeffler, G.; Hanstorp, D.; Kiyan, I.; Klinkmüller, A.E.; Ljungblad, U.; Pegg, D.J. (1996). "Electron affinity of Li: A state-selective measurement". Phys. Rev. A. 53 (6): 4127–31. arXiv:physics/9703013. Bibcode:1996PhRvA..53.4127H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.53.4127. PMID 9913377. S2CID 568882.
- ^ Scheer, M.; Bilodeau, R.C.; Haugen, H.K. (1998). "Negative ion of boron: An experimental study of the 3P ground state". Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (12): 2562–65. Bibcode:1998PhRvL..80.2562S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.2562.
- ^ a b Bresteau, D.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2016). "Isotope shift of the electron affinity of carbon measured by photodetachment microscopy". Phys. Rev. A. 93 (1): 013414. Bibcode:2016PhRvA..93a3414B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.93.013414.
- ^ Kristiansson, M.K.; Chartkunchand, K.; Eklund, G.; et al. (2022). "High-precision electron affinity of oxygen". Nat Commun. 13 (1): 5906. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13.5906K. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-33438-y. PMC 9546871. PMID 36207329.
- ^ a b Blondel, C.; Delsart, C.; Valli, C.; Yiou, S.; Godefroid, M.R.; Van Eck, S. (2001). "Electron affinities of 16 O, 17 O, 18 O, the fine structure of 16O−, and the hyperfine structure of 17O−". Phys. Rev. A. 64 (5): 052504. Bibcode:2001PhRvA..64e2504B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.64.052504.
- ^ a b Blondel, C.; Cacciani, P.; Delsart, C.; Trainham, R. (1989). "High Resolution Determination of the Electron Affinity of Fluorine and Bromine using Crossed Ion and Laser Beams". Phys. Rev. A. 40 (7): 3698–3701. Bibcode:1989PhRvA..40.3698B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.40.3698. PMID 9902584.
- ^ Blondel, C.; Delsart, C.; Goldfarb, F. (2001). "Electron spectrometry at the μeV level and the electron affinities of Si and F". Journal of Physics B. 34: L281–88. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/34/9/101. S2CID 250875182.
- ^ Hotop, H.; Lineberger, W.C. (1985). "Binding energies in atomic negative ions. II". J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. 14 (3): 731. Bibcode:1985JPCRD..14..731H. doi:10.1063/1.555735.
- ^ Scheer, M.; Bilodeau, R.C.; Thøgersen, J.; Haugen, H.K. (1998). "Threshold Photodetachment of Al−: Electron Affinity and Fine Structure". Phys. Rev. A. 57 (3): R1493–96. Bibcode:1998PhRvA..57.1493S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.57.R1493.
- ^ a b Chaibi, W.; Peláez, R.J.; Blondel, C.; Drag, C.; Delsart, C. (2010). "Effect of a magnetic field in photodetachment microscopy". Eur. Phys. J. D. 58 (1): 29. Bibcode:2010EPJD...58...29C. doi:10.1140/epjd/e2010-00086-7. S2CID 17677037.
- ^ Peláez, R.J.; Blondel, C.; Vandevraye, M.; Drag, C.; Delsart, C. (2011). "Photodetachment microscopy to an excited spectral term and the electron affinity of phosphorus". J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 44 (19): 195009. Bibcode:2011JPhB...44s5009P. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/44/19/195009. hdl:10261/62382. S2CID 12279331.
- ^ Carette, T.; Drag, C.; Scharf, O.; Blondel, C.; Delsart, C.; Fischer, C. (2000). "F. & Godefroid M. (2010). Isotope shift in the sulfur electron affinity: Observation and theory". Phys. Rev. A. 81: 042522. arXiv:1002.1297. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.81.042522. S2CID 54056163.
- ^ Berzinsh, U.; Gustafsson, M.; Hanstorp, D.; Klinkmüller, A.; Ljungblad, U.; Martensson-Pendrill, A.M. (1995). "Isotope shift in the electron affinity of chlorine". Phys. Rev. A. 51 (1): 231–238. arXiv:physics/9804028. Bibcode:1995PhRvA..51..231B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.51.231. PMID 9911578. S2CID 3225884.
- ^ Andersson, K.T.; Sandstrom, J.; Kiyan, I.Y.; Hanstorp, D.; Pegg, D.J. (2000). "Measurement of the electron affinity of potassium". Phys. Rev. A. 62 (2): 022503. Bibcode:2000PhRvA..62b2503A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.62.022503.
- ^ Petrunin, V.V.; Andersen, H.H.; Balling, P.; Andersen, T. (1996). "Structural Properties of the Negative Calcium Ion: Binding Energies and Fine-structure Splitting". Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (5): 744–47. Bibcode:1996PhRvL..76..744P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.744. PMID 10061539.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Ning, Chuangang; Lu, Yuzhu (2022). "Electron Affinities of Atoms and Structures of Atomic Negative Ions". J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. 51 (2): 021502. Bibcode:2022JPCRD..51b1502N. doi:10.1063/5.0080243. S2CID 248844032.
- ^ Tang, R.; Fu, X.; Ning, C. (2018). "Accurate electron affinity of Ti and fine structures of its anions". J. Chem. Phys. 149 (13): 134304. Bibcode:2018JChPh.149m4304T. doi:10.1063/1.5049629. PMID 30292212. S2CID 52934687.
- ^ Fu, X.; Luo, Z.; Chen, X.; Li, J.; Ning, C. (2016). "Accurate electron affinity of V and fine-structure splittings of V− via slow-electron velocity-map imaging". J. Chem. Phys. 145 (16): 164307. Bibcode:2016JChPh.145p4307F. doi:10.1063/1.4965928. PMID 27802620.
- ^ Chen, X.; Luo, Z.; Li, J.; Ning, C. (2016). "Accurate Electron Affinity of Iron and Fine Structures of Negative Iron ions". Sci. Rep. 6: 24996. Bibcode:2016NatSR...624996C. doi:10.1038/srep24996. PMC 4853736. PMID 27138292.
- ^ Chen, X.; Ning, C. (2016). "Accurate electron affinity of Co and fine-structure splittings of Co− via slow-electron velocity-map imaging". Phys. Rev. A. 93 (5): 052508. Bibcode:2016PhRvA..93e2508C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.93.052508.
- ^ a b c Scheer, M.; Brodie, C.A.; Bilodeau, R.C.; Haugen, H.K. (1998). "Laser spectroscopic measurements of binding energies and fine-structure splittings of Co−, Ni−, Rh−, and Pd−". Phys. Rev. A. 58 (3): 2051–62. Bibcode:1998PhRvA..58.2051S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.58.2051.
- ^ a b Bilodeau, R.C.; Scheer, M.; Haugen, H.K. (1998). "Infrared Laser Photodetachment of Transition Metal Negative Ions: Studies on Cr−, Mo−, Cu−, and Ag−". Journal of Physics B. 31: 3885–91. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/31/17/013. S2CID 250869727.
- ^ Tang, R.; Fu, X.; Lu, Y.; Ning, C. (2020). "Accurate electron affinity of Ga and fine structures of its anions". J. Chem. Phys. 152 (11): 114303. Bibcode:2020JChPh.152k4303T. doi:10.1063/1.5144962. PMID 32199425. S2CID 214617280.
- ^ Bresteau, D.; Babilotte, Ph.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2015). "Intra-cavity photodetachment microscopy and the electron affinity of germanium". J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48 (12): 125001. Bibcode:2015JPhB...48l5001B. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/48/12/125001.
- ^ Walter, C. W.; Gibson, N. D.; Field, R. L.; Snedden, A. P.; Shapiro, J. Z.; Janczak, C. M.; Hanstorp, D. (2009). "Electron affinity of arsenic and the fine structure of As− measured using infrared photodetachment threshold spectroscopy". Phys. Rev. A. 80 (1): 014501. Bibcode:2009PhRvA..80a4501W. doi:10.1103/physreva.80.014501.
- ^ Vandevraye, M.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2012). "Electron affinity of selenium measured by photodetachment microscopy". Phys. Rev. A. 85 (1): 015401. Bibcode:2012PhRvA..85a5401V. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.85.015401.
- ^ Frey, P.; Breyer, F.; Hotop, H. (1978). "High Resolution Photodetachment from the Rubidium Negative Ion around the Rb(5p1/2) Threshold. Journal of Physics BJ. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys". Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics. 11: L589–94. doi:10.1088/0022-3700/11/19/005.
- ^ Andersen, H.H.; Petrunin, V.V.; Kristensen, P.; Andersen, T. (1997). "Structural properties of the negative strontium ion: Binding energy and fine-structure splitting". Phys. Rev. A. 55 (4): 3247–49. Bibcode:1997PhRvA..55.3247A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.55.3247.
- ^ Fu, X.; Li, J.; Luo, Z.; Chen, X.; Ning, C. (2017). "Precision measurement of electron affinity of Zr and fine structures of its negative ions. Journal of Chemical Physics J. Chem. Phys". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 147 (6): 064306. doi:10.1063/1.4986547. PMID 28810756.
- ^ Luo Z., Chen X., Li J. & Ning C. (2016). Precision measurement of the electron affinity of niobium. Phys. Rev. A 93, 020501(R) doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.93.020501
- ^ a b c d e f CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 92nd Edn. (2011–2012); W. M. Haynes. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. "Section 10, Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics; Electron Affinities".
- ^ Walter, C.W.; Gibson, N.D.; Carman, D.J.; Li, Y.-G.; Matyas, D.J. (2010). "Electron affinity of indium and the fine structure of In− measured using infrared photodetachment threshold spectroscopy". Phys. Rev. A. 82 (3): 032507. Bibcode:2010PhRvA..82c2507W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.82.032507.
- ^ Vandevraye, M.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2013). "Electron affinity of tin measured by photodetachment microscopy". Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics. 46 (12): 125002. Bibcode:2013JPhB...46l5002V. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/46/12/125002. S2CID 121556183.
- ^ Scheer, M.; Haugen, H.K.; Beck, D.R. (1997). "Single- and Multiphoton Infrared Laser Spectroscopy of Sb−: A Case Study". Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 (21): 4104–7. Bibcode:1997PhRvL..79.4104S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.4104.
- ^ Haeffler, G.; Klinkmüller, A.E.; Rangell, J.; Berzinsh, U.; Hanstorp, D. (1996). "The electron affinity of tellurium". Z. Phys. D. 38 (3): 211. arXiv:physics/9703012. Bibcode:1996ZPhyD..38..211H. doi:10.1007/s004600050085. S2CID 10789594.
- ^ Peláez, R.J.; Blondel, C.; Delsart, C.; Drag, C. (2009). "Pulsed photodetachment microscopy and the electron affinity of iodine". J. Phys. B. 42 (12): 125001. Bibcode:2009JPhB...42l5001P. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/42/12/125001. S2CID 123302487.
- ^ Rothe, S.; Sundberg, J.; Welander, J.; Chrysalidis, K.; Goodacre, T. (2017). "D., Fedosseev V., ... & Kron T. (2017). Laser photodetachment of radioactive 128I−". J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 44: 104003. doi:10.1088/1361-6471/aa80aa.
- ^ Navarro Navarrete, José E.; Nichols, Miranda; Ringvall-Moberg, Annie; Welander, Jakob; Lu, Di; Leimbach, David; Kristiansson, Moa K.; Eklund, Gustav; Raveesh, Meena; Chulkov, Ruslan; Zhaunerchyk, Vitali; Hanstorp, Dag (2024-02-21). "High-resolution measurement of the electron affinity of cesium". Physical Review A. 109 (2). doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.109.022812. ISSN 2469-9926.
- ^ Petrunin, V.V.; Volstad, J.D.; Balling, P.; Kristensen, K.; Andersen, T. (1995). "Resonant Ionization Spectroscopy of Ba−: Metastable and Stable Ions". Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 (10): 1911–14. Bibcode:1995PhRvL..75.1911P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1911. PMID 10059160.
- ^ Blondel, C. (2020). "Comment on "Measurement of the electron affinity of the lanthanum atom"" (PDF). Phys. Rev. A. 101 (1): 016501. Bibcode:2020PhRvA.101a6501B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.101.016501. S2CID 213221561.
- ^ Fu, X.-X.; Tang, R.-L.; Lu, Y.-Z.; Ning, C.-G. (2020). "Accurate electron affinity of atomic cerium and excited states of its anion". Chin. Phys. B. 29 (7): 073201. Bibcode:2020ChPhB..29g3201F. doi:10.1088/1674-1056/ab90e9. S2CID 250763618.
- ^ a b c Fu, X.; Lu, Y.; Tang, R.; Ning, C. (2020). "Electron affinity measurements of lanthanide atoms: Pr, Nd, and Tb". Phys. Rev. A. 101 (2): 022502. Bibcode:2020PhRvA.101b2502F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.101.022502. S2CID 213030610.
- ^ a b c d Felfli, Z.; Msezane, A.; Sokolovski, D. (2009). "Resonances in low-energy electron elastic cross sections for lanthanide atoms". Phys. Rev. A. 79 (1): 012714. Bibcode:2009PhRvA..79a2714F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.79.012714.
- ^ Cheng, S.B.; Castleman, A. W. Jr (2015). "Direct experimental observation of weakly-bound character of the attached electron in europium anion". Sci. Rep. 5: 12414. Bibcode:2015NatSR...512414C. doi:10.1038/srep12414. PMC 4510523. PMID 26198741.
- ^ Nadeau, M. J.; Garwan, M. A.; Zhao, X. L.; Litherland, A. E. (1997). "A negative ion survey; towards the completion of the periodic table of the negative ions". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B. 123 (1–4): 521–526. Bibcode:1997NIMPB.123..521N. doi:10.1016/S0168-583X(96)00749-5.
- ^ Davis, V.T.; Thompson, J.S. (2001). "Measurement of the electron affinity of thulium". Phys. Rev. A. 65 (1): 010501. Bibcode:2001PhRvA..65a0501D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.65.010501.
- ^ Fu, X.X.; Tang, R.L.; Lu, Y.Z.; Ning, C.G. (2019). "Measurement of electron affinity of atomic lutetium via the cryo-SEVI Method". Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics. 32 (2): 187. Bibcode:2019ChJCP..32..187F. doi:10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp1812293. S2CID 165042639.
- ^ Tang R., Chen X., Fu X., Wang H. and Ning C. (2018). Electron affinity of the hafnium atom. Phys. Rev. A 98 020501(R) doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.98.020501.
- ^ Lindahl, A.O.; et al. (2010). "The electron affinity of tungsten". Eur. Phys. J. D. 60 (2): 219. Bibcode:2010EPJD...60..219L. doi:10.1140/epjd/e2010-00199-y. S2CID 122176839.
- ^ Chen, X.L.; Ning, C.G. (2017). "Observation of Rhenium Anion and Electron Affinity of Re". J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 8 (12): 2735–2738. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01079. PMID 28581753.
- ^ Lu Y., Zhao J., Tang R., Fu X. & Ning C. (2020). "Measurement of electron affinity of iridium atom and photoelectron angular distributions of iridium anion". J. Chem. Phys. 152, 034302 doi:10.1063/1.5134535
- ^ Bilodeau, R.C.; Scheer, M.; Haugen, H.K.; Brooks, R.L. (1999). "Near-threshold Laser Spectroscopy of Iridium and Platinum Negative Ions: Electron Affinities and the Threshold Law". Phys. Rev. A. 61 (1): 012505. Bibcode:1999PhRvA..61a2505B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.61.012505.
- ^ Andersen, T.; Haugen, H.K.; Hotop, H. (1999). "Binding Energies in Atomic Negative Ions: III". J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. 28 (6): 1511. Bibcode:1999JPCRD..28.1511A. doi:10.1063/1.556047.
- ^ Walter, C.W.; Gibson, N.D.; Spielman, S.E. (2020). "Electron affinity of thallium measured with threshold spectroscopy". Phys. Rev. A. 101 (5): 052511. Bibcode:2020PhRvA.101e2511W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.101.052511. S2CID 219489520.
- ^ Bresteau, D.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2019). "Electron affinity of lead". J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 52 (6): 065001. Bibcode:2019JPhB...52f5001B. doi:10.1088/1361-6455/aaf685. S2CID 125298267.
- ^ Bilodeau, R.C.; Haugen, H.K. (2001). "Electron affinity of Bi using infrared laser photodetachment threshold spectroscopy". Phys. Rev. A. 64 (2): 024501. Bibcode:2001PhRvA..64b4501B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.64.024501.
- ^ Junqin, Li; Zilong, Zhao; Martin, Andersson; Xuemei, Zhang; Chongyang, Chen (2012). "Theoretical study for the electron affinities of negative ions with the MCDHF method". J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 45 (16): 165004. Bibcode:2012JPhB...45p5004L. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/45/16/165004. S2CID 121023909.
- ^ Leimbach, D.; et al. (2020). "The electron affinity of astatine". Nat. Commun. 11 (1): 3824. arXiv:2002.11418. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.3824L. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17599-2. PMC 7393155. PMID 32733029.
- ^ a b Landau, A.; Eliav, E.; Ishikawa, Y.; Kaldor, U. (2001). "Benchmark calculations of electron affinities of the alkali atoms sodium to eka-francium (element 119)". J. Chem. Phys. 115 (6): 2389. Bibcode:2001JChPh.115.2389L. doi:10.1063/1.1386413.
- ^ Andersen, T. (2004). "Atomic negative ions: Structure, dynamics and collisions". Physics Reports. 394 (4–5): 157–313. Bibcode:2004PhR...394..157A. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2004.01.001.
- ^ Tang R., Si R., Fei Z., Fu X., Lu Y., Brage T., Liu H., Chen C. & Ning C. (2019). "Candidate for Laser Cooling of a Negative Ion: High-Resolution Photoelectron Imaging of Th−". Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 203002 doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.203002
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Guo, Y.; Whitehead, M.A. (1989). "Electron affinities of alkaline-earth element calculated with the local-spin-density-functional theory". Physical Review A. 40 (1): 28–34. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.40.28. PMID 9901864.
- ^ Tang R., Lu Y., Liu H. & Ning C. (2021). "Electron affinity of uranium and bound states of opposite parity in its anion". Phys. Rev. A 103, L050801 doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.103.L050801
- ^ Eliav, Ephraim; Fritzsche, Stephan; Kaldor, Uzi (2015). "Electronic structure theory of the superheavy elements". Nucl. Phys. A. 944: 518–550. Bibcode:2015NuPhA.944..518E. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.06.017.
- ^ a b c d Borschevsky, Anastasia; Pershina, Valeria; Kaldor, Uzi; Eliav, Ephraim. "Fully relativistic ab initio studies of superheavy elements" (PDF). www.kernchemie.uni-mainz.de. Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
- ^ Guo, Yangyang; Pašteka, Lukáš F.; Eliav, Ephraim; Borschevsky, Anastasia (2021). "Chapter 5: Ionization potentials and electron affinity of oganesson with relativistic coupled cluster method". In Musiał, Monika; Hoggan, Philip E. (eds.). Advances in Quantum Chemistry. Vol. 83. pp. 107–123. ISBN 978-0-12-823546-1.
- ^ Borschevsky, A.; Pershina, V.; Eliav, E.; Kaldor, U. (2013). "Ab initio predictions of atomic properties of element 120 and its lighter group-2 homologues". Phys. Rev. A. 87 (2): 022502–1–8. Bibcode:2013PhRvA..87b2502B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.87.022502.
- ^ Bradforth, Stephen E.; Kim, Eun Ha; Arnold, Don W.; Neumark, Daniel M. (1993-01-15). "Photoelectron spectroscopy of CN−, NCO−, and NCS−". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 98 (2). AIP Publishing: 800–810. doi:10.1063/1.464244. ISSN 0021-9606.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Rayner-Canham Appendix 5: Data summarised from, and see also, J. E. Huheey et al., Inorganic Chemistry, 4th ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 1993) [1]
- ^ According to NIST as concerns Boron trifluoride, the Magnetron method, lacking mass analysis, is not considered reliable.
