Short-snouted seahorse: Difference between revisions
m Reverted edits by APseminar4011 (talk): not providing a reliable source (WP:CITE, WP:RS) (HG) (3.4.4) |
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{{Short description|Species of fish}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
{{Speciesbox |
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| name = Short-snouted seahorse |
| name = Short-snouted seahorse |
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| status = DD |
| status = DD |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref name |
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Woodall, L. |date=2017 |title=''Hippocampus hippocampus'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T10069A67618259 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T10069A67618259.en |access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref> |
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| status2 = CITES_A2 |
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| status2_system = CITES |
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| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Appendices {{!}} CITES |url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=cites.org}}</ref> |
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| taxon = Hippocampus hippocampus |
| taxon = Hippocampus hippocampus |
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| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) |
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) |
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| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonName.aspx?id=44856&tree=0.1 |title=Taxon: ''Hippocampus hippocampus'' (C. Linnaeus, 1758) - short-snouted seahorse |work=The Taxonomicon | |
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonName.aspx?id=44856&tree=0.1 |title=Taxon: ''Hippocampus hippocampus'' (C. Linnaeus, 1758) - short-snouted seahorse |work=The Taxonomicon |access-date=February 9, 2010}}</ref> |
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| synonyms = *''Syngnathus hippocampus'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> |
| synonyms = *''Syngnathus hippocampus'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> |
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*''Hippocampus antiquorum'' <small>[[William Elford Leach|Leach]], in Leach & Nodder, 1814</small> |
*''Hippocampus antiquorum'' <small>[[William Elford Leach|Leach]], in Leach & Nodder, 1814</small> |
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The '''short-snouted seahorse''' (''Hippocampus hippocampus'') is a species of [[seahorse]] in the family [[Syngnathidae]]. It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and parts of the [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic]], particularly around [[Italy]] and the [[Canary Islands]]. In 2007, colonies of the species were discovered in the [[River Thames]] around [[London]] and [[Southend-on-Sea]].<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7333980.stm |title=Rare seahorses breeding in Thames |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=2007-04-07}}</ref> |
The '''short-snouted seahorse''' (''Hippocampus hippocampus'') is a species of [[seahorse]] in the family [[Syngnathidae]]. It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and parts of the [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic]], particularly around [[Italy]] and the [[Canary Islands]]. In 2007, colonies of the species were discovered in the [[River Thames]] around [[London]] and [[Southend-on-Sea]].<ref name=BBC>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7333980.stm |title=Rare seahorses breeding in Thames |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=2007-04-07}}</ref> |
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Their preferred habitat is shallow muddy waters, [[estuary|estuaries]] or seagrass beds.<ref name=BBC/> |
Their preferred habitat is shallow muddy waters, [[estuary|estuaries]], or [[seagrass]] beds.<ref name=BBC/> |
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==Protection== |
==Protection== |
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In the [[United Kingdom]] they are protected under the [[Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981]] and two of the 27 Marine Conservation Zones designated in seas off England were established to protect populations and |
In the [[United Kingdom]], they are protected under the [[Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981]], and two of the 27 Marine Conservation Zones designated in the seas off England were established to protect populations and habitats of short-snouted seahorses.<ref name = MCS>{{cite web |url=https://www.mcsuk.org/30species/short-snouted-seahorse |title=Short-Snouted Seahorse - Hippocampus hippocampus |access-date=19 May 2018 |publisher=Marine Conservation Society}}</ref><ref name="zslprojectseahorse">{{cite web |title=Project Seahorse |url=https://www.zsl.org/conservation/regions/asia/project-seahorse |website=Zoological Society of London |access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref> In 2010, the [[London Zoo]], which operates a short-snouted seahorse breeding programme, saw the birth of 918 baby seahorses.<ref name="zslseahorsebreedingprogramme">{{cite web |title=Seahorse breeding programme |url=https://www.zsl.org/seahorse-breeding-programme |website=Zoological Society of London |access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref> Regionally, the short-snouted seahorse is classified as [[Near Threatened]] in the Mediterranean and [[Data Deficient]] in Croatia. In Europe, this species is normally caught as [[bycatch]] and such catches may be sold as curios. Some live animals are collected under licence in Spain and Portugal for Aquaria. In West Africa, it is more common as bycatch than in Europe.<ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021" /> |
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This species is listed on [[CITES]] Appendix II, as are all seahorses but the amount traded is masked by misidentification and in at least one shipment ''H' hippocampus'' was listed as another species. There are few trading records from the western Atlantic/Mediterranean region where this species is native and many records of exports from the [[Indo-Pacific]] area which are either misidentifications or re-exports of specimens which were exported from the native range without the appropriate export certificates being issued.<ref name |
This species is listed on [[CITES]] Appendix II, as are all seahorses but the amount traded is masked by misidentification and in at least one shipment ''H' hippocampus'' was listed as another species. There are few trading records from the western Atlantic/Mediterranean region where this species is native and many records of exports from the [[Indo-Pacific]] area which are either misidentifications or re-exports of specimens which were exported from the native range without the appropriate export certificates being issued.<ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021" /> |
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Other listings for this species include the [[Barcelona Convention|Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (Barcelona Convention)]] Annex II, [[OSPAR Convention|Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention)]]: Annex V and the Convention on the [[Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats|Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention)]]: Appendix II.<ref name |
Other listings for this species include the [[Barcelona Convention|Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (Barcelona Convention)]] Annex II, [[OSPAR Convention|Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention)]]: Annex V and the Convention on the [[Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats|Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention)]]: Appendix II.<ref name="DORIS">{{cite web |url=http://doris.ffessm.fr/Especes/Hippocampus-hippocampus-Hippocampe-a-museau-court-299 |author1=Barrabes, Michel |author2=Ader, Denis |author3=Louisy, Patrick |year=2008 |title=Hippocampe à museau court ''Hippocampus hippocampus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |language=French |publisher=Données d'Observations pour la Reconnaissance et l'Identification de la faune et la flore Subaquatiques (DORIS) |access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref> |
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== Habitat and distribution == |
== Habitat and distribution == |
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| ⚫ | ''Hippocampus hippocampus'' are typically found on the bottoms of rocks, in seaweed or in the edge of sea grass beds in shallow muddy water. They can only be found in waters that are up to {{convert|77|m|ft}} deep.<ref name="Marlin">{{cite web |last1=Sabatini |first1=Marisa |last2=Ballerstedt |first2=Susie |title=Short snouted seahorse (Hippocampus hippocampus) |url=http://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/detail/1788 |website=MarLIN |publisher=Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom |access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref> They have a very restricted home range because they have very limited daily movements. The most of their movement occurs when storms occur and the seahorses are moved with the current or they are carried away because of their grasp on debris that is floating in the water.<ref name="FishBase" /> In the winters they typically move into the deeper water to escape rough seas. They will use their tails to anchor themselves to stems of plants and are able to camouflage very well.<ref name="jncc">{{cite web |title=Short snouted seahorse |url=http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-5666 |website=JNCC |publisher=Joint Nature Conservation Committee |access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The short-snouted seahorse is found in the northeastern Atlantic, from northwestern [[Scotland]]<ref name="SHT">{{cite web |url=https://www.theseahorsetrust.org/userfiles/PDF/Study%20of%20wild%20Hippocampus%20hippocampus%20in%20Torbay.pdf |title=Diver study of wild Short Snouted Seahorses (Hippocampus hippocampus) in Torbay, Devon |year=2011 |author1=Neil Garrick-Maidment |author2=John Newman |publisher=The Seahorse Trust}}</ref> and the Netherlands south to Senegal and into the Mediterranean Sea as well as in the coastal waters of the [[Azores]], [[Madeira]], and the [[Canary Islands]].<ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021" /> In Britain and Ireland, the distribution is influenced by the warmer waters of the [[Gulf Stream]] which create the conditions for higher productivity of plankton and this means that both this species and the [[long-snouted seahorse]] are found mainly on southern and western coasts but as the Gulf Stream flows into the North Sea to the north and south of the [[Great Britain]] small populations of both species do exist in the [[North Sea]].<ref name="SHT" /> |
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| ⚫ | ''Hippocampus hippocampus'' are typically found on the bottoms of rocks, in seaweed or in the edge of sea grass beds in shallow muddy water. They can only be found in waters that are up to {{convert|77|m|ft}} deep.<ref name |
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| ⚫ | The short-snouted seahorse is found in the northeastern Atlantic, from |
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== Description == |
== Description == |
||
| ⚫ | ''Hippocampus hippocampus'' has potential to be up to {{convert|15|cm|in}} long. They have a prominent spine above each eye. They have snouts that are short and upturned.<ref name="Marlin" /> Their snouts are about 1/3 of the length of their head.<ref name="FishBase">{{FishBase|Hippocampus|hippocampus|month=February|year=2018}}</ref> Their dorsal fin has 16–18 rays with a dark stripe that runs parallel to the margin and provides propulsion. Their pectoral fins have 13–15 rays and are located below the gill openings. Their pectoral fins are mostly utilized for stability and steering. Their angular appearance comes from the bony tubercles that are in the body rings. Their bodies can be black, purple, orange or brown. They have a tail that is unable to bend backwards but is considered semi-flexible. They use it as an anchor by wrapping it around coral or sea grass. The tail is also used to get hold of a partner during greeting and mating services.<ref name="Marlin" /> |
||
| ⚫ | ''Hippocampus hippocampus'' has potential to be up to {{convert|15|cm|in}} long. They have a prominent spine above each eye. They have snouts that are short and upturned.<ref name |
||
== Feeding == |
== Feeding == |
||
| ⚫ | On average, the adult seahorse will eat roughly between 30 and 50 tiny shrimp a day. ''Hippocampus hippocampus'' are known to be ambush predators whom feed on live, moving food. They will remain still until a small animal passes within reach and then grab it.<ref name="Marlin" /> They do not have teeth or a stomach so they use their snout to suck their food straight into their gut.<ref name="jncc" /> Since they lack a stomach the prey will pass through the digestive system very fast.<ref name="Marlin" /> |
||
| ⚫ | On average the adult seahorse will eat roughly between 30 |
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== Reproduction == |
== Reproduction == |
||
Short snouted seahorses are considered ovoviviparous meaning that the female deposits eggs into a pouch on the males stomach, called a brood pouch, and the male goes through pregnancy and labour.<ref name |
Short snouted seahorses are considered ovoviviparous meaning that the female deposits eggs into a pouch on the males stomach, called a brood pouch, and the male goes through pregnancy and labour.<ref name="Marlin" /> Sexual maturation occurs during the first reproductive season after birth. The length of the reproductive season can vary based on temperature, light, and water turbulence. Sexual maturity in males is recognized by a brood pouch.<ref name="Marlin" /> |
||
Males have two common yet very aggressive courtship behaviours. The first is snapping, a male will aim and flick his snout at his opposing male in order to propel him away. If the male is successful the opposing seahorse will darken and flatten into a submissive position signalling that he has given up. The second behaviour is wrestling. This occurs when one male refuses to release the opposing male from his hold. Both males will fall with their interlocked tail but the submissive male will darken and flatten in a submissive position until it is released.<ref name |
Males have two common yet very aggressive courtship behaviours. The first is snapping, a male will aim and flick his snout at his opposing male in order to propel him away. If the male is successful the opposing seahorse will darken and flatten into a submissive position signalling that he has given up. The second behaviour is wrestling. This occurs when one male refuses to release the opposing male from his hold. Both males will fall with their interlocked tail but the submissive male will darken and flatten in a submissive position until it is released.<ref name="Marlin" /> |
||
Male and female pairs of short snouted seahorses are very faithful to each other. This is showcased by their reproductive states and their greetings to one another. Male and females who are in faithful pairs will have synchronised reproductive state changes to confirm that they are faithful to each other. They also greet one another daily which lasts from six to eight minutes. When the male is ready for reproduction he will pump water in and out of his pouch. Females point their head towards the water surface to show that they are ready for reproduction. The female will line up the base of her trunk to the opening pouch of the male and insert her ovipositor into the males pouch. The eggs are then deposited and fertilised in the brood pouch. The transfer of eggs from females to males only takes about |
Male and female pairs of short snouted seahorses are very faithful to each other. This is showcased by their reproductive states and their greetings to one another. Male and females who are in faithful pairs will have synchronised reproductive state changes to confirm that they are faithful to each other. They also greet one another daily which lasts from six to eight minutes. When the male is ready for reproduction he will pump water in and out of his pouch. Females point their head towards the water surface to show that they are ready for reproduction. The female will line up the base of her trunk to the opening pouch of the male and insert her ovipositor into the males pouch. The eggs are then deposited and fertilised in the brood pouch. The transfer of eggs from females to males only takes about 6–10 seconds. The males pouch will close up after the eggs are fertilised.<ref name="Marlin" /> |
||
The pear shaped eggs are implanted into the wall of the pouch and surrounded by tissues. Oxygen is able to get through to the eggs through the capillaries. There is placental fluid present which provides the eggs with nutrients and oxygen and removes waste products. The egg yolk which comes from the mother is also full of necessary nutrients. The male secretes the enzyme [[prolactin]] which initiates the breakdown of the outer layer of the egg in order for the placental fluid to be produced. Pregnancy only lasts |
The pear shaped eggs are implanted into the wall of the pouch and surrounded by tissues. Oxygen is able to get through to the eggs through the capillaries. There is placental fluid present which provides the eggs with nutrients and oxygen and removes waste products. The egg yolk which comes from the mother is also full of necessary nutrients. The male secretes the enzyme [[prolactin]] which initiates the breakdown of the outer layer of the egg in order for the placental fluid to be produced. Pregnancy only lasts 20–21 days and the male will usually go into labour in the night time. The number of young produced can range from 50 to 100 and greatly depends on the age of the male. The older males will produce a larger number of offspring. If the male is in a pair that he is familiar with he will be able to mate again within a few hours of giving birth without having any negative health impacts.<ref name="Marlin" /> |
||
==References== |
==References== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* {{sealifephotos|127380}} |
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*{{Commons-inline|Hippocampus hippocampus}} |
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*{{Wikispecies-inline|Hippocampus hippocampus}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q302969}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q302969}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
[[Category:Fish of Europe]] |
[[Category:Fish of Europe]] |
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[[Category:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean]] |
[[Category:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean]] |
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[[Category:Fish of the North Sea]] |
[[Category:Fish of the North Sea]] |
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[[Category:Fish of the Mediterranean Sea]] |
[[Category:Fish of the Mediterranean Sea]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
[[Category:Fish described in 1758]] |
[[Category:Fish described in 1758]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]] |
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[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]] |
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]] |
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{{Syngnathiformes-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 06:53, 21 November 2024
| Short-snouted seahorse | |
|---|---|
.jpg)
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Syngnathiformes |
| Family: | Syngnathidae |
| Genus: | Hippocampus |
| Species: | H. hippocampus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Hippocampus hippocampus | |
| Synonyms[3] | |
| |
The short-snouted seahorse (Hippocampus hippocampus) is a species of seahorse in the family Syngnathidae. It is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea and parts of the North Atlantic, particularly around Italy and the Canary Islands. In 2007, colonies of the species were discovered in the River Thames around London and Southend-on-Sea.[4]
Their preferred habitat is shallow muddy waters, estuaries, or seagrass beds.[4]
Protection
[edit]In the United Kingdom, they are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, and two of the 27 Marine Conservation Zones designated in the seas off England were established to protect populations and habitats of short-snouted seahorses.[5][6] In 2010, the London Zoo, which operates a short-snouted seahorse breeding programme, saw the birth of 918 baby seahorses.[7] Regionally, the short-snouted seahorse is classified as Near Threatened in the Mediterranean and Data Deficient in Croatia. In Europe, this species is normally caught as bycatch and such catches may be sold as curios. Some live animals are collected under licence in Spain and Portugal for Aquaria. In West Africa, it is more common as bycatch than in Europe.[1]
This species is listed on CITES Appendix II, as are all seahorses but the amount traded is masked by misidentification and in at least one shipment H' hippocampus was listed as another species. There are few trading records from the western Atlantic/Mediterranean region where this species is native and many records of exports from the Indo-Pacific area which are either misidentifications or re-exports of specimens which were exported from the native range without the appropriate export certificates being issued.[1]
Other listings for this species include the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (Barcelona Convention) Annex II, Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention): Annex V and the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention): Appendix II.[8]
Habitat and distribution
[edit]Hippocampus hippocampus are typically found on the bottoms of rocks, in seaweed or in the edge of sea grass beds in shallow muddy water. They can only be found in waters that are up to 77 metres (253 ft) deep.[9] They have a very restricted home range because they have very limited daily movements. The most of their movement occurs when storms occur and the seahorses are moved with the current or they are carried away because of their grasp on debris that is floating in the water.[10] In the winters they typically move into the deeper water to escape rough seas. They will use their tails to anchor themselves to stems of plants and are able to camouflage very well.[11]
The short-snouted seahorse is found in the northeastern Atlantic, from northwestern Scotland[12] and the Netherlands south to Senegal and into the Mediterranean Sea as well as in the coastal waters of the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands.[1] In Britain and Ireland, the distribution is influenced by the warmer waters of the Gulf Stream which create the conditions for higher productivity of plankton and this means that both this species and the long-snouted seahorse are found mainly on southern and western coasts but as the Gulf Stream flows into the North Sea to the north and south of the Great Britain small populations of both species do exist in the North Sea.[12]
Description
[edit]Hippocampus hippocampus has potential to be up to 15 centimetres (5.9 in) long. They have a prominent spine above each eye. They have snouts that are short and upturned.[9] Their snouts are about 1/3 of the length of their head.[10] Their dorsal fin has 16–18 rays with a dark stripe that runs parallel to the margin and provides propulsion. Their pectoral fins have 13–15 rays and are located below the gill openings. Their pectoral fins are mostly utilized for stability and steering. Their angular appearance comes from the bony tubercles that are in the body rings. Their bodies can be black, purple, orange or brown. They have a tail that is unable to bend backwards but is considered semi-flexible. They use it as an anchor by wrapping it around coral or sea grass. The tail is also used to get hold of a partner during greeting and mating services.[9]
Feeding
[edit]On average, the adult seahorse will eat roughly between 30 and 50 tiny shrimp a day. Hippocampus hippocampus are known to be ambush predators whom feed on live, moving food. They will remain still until a small animal passes within reach and then grab it.[9] They do not have teeth or a stomach so they use their snout to suck their food straight into their gut.[11] Since they lack a stomach the prey will pass through the digestive system very fast.[9]
Reproduction
[edit]Short snouted seahorses are considered ovoviviparous meaning that the female deposits eggs into a pouch on the males stomach, called a brood pouch, and the male goes through pregnancy and labour.[9] Sexual maturation occurs during the first reproductive season after birth. The length of the reproductive season can vary based on temperature, light, and water turbulence. Sexual maturity in males is recognized by a brood pouch.[9]
Males have two common yet very aggressive courtship behaviours. The first is snapping, a male will aim and flick his snout at his opposing male in order to propel him away. If the male is successful the opposing seahorse will darken and flatten into a submissive position signalling that he has given up. The second behaviour is wrestling. This occurs when one male refuses to release the opposing male from his hold. Both males will fall with their interlocked tail but the submissive male will darken and flatten in a submissive position until it is released.[9]
Male and female pairs of short snouted seahorses are very faithful to each other. This is showcased by their reproductive states and their greetings to one another. Male and females who are in faithful pairs will have synchronised reproductive state changes to confirm that they are faithful to each other. They also greet one another daily which lasts from six to eight minutes. When the male is ready for reproduction he will pump water in and out of his pouch. Females point their head towards the water surface to show that they are ready for reproduction. The female will line up the base of her trunk to the opening pouch of the male and insert her ovipositor into the males pouch. The eggs are then deposited and fertilised in the brood pouch. The transfer of eggs from females to males only takes about 6–10 seconds. The males pouch will close up after the eggs are fertilised.[9]
The pear shaped eggs are implanted into the wall of the pouch and surrounded by tissues. Oxygen is able to get through to the eggs through the capillaries. There is placental fluid present which provides the eggs with nutrients and oxygen and removes waste products. The egg yolk which comes from the mother is also full of necessary nutrients. The male secretes the enzyme prolactin which initiates the breakdown of the outer layer of the egg in order for the placental fluid to be produced. Pregnancy only lasts 20–21 days and the male will usually go into labour in the night time. The number of young produced can range from 50 to 100 and greatly depends on the age of the male. The older males will produce a larger number of offspring. If the male is in a pair that he is familiar with he will be able to mate again within a few hours of giving birth without having any negative health impacts.[9]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Woodall, L. (2017). "Hippocampus hippocampus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T10069A67618259. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T10069A67618259.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
- ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ "Taxon: Hippocampus hippocampus (C. Linnaeus, 1758) - short-snouted seahorse". The Taxonomicon. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
- ^ a b "Rare seahorses breeding in Thames". BBC News. 2007-04-07.
- ^ "Short-Snouted Seahorse - Hippocampus hippocampus". Marine Conservation Society. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
- ^ "Project Seahorse". Zoological Society of London. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
- ^ "Seahorse breeding programme". Zoological Society of London. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
- ^ Barrabes, Michel; Ader, Denis; Louisy, Patrick (2008). "Hippocampe à museau court Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758)" (in French). Données d'Observations pour la Reconnaissance et l'Identification de la faune et la flore Subaquatiques (DORIS). Retrieved 19 May 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sabatini, Marisa; Ballerstedt, Susie. "Short snouted seahorse (Hippocampus hippocampus)". MarLIN. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
- ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Hippocampus hippocampus". FishBase. February 2018 version.
- ^ a b "Short snouted seahorse". JNCC. Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
- ^ a b Neil Garrick-Maidment; John Newman (2011). "Diver study of wild Short Snouted Seahorses (Hippocampus hippocampus) in Torbay, Devon" (PDF). The Seahorse Trust.
External links
[edit]- Photos of Short-snouted seahorse on Sealife Collection