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{{Short description|American shipyard and dry dock company}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox company
{{Infobox company
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'''Bay Shipbuilding Company''' (BSC) is a [[shipyard]] and [[dry dock]] company in [[Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin|Sturgeon Bay]], [[Door County, Wisconsin|Door County]], [[Wisconsin]]. As of 2015, Bay Ships was a subsidiary of [[Fincantieri]] Marine Group and produces [[articulated tug and barge]]s, [[Oil Pollution Act of 1990|OPA-90]] compliant double hull tank ships and [[Platform supply vessel|offshore support vessels]].<ref name=Profile>{{cite web |url= http://bayshipbuildingcompany.com/profile.html |title= Profile |website= Bay Shipbuilding |accessdate= 30 June 2015 }}</ref> It also provides repair services to the [[lake freighter]] fleet.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://bayshipbuildingcompany.com/BayWinterReleaseEdited.pdf |title= Winter Fleet Departs Bay Shipbuilding |date= 12 May 2014 |website= Bay Shipbuilding |accessdate= 30 June 2015 }}</ref> In the past the shipyard located in Sturgeon Bay has operated under several different names and traces its history back to 1918. The company also built 40,000 ton Lake freighters in the 1970s and 1980s. While capable of producing large freighters, the yard has not built a freighter over 20,000 tons since 1987. Former names of the shipyards at the 2015 location of Bay Shipbuilding are: '''Sturgeon Bay Shipbuilding''', '''Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding Company''' and '''Christy Corporation'''.
'''Bay Shipbuilding Company''' (BSC) is a [[shipyard]] and [[dry dock]] company in [[Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin|Sturgeon Bay]], [[Door County, Wisconsin|Door County]], [[Wisconsin]]. As of 2015, Bay Ships was a subsidiary of [[Fincantieri]] Marine Group and produces [[articulated tug and barge]]s, [[Oil Pollution Act of 1990|OPA-90]] compliant double hull tank ships and [[Platform supply vessel|offshore support vessels]].<ref name=Profile>{{cite web |url= http://bayshipbuildingcompany.com/profile.html |title= Profile |website= Bay Shipbuilding |accessdate= 30 June 2015 |archive-date= 5 July 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150705032053/http://bayshipbuildingcompany.com/profile.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> It also provides repair services to the [[lake freighter]] fleet.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://bayshipbuildingcompany.com/BayWinterReleaseEdited.pdf |title= Winter Fleet Departs Bay Shipbuilding |date= 12 May 2014 |website= Bay Shipbuilding |accessdate= 30 June 2015 |archive-date= 5 July 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150705072127/http://bayshipbuildingcompany.com/BayWinterReleaseEdited.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> In the past the shipyard located in Sturgeon Bay has operated under several different names and traces its history back to 1918.
The company also built 40,000 ton Lake freighters in the 1970s and 1980s. While capable of producing large freighters, the yard had not built a freighter over 20,000 tons since 1987 until the [[Mark W. Barker|MV ''Mark W. Barker'']], launched in 2022. Former names of the shipyards at the 2015 location of Bay Shipbuilding are: '''Sturgeon Bay Shipbuilding''', '''Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding Company''' and '''Christy Corporation'''.


== History as Bay Shipbuilding ==
== History as Bay Shipbuilding ==
=== 1968 to 1979 ===
=== 1968 to 1979 ===
Bay Shipbuilding Company was formed in 1968 after [[The Manitowoc Company]] closed [[Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company]] and purchased Sturgeon Bay Shipbuilding and then Christy Corporation in 1970, which were adjacent on the east side of the [[Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal]].<ref name="MARAD, 1987">{{cite report |url= http://www.marad.dot.gov/wp-content/uploads/pdf/1987_-_Report_on_Survey_of_US_Shipbuilding_and_Repair_Facilities.pdf |title= Report on Survey of U.S. Shipbuilding and Repair Facilities |publisher= United States Maritime Administration |date= 1987 }}</ref> Sturgeon Bay Shipbuilding & Dry Dock was formerly Rieboldt, Wolter & Co., Universal Shipbuilding Company and Sturgeon Bay Dry Dock Company. Christy Corporation was formerly Leathem D. Smith Towing & Wrecking Company, Leathem D. Smith Dock Company and Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company.
Bay Shipbuilding Company was formed in 1968 after [[The Manitowoc Company]] closed [[Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company]] and purchased Sturgeon Bay Shipbuilding and then Christy Corporation in 1970, which were adjacent on the east side of the [[Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal]].<ref name="MARAD, 1987">{{cite report |url= http://www.marad.dot.gov/wp-content/uploads/pdf/1987_-_Report_on_Survey_of_US_Shipbuilding_and_Repair_Facilities.pdf |title= Report on Survey of U.S. Shipbuilding and Repair Facilities |publisher= United States Maritime Administration |date= 1987 |access-date= 3 July 2015 |archive-date= 1 July 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150701121453/http://www.marad.dot.gov/wp-content/uploads/pdf/1987_-_Report_on_Survey_of_US_Shipbuilding_and_Repair_Facilities.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref> Sturgeon Bay Shipbuilding & Dry Dock was formerly Rieboldt, Wolter & Co., Universal Shipbuilding Company and Sturgeon Bay Dry Dock Company. Christy Corporation was formerly Leathem D. Smith Towing & Wrecking Company, Leathem D. Smith Dock Company and Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company.


Bay Shipbuilding initially invested $500,000 in purchasing the two yards. In the early 1970s they invested $30 million for improvements.<ref name="Sentinel, 1978">{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19781205&id=rYRQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-RIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5480,1107201&hl=en |title= Sturgeon Bay Ships Carry Economy on Sea of Prosperity |newspaper= The Milwaukee Sentinel |date= 5 December 1978 }}</ref> The 1970s turned out to be a boom period for Bay Shipbuilding since Great Lakes shipping fleet owners had decided to upgrade their fleets. They would build 30 ships for the lake fleet in the 1970s.<ref name="New Course">{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19810922&id=BkcaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yikEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6718,446398&hl=en |title= Charting a New Course |newspaper= The Milwaukee Journal |date= 22 September 1981 }}</ref>
Bay Shipbuilding initially invested $500,000 in purchasing the two yards. In the early 1970s they invested $30 million for improvements.<ref name="Sentinel, 1978">{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19781205&id=rYRQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-RIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5480,1107201&hl=en |title= Sturgeon Bay Ships Carry Economy on Sea of Prosperity |newspaper= The Milwaukee Sentinel |date= 5 December 1978 |access-date= 3 July 2015 |archive-date= 29 April 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160429084155/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19781205&id=rYRQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-RIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5480,1107201&hl=en |url-status= live }}</ref> The 1970s turned out to be a boom period for Bay Shipbuilding since Great Lakes shipping fleet owners had decided to upgrade their fleets. They would build 30 ships for the lake fleet in the 1970s.<ref name="New Course">{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19810922&id=BkcaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yikEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6718,446398&hl=en |title= Charting a New Course |newspaper= The Milwaukee Journal |date= 22 September 1981 |access-date= 3 July 2015 |archive-date= 12 May 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160512213112/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19810922&id=BkcaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yikEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6718,446398&hl=en |url-status= live }}</ref>


In 1975, Bay Shipbuilding had around 800 workers and expected to expand to 1,400 because of a new contract to construct four 1,000 foot long lake freighters for the American Steamship Company and Bethlehem Steel.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19750218&id=6oFRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tREEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7161,3572952&hl=en |title= Bay Shipbuilding Pact Pads Payroll |newspaper= The Milwaukee Sentinel |date= 18 February 1975 |page= 5 }}</ref> At least six of the 1,000 foot long, 40,000 ton self-unloading ore carriers were delivered from 1977 to May 1981.<ref name="New Course" /><ref name="Colton, Tim">{{cite web |url= http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/2large/active/bay.htm |title= Bay Shipbuilding, Sturgeon Bay, WI |website= shipbuildinghistory.com |first= Tim |last= Colton |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150703093316/http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/2large/active/bay.htm |archivedate= 3 July 2015 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> By the end of 1978, Bay Shipbuilding employed nearly 2,000.<ref name="Sentinel, 1978" />
In 1975, Bay Shipbuilding had around 800 workers and expected to expand to 1,400 because of a new contract to construct four 1,000 foot long lake freighters for the [[American Steamship Company]] and [[Bethlehem Steel]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19750218&id=6oFRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tREEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7161,3572952&hl=en |title= Bay Shipbuilding Pact Pads Payroll |newspaper= The Milwaukee Sentinel |date= 18 February 1975 |page= 5 |access-date= 3 July 2015 |archive-date= 22 May 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160522021346/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19750218&id=6oFRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tREEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7161,3572952&hl=en |url-status= live }}</ref> At least six of the 1,000 foot long, 40,000 ton self-unloading ore carriers were delivered from 1977 to May 1981.<ref name="New Course" /><ref name="Colton, Tim">{{cite web |url= http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/2large/active/bay.htm |title= Bay Shipbuilding, Sturgeon Bay, WI |website= shipbuildinghistory.com |first= Tim |last= Colton |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150703093316/http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/2large/active/bay.htm |archivedate= 3 July 2015 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> By the end of 1978, Bay Shipbuilding employed nearly 2,000.<ref name="Sentinel, 1978" />


=== 1980s and 1990s ===
=== 1980s and 1990s ===
[[File:Bay Shipbuilding Drawing 1985 MARAD.png|upright|thumb|A drawing of Bay Shipbuilding, c.1985.]]
[[File:Bay Shipbuilding Drawing 1985 MARAD.png|upright|thumb|A drawing of Bay Shipbuilding, c.1985.]]
After the construction projects for new lake freighters had dried up, Bay Shipbuilding entered the salt-water shipbuilding market.<ref name="New Course" /> By 1984, employment had fallen to around 220. Bay shipbuilding received a contract with [[Sea-Land Service]] for three [[container ship]]s for around $180 million later that year.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19841028&id=j2caAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GioEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5842,5887063&hl=en |title= New Contract Gives City a Boost |newspaper= The Milwaukee Journal |date= 28 October 1984 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19841022&id=RHQjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vX4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=3625,2265754&hl=en |title= Ship Pact will Create 1,500 jobs |newspaper= The Milwaukee Journal |date= 22 October 1984 |first= Frank A. |last= Aukofer }}</ref> The ships were Sea-Land's only vessels designed and built in the United States. However, Bay Shipbuilding did not win the contracts by underbidding foreign shipyards. Since the ships were destined for the [[Puget Sound]] to [[Alaska]] trade route, the [[Merchant Marine Act of 1920|Jones Act]] required that the ships be made in the United States.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=42zZ6NrwMjEC&pg=PA176 |title= Box Boats: How Container Ships Changed the World |first= Brian J. |last= Cudahy |page= 176 |publisher= Fordham Univ Press |date= 2006 |ISBN= 978-0-8232-2568-2 }}</ref> In March 1988, after the completion of the three Sea-Land container ships, Bay Shipbuilding announced it was ceasing new shipbuilding due to the lack of domestic contracts and a decline in the US shipbuilding industry.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19880331&id=345QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lBIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6273,7384947&hl=en |title= Sturgeon Bay shipbuilder to quit business |newspaper= The Milwaukee Sentinel |date= 31 March 1988 }}</ref>
After the construction projects for new lake freighters had dried up, Bay Shipbuilding entered the salt-water shipbuilding market.<ref name="New Course" /> By 1984, employment had fallen to around 220. Bay shipbuilding received a contract with [[Sea-Land Service]] for three [[container ship]]s for around $180 million later that year.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19841028&id=j2caAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GioEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5842,5887063&hl=en |title= New Contract Gives City a Boost |newspaper= The Milwaukee Journal |date= 28 October 1984 |access-date= 3 July 2015 |archive-date= 7 May 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160507224425/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19841028&id=j2caAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GioEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5842,5887063&hl=en |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19841022&id=RHQjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vX4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=3625,2265754&hl=en |title= Ship Pact will Create 1,500 jobs |newspaper= The Milwaukee Journal |date= 22 October 1984 |first= Frank A. |last= Aukofer |access-date= 3 July 2015 |archive-date= 18 May 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160518212841/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19841022&id=RHQjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vX4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=3625,2265754&hl=en |url-status= live }}</ref> The ships were Sea-Land's only vessels designed and built in the United States. However, Bay Shipbuilding did not win the contracts by underbidding foreign shipyards. Since the ships were destined for the [[Puget Sound]] to [[Alaska]] trade route, the [[Merchant Marine Act of 1920|Jones Act]] required that the ships be made in the United States.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/boxboats00bria |url-access= registration |title= Box Boats: How Container Ships Changed the World |first= Brian J. |last= Cudahy |page= [https://archive.org/details/boxboats00bria/page/176 176] |publisher= Fordham Univ Press |date= 2006 |ISBN= 978-0-8232-2568-2 }}</ref> In March 1988, after the completion of the three Sea-Land container ships, Bay Shipbuilding announced it was ceasing new shipbuilding due to the lack of domestic contracts and a decline in the US shipbuilding industry.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19880331&id=345QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lBIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6273,7384947&hl=en |title= Sturgeon Bay shipbuilder to quit business |newspaper= The Milwaukee Sentinel |date= 31 March 1988 |access-date= 3 July 2015 |archive-date= 29 April 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160429143031/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19880331&id=345QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lBIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6273,7384947&hl=en |url-status= live }}</ref> In the mid-1990s, the nearby [[Peterson Builders]] shipyard closed.


In the late 1990s, the yard built a handful of smaller vessels including a ferry, two tugs, a dredge and the 475 foot tank barge ''Seneca'' (later named '' DBL 140'').<ref name="Colton, Tim" />
In the late 1990s, the yard built a handful of smaller vessels including a ferry, two tugs, a dredge and the 475 foot tank barge ''Seneca'' (later named '' DBL 140'').<ref name="Colton, Tim" />
Line 34: Line 37:
=== 2000s – present ===
=== 2000s – present ===
[[File:SturgeonBayShipyardSoutheastPotawatomiStatePark.jpg|thumb|left|A view of Bay Shipbuilding from [[Potawatomi State Park]], July 2008.]]
[[File:SturgeonBayShipyardSoutheastPotawatomiStatePark.jpg|thumb|left|A view of Bay Shipbuilding from [[Potawatomi State Park]], July 2008.]]
In the 2000s, Bay shipbuilding continued to construct [[Oil Pollution Act of 1990]] compliant [[double hull]]ed tank barges and more recently [[Articulated tug and barge]]s and [[Platform supply vessel|Offshore Support Vessels]].<ref name="Colton, Tim" /><ref name=Profile />
In the 2000s, Bay shipbuilding continued to construct [[Oil Pollution Act of 1990]] compliant [[double hull]]ed tank barges and more recently [[Articulated tug and barge]]s and [[Platform supply vessel|Offshore Support Vessels]].<ref name=Profile /><ref name="Colton, Tim" />

[[The Manitowoc Company]] sold its marine business, which included Bay Shipbuilding, to [[Fincantieri]] Marine Group, effective at the end of the day on December 31, 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ir.manitowoc.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=67844&p=irol-newsArticle_print&ID=1240058 |title= Manitowoc Completes Sale of Its Marine Business |website= Manitowoc Press Release |date= 2 January 2009 }}</ref> Prior to 2015, Fincantieri added a new [[floating dry dock]] and [[Computer-aided manufacturing]] equipment during a $26 million capital expansion plan.<ref name=Profile /> In 2021 the shipyard launched the 639ft freighter [[Mark W. Barker|MV ''Mark W. Barker'']], becoming the first U.S. shipyard to launch a new laker in 40 years. Several other ship sized barges up to 740ft in length have been constructed during the 21st Century.

In February 2021, the iconic lake ship MV ''Roger Blough'' caught fire while in winter layup at Bay Ship Building, causing damages estimated between $22-100 million to the vessel. No injuries were reported in the incident.


On July 1, 2022, the [[Mark W. Barker|MV ''Mark W. Barker'']] was floated out of the graving dock,<ref>{{cite web
[[The Manitowoc Company]] sold its marine business, which included Bay Shipbuilding, to [[Fincantieri]] Marine Group, effective at the end of the day 31 December 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ir.manitowoc.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=67844&p=irol-newsArticle_print&ID=1240058 |title= Manitowoc Completes Sale of Its Marine Business |website= Manitowoc Press Release |date= 2 January 2009 }}</ref> Prior to 2015, Fincantieri added a new [[floating dry dock]] and [[Computer-aided manufacturing]] equipment during a $26 million capital expansion plan.<ref name=Profile />
|url=https://www.marinelink.com/news/marine-news-top-vessels-501243
|title=Marine News' Top Vessels of 2022
|accessdate=April 2, 2023
|author=Marine Link
|date=November 28, 2022
|website=marinelink.com
|publisher=Marine Link
}}</ref> becoming the first lake freighter built by the yard since 1987.{{cn|date=April 2023}} The [[river-class freighter]] entered regular service on July 27 and was formally christened on September 1 in [[Cleveland, Ohio]].<ref>{{cite web | last=McCormack|first=Frank|url=https://seawayreview.com/first-new-laker-in-a-generation-embarks-on-maiden-voyage/y | title=First New Laker In A Generation Embarks On Maiden Voyage | publisher=Great Lakes Seaway Review | date=October 5, 2022 | access-date=April 2, 2023}}</ref>


== Predecessor companies ==
== Predecessor companies ==
=== Sturgeon Bay Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company and predecessors ===
=== Sturgeon Bay Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company and predecessors ===
Universal Shipbuilding Company and the Sturgeon Bay Dry Dock Company merged in 1926 and formed the Sturgeon Bay Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company. Sturgeon Bay SB&DDC changed ownership in April 1934 and employed around 90 workers at the time.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19340412&id=zQY1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=Hg4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=4920,2087670&hl=en |title= Shipbuilding Control Sold |newspaper= The Milwaukee Sentinel |date= 12 April 1934 }}</ref> They built fishing vessels, tow boats and ferries prior to [[World War II]]. During the war Sturgeon Bay SB&DDC built some Design 210, 150 foot Steel Diesel Retrieving Vessels for the [[List of ships of the United States Army#Small Ships|US Army]] (H-2 to H-12). They also built Design 216, 100 foot Steel Diesel Supply Boats (F 5 to F 14 and F 125 to F 130) for the Army. Additionally, they built a fairly large number of 45 foot tugs and a few 86 foot tugs as well.<ref name="Colton, Tim" />
Universal Shipbuilding Company and the Sturgeon Bay Dry Dock Company merged in 1926 and formed the Sturgeon Bay Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company. Sturgeon Bay SB&DDC changed ownership in April 1934 and employed around 90 workers at the time.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19340412&id=zQY1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=Hg4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=4920,2087670&hl=en |title= Shipbuilding Control Sold |newspaper= The Milwaukee Sentinel |date= 12 April 1934 |access-date= 3 July 2015 |archive-date= 13 May 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160513234116/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19340412&id=zQY1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=Hg4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=4920,2087670&hl=en |url-status= live }}</ref> They built fishing vessels, tow boats and ferries prior to [[World War II]]. During the war Sturgeon Bay SB&DDC built some Design 210, 150 foot Steel Diesel Retrieving Vessels for the [[List of ships of the United States Army#Small Ships|U.S. Army]] (H-2 to H-12). They also built Design 216, 100 foot Steel Diesel Supply Boats (F 5 to F 14 and F 125 to F 130) for the Army. Additionally, they built a fairly large number of 45 foot tugs and a few 86 foot tugs as well.<ref name="Colton, Tim" />


After the war, Sturgeon Bay SB&DDC built ferries, tugboats, towboats, a yacht or two and fishing vessels. Most of the vessels were under 100 feet long.<ref name="Colton, Tim" /> By 1949 employment at Sturgeon Bay SB&DDC was around 225.<ref name="Ports Step Up, 1949" /> 20 tugs were built for [[Mississippi River]] barge pushing in the 1950s.<ref name="Sells Navy, 1959" /> In the 1960s, Sturgeon Bay SB&DDC built a number of [[fishing trawler]]s that were around 100 feet long for the New England fishing industry.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19661018&id=nQIqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0ycEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2659,4838168&hl=en |title= Sturgeon Bay Yard Gets Vessel Contract |newspaper= The Milwaukee Journal |date= 18 October 1966 }}</ref>
After the war, Sturgeon Bay SB&DDC built ferries, tugboats, towboats, a yacht or two and fishing vessels. Most of the vessels were under 100 feet long.<ref name="Colton, Tim" /> By 1949 employment at Sturgeon Bay SB&DDC was around 225.<ref name="Ports Step Up, 1949" /> 20 tugs were built for [[Mississippi River]] barge pushing in the 1950s.<ref name="Sells Navy, 1959" /> In the 1960s, Sturgeon Bay SB&DDC built a number of [[fishing trawler]]s that were around 100 feet long for the New England fishing industry.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19661018&id=nQIqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0ycEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2659,4838168&hl=en |title= Sturgeon Bay Yard Gets Vessel Contract |newspaper= The Milwaukee Journal |date= 18 October 1966 |access-date= 3 July 2015 |archive-date= 29 April 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160429013256/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19661018&id=nQIqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0ycEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2659,4838168&hl=en |url-status= live }}</ref>


As mentioned above, in 1968 Sturgeon Bay SB&DDC was purchased by [[the Manitowoc Company]] and renamed Bay Shipbuilding.<ref name="Colton, Tim" />
As mentioned above, in 1968 Sturgeon Bay SB&DDC was purchased by [[the Manitowoc Company]] and renamed Bay Shipbuilding.<ref name="Colton, Tim" />
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Christy Corporation was formed just after World War II from Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding which had been previously named, Leathem D. Smith Towing & Wrecking Company, Leathem D. Smith Dock Company and Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company.
Christy Corporation was formed just after World War II from Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding which had been previously named, Leathem D. Smith Towing & Wrecking Company, Leathem D. Smith Dock Company and Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company.


During [[World War II]], Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding built some [[Type N3 ship]]s and a number of 175 foot [[PC-461-class submarine chaser|PC-461-class]] [[submarine chaser]]s, like {{USS|Munising|PC-1228}}. They also built several [[Tacoma-class frigate]]s, like {{USS|Peoria|PF-67}}. Toward the end of the war, Leathem built [[net laying ship]]s, water tankers and several 389 foot [[Type C1 ship]]s as well.<ref name="Colton, Tim" /> During the war, Leathem averaged a ship delivered every 20 days.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19770419&id=RXVQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9hEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5936,3638532&hl=en |title= Booming Sturgeon Bay Shipyards Keep Area's Economy on the Crest |newspaper= The Milwaukee Sentinel |date= 19 April 1977 }}</ref> The yard peaked at about 5,000 workers during the war.<ref name="Ports Step Up, 1949">{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19490219&id=FeMeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-AwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6972,4274505&hl=en |title= Northern Lake Ports Step Up Shipbuilding |newspaper= The Milwaukee Sentinel |date= 19 February 1949 }}</ref>
During [[World War II]], Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding built some [[Type N3 ship]]s and a number of 175 foot [[PC-461-class submarine chaser|PC-461-class]] [[submarine chaser]]s, like {{USS|Munising|PC-1228}}. They also built several [[Tacoma-class frigate]]s, like {{USS|Peoria|PF-67}}. Toward the end of the war, Leathem built [[net laying ship]]s, water tankers and several 389 foot [[Type C1 ship]]s as well.<ref name="Colton, Tim" /> During the war, Leathem averaged a ship delivered every 20 days.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19770419&id=RXVQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9hEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5936,3638532&hl=en |title= Booming Sturgeon Bay Shipyards Keep Area's Economy on the Crest |newspaper= The Milwaukee Sentinel |date= 19 April 1977 |access-date= 3 July 2015 |archive-date= 13 May 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160513113429/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19770419&id=RXVQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9hEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5936,3638532&hl=en |url-status= live }}</ref> The yard peaked at about 5,000 workers during the war.<ref name="Ports Step Up, 1949">{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19490219&id=FeMeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-AwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6972,4274505&hl=en |title= Northern Lake Ports Step Up Shipbuilding |newspaper= The Milwaukee Sentinel |date= 19 February 1949 |access-date= 3 July 2015 |archive-date= 17 May 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160517005931/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19490219&id=FeMeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-AwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6972,4274505&hl=en |url-status= live }}</ref>


As Christy Corporation, in the 1950s the yard built {{SS|Spartan}} and {{SS|Badger}}, [[Wisconsin]] to [[Michigan]] ferries. They also built {{sclass|Terrebonne Parish|tank landing ship}}s, like {{USS|Washtenaw County|LST-1166}} and [[Landing Craft Utility]] ships (LCU-1610 type) for the US Navy.<ref name="Colton, Tim" /><ref name="Sells Navy, 1959">{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19590705&id=GD0aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xSUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6051,2026207&hl=en |title= State Industry Sells Navy |newspaper= The Milwaukee Journal |date= 5 July 1959 }}</ref>
As Christy Corporation, in the 1950s the yard built {{SS|Spartan}} and {{SS|Badger}}, [[Wisconsin]] to [[Michigan]] ferries. They also built {{Sclass|Terrebonne Parish|tank landing ship}}s, like {{USS|Washtenaw County|LST-1166}} and [[Landing Craft Utility]] ships (LCU-1610 type) for the US Navy.<ref name="Colton, Tim" /><ref name="Sells Navy, 1959">{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19590705&id=GD0aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xSUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6051,2026207&hl=en |title= State Industry Sells Navy |newspaper= The Milwaukee Journal |date= 5 July 1959 |access-date= 3 July 2015 |archive-date= 16 May 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160516233823/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19590705&id=GD0aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xSUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6051,2026207&hl=en |url-status= live }}</ref>


In the 1960s, Christy built a variety of different ship types, such as {{USNS|James M. Gilliss|T-AGOR-4}}, {{USNS|Charles H. Davis|T-AGOR-5}}, {{MV|Tustumena}}, [[NOAAS David Starr Jordan (R 444)]], {{USCGC|Active|WMEC-618}} and {{USNS|Kane|T-AGS-27}}.<ref name="Colton, Tim" />
In the 1960s, Christy built a variety of different ship types, such as {{USNS|James M. Gilliss|T-AGOR-4}}, {{USNS|Charles H. Davis|T-AGOR-5}}, {{MV|Tustumena}}, [[NOAAS David Starr Jordan (R 444)]], {{USCGC|Active|WMEC-618}} and {{USNS|Kane|T-AGS-27}}.<ref name="Colton, Tim" />
Line 60: Line 75:
* [[Marinette Marine]], another subsidiary of [[Fincantieri]] Marine Group.
* [[Marinette Marine]], another subsidiary of [[Fincantieri]] Marine Group.
* [[Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company]], closed by [[The Manitowoc Company]] to form Bay Shipbuilding.
* [[Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company]], closed by [[The Manitowoc Company]] to form Bay Shipbuilding.
* [[Fraser Shipyards]], another large Great Lakes shipyard.
* [[Superior Shipbuilding Company|Fraser Shipyards]], another large Great Lakes shipyard.


== References ==
== References ==
Line 79: Line 94:
{{Commons category|Ships built at Bay Shipbuilding Company, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin}}
{{Commons category|Ships built at Bay Shipbuilding Company, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.bayshipbuildingcompany.com/ |title= Home |website= Bay Shipbuilding |accessdate= 30 June 2015 }}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.bayshipbuildingcompany.com/ |title= Home |website= Bay Shipbuilding |accessdate= 30 June 2015 }}
* {{cite web |url= http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/2large/active/bay.htm |title= Bay Shipbuilding, Sturgeon Bay, WI |website= shipbuildinghistory.com |first= Tim |last= Colton |accessdate= 30 June 2015 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150703093316/http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/2large/active/bay.htm |archivedate= 3 July 2015 |df= dmy-all }}
* {{cite web |url= http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/2large/active/bay.htm |title= Bay Shipbuilding, Sturgeon Bay, WI |website= shipbuildinghistory.com |first= Tim |last= Colton |accessdate= 30 June 2015 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150703093316/http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/2large/active/bay.htm |archivedate= 3 July 2015 |df= dmy-all }}
* {{cite web |url= http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=wiarchives;view=reslist;subview=standard;didno=uw-whs-gb0008;focusrgn=bioghist;cc=wiarchives;byte=466764547 |title= Sturgeon Bay Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company Records, 1916–1941 |website= University of Wisconsin Digital Collections |accessdate= 30 June 2015 }}
* {{cite web |url= http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=wiarchives;view=reslist;subview=standard;didno=uw-whs-gb0008;focusrgn=bioghist;cc=wiarchives;byte=466764547 |title= Sturgeon Bay Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company Records, 1916–1941 |website= University of Wisconsin Digital Collections |accessdate= 30 June 2015 }}



Latest revision as of 00:35, 20 November 2024

Bay Shipbuilding Company
IndustryShipbuilding
PredecessorSturgeon Bay Shipbuilding and Christy Corporation
Founded1968 (as Bay Shipbuilding)
HeadquartersSturgeon Bay, Door County, Wisconsin
ParentFincantieri Marine Group (2009-)
Manitowoc Company (1968–2008)
Websitehttp://www.bayshipbuildingcompany.com/

Bay Shipbuilding Company (BSC) is a shipyard and dry dock company in Sturgeon Bay, Door County, Wisconsin. As of 2015, Bay Ships was a subsidiary of Fincantieri Marine Group and produces articulated tug and barges, OPA-90 compliant double hull tank ships and offshore support vessels.[1] It also provides repair services to the lake freighter fleet.[2] In the past the shipyard located in Sturgeon Bay has operated under several different names and traces its history back to 1918.

The company also built 40,000 ton Lake freighters in the 1970s and 1980s. While capable of producing large freighters, the yard had not built a freighter over 20,000 tons since 1987 until the MV Mark W. Barker, launched in 2022. Former names of the shipyards at the 2015 location of Bay Shipbuilding are: Sturgeon Bay Shipbuilding, Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding Company and Christy Corporation.

History as Bay Shipbuilding

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1968 to 1979

[edit]

Bay Shipbuilding Company was formed in 1968 after The Manitowoc Company closed Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company and purchased Sturgeon Bay Shipbuilding and then Christy Corporation in 1970, which were adjacent on the east side of the Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal.[3] Sturgeon Bay Shipbuilding & Dry Dock was formerly Rieboldt, Wolter & Co., Universal Shipbuilding Company and Sturgeon Bay Dry Dock Company. Christy Corporation was formerly Leathem D. Smith Towing & Wrecking Company, Leathem D. Smith Dock Company and Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company.

Bay Shipbuilding initially invested $500,000 in purchasing the two yards. In the early 1970s they invested $30 million for improvements.[4] The 1970s turned out to be a boom period for Bay Shipbuilding since Great Lakes shipping fleet owners had decided to upgrade their fleets. They would build 30 ships for the lake fleet in the 1970s.[5]

In 1975, Bay Shipbuilding had around 800 workers and expected to expand to 1,400 because of a new contract to construct four 1,000 foot long lake freighters for the American Steamship Company and Bethlehem Steel.[6] At least six of the 1,000 foot long, 40,000 ton self-unloading ore carriers were delivered from 1977 to May 1981.[5][7] By the end of 1978, Bay Shipbuilding employed nearly 2,000.[4]

1980s and 1990s

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A drawing of Bay Shipbuilding, c.1985.

After the construction projects for new lake freighters had dried up, Bay Shipbuilding entered the salt-water shipbuilding market.[5] By 1984, employment had fallen to around 220. Bay shipbuilding received a contract with Sea-Land Service for three container ships for around $180 million later that year.[8][9] The ships were Sea-Land's only vessels designed and built in the United States. However, Bay Shipbuilding did not win the contracts by underbidding foreign shipyards. Since the ships were destined for the Puget Sound to Alaska trade route, the Jones Act required that the ships be made in the United States.[10] In March 1988, after the completion of the three Sea-Land container ships, Bay Shipbuilding announced it was ceasing new shipbuilding due to the lack of domestic contracts and a decline in the US shipbuilding industry.[11] In the mid-1990s, the nearby Peterson Builders shipyard closed.

In the late 1990s, the yard built a handful of smaller vessels including a ferry, two tugs, a dredge and the 475 foot tank barge Seneca (later named DBL 140).[7]

2000s – present

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A view of Bay Shipbuilding from Potawatomi State Park, July 2008.

In the 2000s, Bay shipbuilding continued to construct Oil Pollution Act of 1990 compliant double hulled tank barges and more recently Articulated tug and barges and Offshore Support Vessels.[1][7]

The Manitowoc Company sold its marine business, which included Bay Shipbuilding, to Fincantieri Marine Group, effective at the end of the day on December 31, 2008.[12] Prior to 2015, Fincantieri added a new floating dry dock and Computer-aided manufacturing equipment during a $26 million capital expansion plan.[1] In 2021 the shipyard launched the 639ft freighter MV Mark W. Barker, becoming the first U.S. shipyard to launch a new laker in 40 years. Several other ship sized barges up to 740ft in length have been constructed during the 21st Century.

In February 2021, the iconic lake ship MV Roger Blough caught fire while in winter layup at Bay Ship Building, causing damages estimated between $22-100 million to the vessel. No injuries were reported in the incident.

On July 1, 2022, the MV Mark W. Barker was floated out of the graving dock,[13] becoming the first lake freighter built by the yard since 1987.[citation needed] The river-class freighter entered regular service on July 27 and was formally christened on September 1 in Cleveland, Ohio.[14]

Predecessor companies

[edit]

Sturgeon Bay Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company and predecessors

[edit]

Universal Shipbuilding Company and the Sturgeon Bay Dry Dock Company merged in 1926 and formed the Sturgeon Bay Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company. Sturgeon Bay SB&DDC changed ownership in April 1934 and employed around 90 workers at the time.[15] They built fishing vessels, tow boats and ferries prior to World War II. During the war Sturgeon Bay SB&DDC built some Design 210, 150 foot Steel Diesel Retrieving Vessels for the U.S. Army (H-2 to H-12). They also built Design 216, 100 foot Steel Diesel Supply Boats (F 5 to F 14 and F 125 to F 130) for the Army. Additionally, they built a fairly large number of 45 foot tugs and a few 86 foot tugs as well.[7]

After the war, Sturgeon Bay SB&DDC built ferries, tugboats, towboats, a yacht or two and fishing vessels. Most of the vessels were under 100 feet long.[7] By 1949 employment at Sturgeon Bay SB&DDC was around 225.[16] 20 tugs were built for Mississippi River barge pushing in the 1950s.[17] In the 1960s, Sturgeon Bay SB&DDC built a number of fishing trawlers that were around 100 feet long for the New England fishing industry.[18]

As mentioned above, in 1968 Sturgeon Bay SB&DDC was purchased by the Manitowoc Company and renamed Bay Shipbuilding.[7]

Christy Corporation and predecessors

[edit]

Christy Corporation was formed just after World War II from Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding which had been previously named, Leathem D. Smith Towing & Wrecking Company, Leathem D. Smith Dock Company and Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company.

During World War II, Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding built some Type N3 ships and a number of 175 foot PC-461-class submarine chasers, like USS Munising (PC-1228). They also built several Tacoma-class frigates, like USS Peoria (PF-67). Toward the end of the war, Leathem built net laying ships, water tankers and several 389 foot Type C1 ships as well.[7] During the war, Leathem averaged a ship delivered every 20 days.[19] The yard peaked at about 5,000 workers during the war.[16]

As Christy Corporation, in the 1950s the yard built SS Spartan and SS Badger, Wisconsin to Michigan ferries. They also built Terrebonne Parish-class tank landing ships, like USS Washtenaw County (LST-1166) and Landing Craft Utility ships (LCU-1610 type) for the US Navy.[7][17]

In the 1960s, Christy built a variety of different ship types, such as USNS James M. Gilliss (T-AGOR-4), USNS Charles H. Davis (T-AGOR-5), MV Tustumena, NOAAS David Starr Jordan (R 444), USCGC Active (WMEC-618) and USNS Kane (T-AGS-27).[7]

As mentioned above, in 1970 Christy Corporation's yard was purchased by the Manitowoc Company and merged into Bay Shipbuilding.[7]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Profile". Bay Shipbuilding. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  2. ^ "Winter Fleet Departs Bay Shipbuilding" (PDF). Bay Shipbuilding. 12 May 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  3. ^ Report on Survey of U.S. Shipbuilding and Repair Facilities (PDF) (Report). United States Maritime Administration. 1987. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  4. ^ a b "Sturgeon Bay Ships Carry Economy on Sea of Prosperity". The Milwaukee Sentinel. 5 December 1978. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  5. ^ a b c "Charting a New Course". The Milwaukee Journal. 22 September 1981. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  6. ^ "Bay Shipbuilding Pact Pads Payroll". The Milwaukee Sentinel. 18 February 1975. p. 5. Archived from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Colton, Tim. "Bay Shipbuilding, Sturgeon Bay, WI". shipbuildinghistory.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015.
  8. ^ "New Contract Gives City a Boost". The Milwaukee Journal. 28 October 1984. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  9. ^ Aukofer, Frank A. (22 October 1984). "Ship Pact will Create 1,500 jobs". The Milwaukee Journal. Archived from the original on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  10. ^ Cudahy, Brian J. (2006). Box Boats: How Container Ships Changed the World. Fordham Univ Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-8232-2568-2.
  11. ^ "Sturgeon Bay shipbuilder to quit business". The Milwaukee Sentinel. 31 March 1988. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  12. ^ "Manitowoc Completes Sale of Its Marine Business". Manitowoc Press Release. 2 January 2009.
  13. ^ Marine Link (28 November 2022). "Marine News' Top Vessels of 2022". marinelink.com. Marine Link. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  14. ^ McCormack, Frank (5 October 2022). "First New Laker In A Generation Embarks On Maiden Voyage". Great Lakes Seaway Review. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  15. ^ "Shipbuilding Control Sold". The Milwaukee Sentinel. 12 April 1934. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  16. ^ a b "Northern Lake Ports Step Up Shipbuilding". The Milwaukee Sentinel. 19 February 1949. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  17. ^ a b "State Industry Sells Navy". The Milwaukee Journal. 5 July 1959. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  18. ^ "Sturgeon Bay Yard Gets Vessel Contract". The Milwaukee Journal. 18 October 1966. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  19. ^ "Booming Sturgeon Bay Shipyards Keep Area's Economy on the Crest". The Milwaukee Sentinel. 19 April 1977. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2015.

Further reading

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[edit]

44°50′28″N 87°22′55″W / 44.841°N 87.382°W / 44.841; -87.382